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Zhao Y, Liu K, Wang Y, Ma Y, Guo W, Shi C. Human-mouse chimeric brain models constructed from iPSC-derived brain cells: Applications and challenges. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114848. [PMID: 38857749 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The establishment of reliable human brain models is pivotal for elucidating specific disease mechanisms and facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for human brain disorders. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) exhibit remarkable self-renewal capabilities and can differentiate into specialized cell types. This makes them a valuable cell source for xenogeneic or allogeneic transplantation. Human-mouse chimeric brain models constructed from iPSC-derived brain cells have emerged as valuable tools for modeling human brain diseases and exploring potential therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. Moreover, the integration and functionality of grafted stem cells has been effectively assessed using these models. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in differentiating human iPSC into various highly specialized types of brain cells. This review evaluates the characteristics and functions of the human-mouse chimeric brain model. We highlight its potential roles in brain function and its ability to reconstruct neural circuitry in vivo. Additionally, we elucidate factors that influence the integration and differentiation of human iPSC-derived brain cells in vivo. This review further sought to provide suitable research models for cell transplantation therapy. These research models provide new insights into neuropsychiatric disorders, infectious diseases, and brain injuries, thereby advancing related clinical and academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Gansu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Yinghua Wang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Gansu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
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Xie B, Zhou X, Luo C, Fang Y, Wang Y, Wei J, Cai L, Chen T. Reversal of Platinum-based Chemotherapy Resistance in Ovarian Cancer by Naringin Through Modulation of The Gut Microbiota in a Humanized Nude Mouse Model. J Cancer 2024; 15:4430-4447. [PMID: 38947385 PMCID: PMC11212103 DOI: 10.7150/jca.96448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
As a chemotherapy agent, cisplatin (DDP) is often associated with drug resistance and gastrointestinal toxicity, factors that severely limit therapeutic efficacy in patients with ovarian cancer (OC). Naringin has been shown to increase sensitivity to cisplatin, but whether the intestinal microbiota is associated with this effect has not been reported so far. In this study, we applied a humanized mouse model for the first time to evaluate the reversal of cisplatin resistance by naringin, as well as naringin combined with the microbiota in ovarian cancer. The results showed that naringin combined with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis NCU-01 had an inhibitory effect on the tumor, significantly reducing tumor size (p<0.05), as well as the concentrations of serum tumor markers CA125 and HE4, increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, inhibit Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-induced intestinal inflammation and increase the expression of intestinal permeability-associated proteins ZO-1 (p<0.001) and occludin (p<0.01). In conclusion, the above data demonstrate how naringin combined with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis NCU-01 reverses cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by modulating the intestinal microbiota, inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and modulating the p38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Xie
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoni Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chuanlin Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yilin Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jing Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liping Cai
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang,330031, Jiangxi, China
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Celhar T, Li X, Zhao Y, Tay HC, Lee A, Liew HH, Shepherdson EK, Rajarethinam R, Fan Y, Mak A, Chan JKY, Singhal A, Takahashi T. Fetal liver CD34 + contain human immune and endothelial progenitors and mediate solid tumor rejection in NOG mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:164. [PMID: 38853275 PMCID: PMC11163708 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) into immunodeficient mice is an established method to generate humanized mice harbouring a human immune system. Different sources and methods for CD34+ isolation have been employed by various research groups, resulting in customized models that are difficult to compare. A more detailed characterization of CD34+ isolates is needed for a better understanding of engraftable hematopoietic and potentially non-hematopoietic cells. Here we have performed a direct comparison of CD34+ isolated from cord blood (CB-CD34+) or fetal liver (FL-CD34+ and FL-CD34+CD14-) and their engraftment into immunocompromised NOD/Shi-scid Il2rgnull (NOG) mice. METHODS NOG mice were transplanted with either CB-CD34+, FL-CD34+ or FL-CD34+CD14- to generate CB-NOG, FL-NOG and FL-CD14--NOG, respectively. After 15-20 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and human immune cell reconstitution was assessed in blood and several organs. Liver sections were pathologically assessed upon Haematoxylin and Eosin staining. To assess the capability of allogenic tumor rejection in CB- vs. FL-reconstituted mice, animals were subcutaneously engrafted with an HLA-mismatched melanoma cell line. Tumor growth was assessed by calliper measurements and a Luminex-based assay was used to compare the cytokine/chemokine profiles. RESULTS We show that CB-CD34+ are a uniform population of HSPC that reconstitute NOG mice more rapidly than FL-CD34+ due to faster B cell development. However, upon long-term engraftment, FL-NOG display increased numbers of neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages in multiple tissues. In addition to HSPC, FL-CD34+ isolates contain non-hematopoietic CD14+ endothelial cells that enhance the engraftment of the human immune system in FL-NOG mice. We demonstrate that these CD14+CD34+ cells are capable of reconstituting Factor VIII-producing liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) in FL-NOG. However, CD14+CD34+ also contribute to hepatic sinusoidal dilatation and immune cell infiltration, which may culminate in a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) pathology upon long-term engraftment. Finally, using an HLA-A mismatched CDX melanoma model, we show that FL-NOG, but not CB-NOG, can mount a graft-versus-tumor (GVT) response resulting in tumor rejection. CONCLUSION Our results highlight important phenotypical and functional differences between CB- and FL-NOG and reveal FL-NOG as a potential model to study hepatic sinusoidal dilatation and mechanisms of GVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Celhar
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore.
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan.
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05-13, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Xinyi Li
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yunqian Zhao
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Chien Tay
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Andrea Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05-13, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Hua Liew
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Republic of Singapore
| | - Edwin Kunxiang Shepherdson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ravisankar Rajarethinam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Republic of Singapore
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Republic of Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Republic of Singapore
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Republic of Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05-13, Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Republic of Singapore
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
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Kang SW, Lee JY, Kang OJ, Kim YM, Choi EK, Lee SW. Transcriptome profiling and characterization of peritoneal metastasis ovarian cancer xenografts in humanized mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11894. [PMID: 38789484 PMCID: PMC11126626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although immunotherapy has not yet been as successful in ovarian cancer (OC), it remains a potential therapeutic strategy. Preclinical models of OC are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of immuno-oncology (IO) drugs targeting human immune components but have been underutilized. Developing mouse models with a humanized (Hu) immune system can help understand the human immune response to IO drugs which have demonstrated limited effectiveness in OC patients. We established OC xenograft Hu-mouse models by intraperitoneally injecting luciferase-expressing SKOV-3 Luc and OVCAR-3 Luc OC cells into CD34+ Hu-mice. Tumor growth was monitored through bioluminescence imaging (BLI). In the SKOV-3 Luc Hu-mouse model, we assessed the efficacy of PD-1 blockade with pembrolizumab. We observed the presence of human lymphocyte and myeloid cell subsets within the tumors, lymph nodes, blood, and spleens in these models. Notably, these tumors exhibited a high prevalence of tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Furthermore, we identified HDAC class I target genes, and genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibroblasts in the tumors of Hu-mice treated with pembrolizumab. Our xenograft Hu-mouse model of OC provides a valuable tool for investigating the efficacy of IO drugs. The insights gained from this model offer useful information to explore potential mechanisms associated with unresponsive anti-PD-1 treatment in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wan Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Ju Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Man Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choi
- Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Wha Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Jiang J, Li X, Zhang C, Wang J, Li J. Anti-cancer effects of Coix seed extract through KCTD9-mediated ubiquitination of TOP2A in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Div 2024; 19:6. [PMID: 38374109 PMCID: PMC10877835 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coix seed extract (CSE), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been reported as an adjunctive therapy in cancers. However, the molecular targets are largely unclear. The study is designed to unveil its function in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and the possible molecular mechanism. METHODS The HERB database was utilized to predict the molecular targets of the Coix seed, followed by prognostic value prediction in the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database. LUAD cells were infected with sh-KCTD9 after co-culture with CSE, and cell viability, growth, proliferation, and apoptosis were determined. The substrates of KCTD9 were predicted using a protein-protein interaction network and verified. The expression of PD-L1, the contents of TNF-α, IFN-γ, CXCL10, and CXCL9 in the co-culture system of LUAD cells and T cells and the proliferation of T cells were evaluated to study the immune escape of LUAD cells in response to CSE and sh-KCTD9. Lastly, tumor growth and immune escape were observed in tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS CSE inhibited malignant behavior and immune escape of LUAD cells, and the reduction of KCTD9 reversed the inhibitory effect of CSE on malignant behavior and immune escape of LUAD cells. Knockdown of KCTD9 expression inhibited ubiquitination modification of TOP2A, and knockdown of TOP2A suppressed immune escape of LUAD cells in the presence of knockdown of KCTD9. CSE exerted anticancer effects in mice, but the reduction of KCTD9 partially compromised the anticancer effect of CSE. CONCLUSION CSE inhibits immune escape and malignant progression of LUAD through KCTD9-mediated ubiquitination modification of TOP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daoli District People's Hospital, Harbin, 150016, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafu Wang
- Department of PET-CT, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Songbei, No. 766, Xiang'an North Street, Songbei District, Harbin, 150070, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Shen X, Pan D, Gong Q, Gu Z, Luo K. Enhancing drug penetration in solid tumors via nanomedicine: Evaluation models, strategies and perspectives. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:445-472. [PMID: 37965242 PMCID: PMC10641097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective tumor treatment depends on optimizing drug penetration and accumulation in tumor tissue while minimizing systemic toxicity. Nanomedicine has emerged as a key solution that addresses the rapid clearance of free drugs, but achieving deep drug penetration into solid tumors remains elusive. This review discusses various strategies to enhance drug penetration, including manipulation of the tumor microenvironment, exploitation of both external and internal stimuli, pioneering nanocarrier surface engineering, and development of innovative tactics for active tumor penetration. One outstanding strategy is organelle-affinitive transfer, which exploits the unique properties of specific tumor cell organelles and heralds a potentially transformative approach to active transcellular transfer for deep tumor penetration. Rigorous models are essential to evaluate the efficacy of these strategies. The patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model is gaining traction as a bridge between laboratory discovery and clinical application. However, the journey from bench to bedside for nanomedicines is fraught with challenges. Future efforts should prioritize deepening our understanding of nanoparticle-tumor interactions, re-evaluating the EPR effect, and exploring novel nanoparticle transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoding Shen
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dayi Pan
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Hung CN, Chen M, DeArmond DT, Chiu CHL, Limboy CA, Tan X, Kusi M, Chou CW, Lin LL, Zhang Z, Wang CM, Chen CL, Mitsuya K, Osmulski PA, Gaczynska ME, Kirma NB, Vadlamudi RK, Gibbons DL, Warner S, Brenner AJ, Mahadevan D, Michalek JE, Huang THM, Taverna JA. AXL-initiated paracrine activation of pSTAT3 enhances mesenchymal and vasculogenic supportive features of tumor-associated macrophages. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113067. [PMID: 37659081 PMCID: PMC10577802 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are integral to the development of complex tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and can execute disparate cellular programs in response to extracellular cues. However, upstream signaling processes underpinning this phenotypic plasticity remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that concordant AXL-STAT3 signaling in TAMs is triggered by lung cancer cells or cancer-associated fibroblasts in the cytokine milieu. This paracrine action drives TAM differentiation toward a tumor-promoting "M2-like" phenotype with upregulation of CD163 and putative mesenchymal markers, contributing to TAM heterogeneity and diverse cellular functions. One of the upregulated markers, CD44, mediated by AXL-IL-11-pSTAT3 signaling cascade, enhances macrophage ability to interact with endothelial cells and facilitate formation of primitive vascular networks. We also found that AXL-STAT3 inhibition can impede the recruitment of TAMs in a xenograft mouse model, thereby suppressing tumor growth. These findings suggest the potential application of AXL-STAT3-related markers to quantitatively assess metastatic potential and inform therapeutic strategies in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Nung Hung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Meizhen Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel T DeArmond
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cheryl H-L Chiu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A Limboy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xi Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Meena Kusi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Li-Ling Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chiou-Miin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Office of Nursing Research & Scholarship, School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kohzoh Mitsuya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Pawel A Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria E Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nameer B Kirma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Brenner
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joel E Michalek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tim H-M Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Josephine A Taverna
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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8
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Cina ML, Venegas J, Young A. Stocking the toolbox-Using preclinical models to understand the development and treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced immune-related adverse events. Immunol Rev 2023; 318:110-137. [PMID: 37565407 PMCID: PMC10529261 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are susceptible to a broad and variable array of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). With increasing clinical use of ICIs, defining the mechanism for irAE development is more critical than ever. However, it currently remains challenging to predict when these irAEs occur and which organ may be affected, and for many of the more severe irAEs, inaccessibility to the tissue site hampers mechanistic insight. This lack of understanding of irAE development in the clinical setting emphasizes the need for greater use of preclinical models that allow for improved prediction of biomarkers for ICI-initiated irAEs or that validate treatment options that inhibit irAEs without hampering the anti-tumor immune response. Here, we discuss the utility of preclinical models, ranging from exploring databases to in vivo animal models, focusing on where they are most useful and where they could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Cina
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jessica Venegas
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Arabella Young
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Tian X, Xu J, Ye Y, Xiao X, Yan L, Yu S, Cai4 J, Du Q, Dong X, Zhou L, Shan L, Yuan Q. Gallic acid in theabrownin suppresses cell proliferation and migration in non‑small cell lung carcinoma via autophagy inhibition. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:294. [PMID: 37274480 PMCID: PMC10236267 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive extract of green tea, theabrownin (TB), is known to exhibit pro-apoptotic and antitumor effects on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Gallic acid (GA) is a crucial component of TB; however, its mechanism of action in NSCLC has been rarely studied. To date, little attention has been paid to the anti-NSCLC activity of GA. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of GA in vivo and in vitro. Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay, DAPI staining and flow cytometry, wound-healing assay and western blotting were used to assess cell viability, apoptosis, migration and protein expression, respectively. In addition, a xenograft model was generated, and TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry analysis were performed. The CCK-8 data showed that the viability of H1299 cells was significantly inhibited by GA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DAPI staining, Annexin-V/PI staining and wound-healing data showed that GA exerted pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory effects on H1299 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the results of western blotting showed that GA significantly upregulated the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins [cleaved (c-)PARP, c-caspase8, c-caspase-9 and the ratio of γ-H2A.X/H2A.X]. In vivo data confirmed the antitumor effect of GA through apoptosis induction in an autophagy-dependent manner. In conclusion, the present study confirmed the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory effects of GA against NSCLC in vitro and in vivo, providing considerable evidence for its potential as a novel candidate for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jiaan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Xiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Li Yan
- Cell Resource Bank and Integrated Cell Preparation Center of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou Regional Cell Preparation Center (Shangyu Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, P.R. China
| | - Shihui Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jianyong Cai4
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Quan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
- Cell Resource Bank and Integrated Cell Preparation Center of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou Regional Cell Preparation Center (Shangyu Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, P.R. China
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
- Cell Resource Bank and Integrated Cell Preparation Center of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou Regional Cell Preparation Center (Shangyu Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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10
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Yang R, Huang S, Huang C, Fay NS, Wang Y, Putrevu S, Wright K, Zaman MS, Cai W, Huang B, Wang B, Wright M, Hoag MR, Titong A, Liu Y. Fc-competent multispecific PDL-1/TIGIT/LAG-3 antibodies potentiate superior anti-tumor T cell response. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9865. [PMID: 37332070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of current cancer immunotherapy is dominated by antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 that have transformed cancer therapy, yet their efficacy is limited by primary and acquired resistance. The blockade of additional immune checkpoints, especially TIGIT and LAG-3, has been extensively explored, but so far only a LAG-3 antibody has been approved for combination with nivolumab to treat unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Here we report the development of a PDL1 × TIGIT bi-specific antibody (bsAb) GB265, a PDL1 × LAG3 bsAb GB266, and a PDL1 × TIGIT × LAG3 tri-specific antibody (tsAb) GB266T, all with intact Fc function. In in vitro cell-based assays, these antibodies promote greater T cell expansion and tumor cell killing than benchmark antibodies and antibody combinations in an Fc-dependent manner, likely by facilitating T cell interactions (bridging) with cancer cells and monocytes, in addition to blocking immune checkpoints. In animal models, GB265 and GB266T antibodies outperformed benchmarks in tumor suppression. This study demonstrates the potential of a new generation of multispecific checkpoint inhibitors to overcome resistance to current monospecific checkpoint antibodies or their combinations for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyao Yang
- Ab Therapeutics Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 2, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Su Huang
- Ab Therapeutics Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 2, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Cai Huang
- Ab Therapeutics Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 2, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Nathan S Fay
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Saroja Putrevu
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Kimberly Wright
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Mohd Saif Zaman
- Ab Therapeutics Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 2, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Wenyan Cai
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Betty Huang
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Meredith Wright
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Matthew R Hoag
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Allison Titong
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Ab Therapeutics Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 2, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA.
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA.
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11
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Hye Jeong J, Park S, Lee S, Kim Y, Kyong Shim I, Jeong SY, Kyung Choi E, Kim J, Jun E. Orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer using CD34 + humanized mice and generation of tumor organoids from humanized tumors. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110451. [PMID: 37331294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic cancer (PC) as intractable solid cancer, current research is focused mainly on targeted immunotherapies such as antibodies and immune cell modulators. To identify promising immune-oncological agents, animal models that recapitulate the essential features of human immune status are essential. To this end, we constructed an orthotopic xenograft model using CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cell-based humanized NOD scid gamma mouse (NSG) mice injected with luciferase-expressing PC cell lines AsPC1 and BxPC3. The growth of orthotopic tumors was monitored using noninvasive multimodal imaging, while the subtype profiles of human immune cells in blood and tumor tissues were determined by flow cytometry and immunohistopathology. In addition, the correlations of blood and tumor-infiltrating immune cell count with tumor extracellular matrix density were calculated using Spearman's test. Tumor-derived cell lines and tumor organoids with continuous passage capacity in vitro were isolated from orthotopic tumors. It was further confirmed that these tumor-derived cells and organoids have reduced PD-L1 expression and are suitable for testing the efficacy of specific targeted immunotherapeutic agents. These animal and culture models could facilitate the development and validation of immunotherapeutic agents for intractable solid cancers including PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeounhee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyong Shim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Yun Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choi
- Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer TherapeutiX, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Jun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Miyamura N, Suzuki K, Friedman RA, Floratos A, Kunisada Y, Masuda K, Lowy AM, Tsuji M, Sugahara KN. A pancreatic cancer mouse model with human immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.24.542127. [PMID: 37292766 PMCID: PMC10245824 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.542127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) that promotes resistance to immunotherapy. A preclinical model system that facilitates studies of the TIME and its impact on the responsiveness of human PDAC to immunotherapies remains an unmet need. We report a novel mouse model, which develops metastatic human PDAC that becomes infiltrated by human immune cells recapitulating the TIME of human PDAC. The model may serve as a versatile platform to study the nature of human PDAC TIME and its response to various treatments.
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13
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Bruss C, Kellner K, Albert V, Hutchinson JA, Seitz S, Ortmann O, Brockhoff G, Wege AK. Immune Checkpoint Profiling in Humanized Breast Cancer Mice Revealed Cell-Specific LAG-3/PD-1/TIM-3 Co-Expression and Elevated PD-1/TIM-3 Secretion. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092615. [PMID: 37174080 PMCID: PMC10177290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade is particularly based on PD-1/PD-L1-inhibiting antibodies. However, an efficient immunological tumor defense can be blocked not only by PD-(L)1 but also by the presence of additional immune checkpoint molecules. Here, we investigated the co-expression of several immune checkpoint proteins and the soluble forms thereof (e.g., PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-L1, PD-L2 and others) in humanized tumor mice (HTM) simultaneously harboring cell line-derived (JIMT-1, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) or patient-derived breast cancer and a functional human immune system. We identified tumor-infiltrating T cells with a triple-positive PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 phenotype. While PD-1 expression was increased in both the CD4 and CD8 T cells, TIM-3 was found to be upregulated particularly in the cytotoxic T cells in the MDA-MB-231-based HTM model. High levels of soluble TIM-3 and galectin-9 (a TIM-3 ligand) were detected in the serum. Surprisingly, soluble PD-L2, but only low levels of sPD-L1, were found in mice harboring PD-L1-positive tumors. Analysis of a dataset containing 3039 primary breast cancer samples on the R2 Genomics Analysis Platform revealed increased TIM-3, galectin-9 and LAG-3 expression, not only in triple-negative breast cancer but also in the HER2+ and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer subtypes. These data indicate that LAG-3 and TIM-3 represent additional key molecules within the breast cancer anti-immunity landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kellner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veruschka Albert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - James A Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Seitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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14
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Ding T, Yu Y, Pan X, Chen H. Establishment of humanized mice and its application progress in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2023; 15:679-697. [PMID: 37096919 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current high prevalence of malignant tumors has attracted considerable attention, and treating advanced malignancies is becoming increasingly difficult. Although immunotherapy is a hopeful alternative, it is effective in only a few people. Thus, development of preclinical animal models is needed. Humanized xenotransplantation mouse models can help with selecting treatment protocols, evaluating curative effects and assessing prognosis. This review discusses the establishment of humanized mouse models and their application prospects in cancer immunotherapy to identify tailored therapies for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Pan
- Department of Vision Rehabilitation, Gansu Province Hospital Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
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15
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Bosenberg M, Liu ET, Yu CI, Palucka K. Mouse models for immuno-oncology. Trends Cancer 2023:S2405-8033(23)00041-9. [PMID: 37087398 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Realizing the clinical promise of cancer immunotherapy is hindered by gaps in our knowledge of in vivo mechanisms underlying treatment response as well as treatment limiting toxicity. Preclinical in vivo model systems and technologies are required to address these knowledge gaps and to surmount the challenges faced in the clinical application of immunotherapy. Mice are commonly used for basic and translational research to support development and testing of immune interventions, including for cancer. Here, we discuss the advantages and the limitations of current models as well as future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Edison T Liu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
| | - Chun I Yu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
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16
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Chuprin J, Buettner H, Seedhom MO, Greiner DL, Keck JG, Ishikawa F, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:192-206. [PMID: 36635480 PMCID: PMC10593256 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy, they are associated with variable clinical responses, and substantial gaps remain in our understanding of their mechanisms of action and specific biomarkers of response. Currently, the number of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate interactions between the human immune system and tumours and enable evaluation of human-specific immunotherapies in vivo is limited. Humanized mice, a term that refers to immunodeficient mice co-engrafted with human tumours and immune components, provide several advantages for immuno-oncology research. In this Review, we discuss the benefits and challenges of the currently available humanized mice, including specific interactions between engrafted human tumours and immune components, the development and survival of human innate immune populations in these mice, and approaches to study mice engrafted with matched patient tumours and immune cells. We highlight the latest advances in the generation of humanized mouse models, with the aim of providing a guide for their application to immuno-oncology studies with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chuprin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Buettner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mina O Seedhom
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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17
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PMN-MDSCs modulated by CCL20 from cancer cells promoted breast cancer cell stemness through CXCL2-CXCR2 pathway. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:97. [PMID: 36859354 PMCID: PMC9977784 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have showed that C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) advanced tumor progression and enhanced the chemoresistance of cancer cells by positively regulating breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) self-renewal. However, it is unclear whether CCL20 affects breast cancer progression by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we observed that polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) were remarkably enriched in TME of CCL20-overexpressing cancer cell orthotopic allograft tumors. Mechanistically, CCL20 activated the differentiation of granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) via its receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) leading to the PMN-MDSC expansion. PMN-MDSCs from CCL20-overexpressing cell orthotopic allograft tumors (CCL20-modulated PMN-MDSCs) secreted amounts of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) and increased ALDH+ BCSCs via activating CXCR2/NOTCH1/HEY1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) antagonist SB225002 enhanced the docetaxel (DTX) effects on tumor growth by decreasing BCSCs in CCL20high-expressing tumors. These findings elucidated how CCL20 modulated the TME to promote cancer development, indicating a new therapeutic strategy by interfering with the interaction between PMN-MDSCs and BCSCs in breast cancer, especially in CCL20high-expressing breast cancer.
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Steinkamp MP, Lagutina I, Brayer KJ, Schultz F, Burke D, Pankratz VS, Adams SF, Hudson LG, Ness SA, Wandinger-Ness A. Humanized Patient-derived Xenograft Models of Disseminated Ovarian Cancer Recapitulate Key Aspects of the Tumor Immune Environment within the Peritoneal Cavity. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:309-324. [PMID: 36860657 PMCID: PMC9973420 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer progression, metastasis, and response to therapies has become increasingly clear, especially with the new emphasis on immunotherapies. To leverage the power of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models within a humanized immune microenvironment, three ovarian cancer PDXs were grown in humanized NBSGW (huNBSGW) mice engrafted with human CD34+ cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells. Analysis of cytokine levels in the ascites fluid and identification of infiltrating immune cells in the tumors demonstrated that these humanized PDX (huPDX) established an immune tumor microenvironment similar to what has been reported for patients with ovarian cancer. The lack of human myeloid cell differentiation has been a major setback for humanized mouse models, but our analysis shows that PDX engraftment increases the human myeloid population in the peripheral blood. Analysis of cytokines within the ascites fluid of huPDX revealed high levels of human M-CSF, a key myeloid differentiation factor as well as other elevated cytokines that have previously been identified in ovarian cancer patient ascites fluid including those involved in immune cell differentiation and recruitment. Human tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were detected within the tumors of humanized mice, demonstrating immune cell recruitment to tumors. Comparison of the three huPDX revealed certain differences in cytokine signatures and in the extent of immune cell recruitment. Our studies show that huNBSGW PDX models reconstitute important aspects of the ovarian cancer immune tumor microenvironment, which may recommend these models for preclinical therapeutic trials. Significance huPDX models are ideal preclinical models for testing novel therapies. They reflect the genetic heterogeneity of the patient population, enhance human myeloid differentiation, and recruit immune cells to the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara P. Steinkamp
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Irina Lagutina
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kathryn J. Brayer
- Analytical and Translational Genomics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Fred Schultz
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Danielle Burke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Vernon S. Pankratz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sarah F. Adams
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laurie G. Hudson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Scott A. Ness
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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19
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Tong Y, Lu G, Wang Z, Hao S, Zhang G, Sun H. Tubeimuside I improves the efficacy of a therapeutic Fusobacterium nucleatum dendritic cell-based vaccine against colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154818. [PMID: 37207216 PMCID: PMC10189021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) infection has been confirmed to be associated with the development, chemoresistance, and immune evasion of colorectal cancer (CRC). The complex relationship between the microorganism, host cells, and the immune system throughout all stages of CRC progression, which makes the development of new therapeutic methods difficult. Methods We developed a new dendritic cell (DC) vaccine to investigate the antitumor efficacy of CRC immunotherapy strategies. By mediating a specific mode of interaction between the bacteria, tumor, and host, we found a new plant-derived adjuvant, tubeimuside I (TBI), which simultaneously improved the DC vaccine efficacy and inhibited the F. nucleatum infection. Encapsulating TBI in a nanoemulsion greatly improved the drug efficacy and reduced the drug dosage and administration times. Results The nanoemulsion encapsulated TBI DC vaccine exhibited an excellent antibacterial and antitumor effect and improved the survival rate of CRC mice by inhibiting tumor development and progression. Discussion In this study, we provide a effective strategy for developing a DC-based vaccine against CRC and underlies the importance of further understanding the mechanism of CRC processes caused by F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Tong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoxiu Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanhu Hao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoxu Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Guoxu Zhang, ; Hongwu Sun,
| | - Hongwu Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guoxu Zhang, ; Hongwu Sun,
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20
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Lanis JM, Lewis MS, Strassburger H, Larsen K, Bagby SM, Dominguez ATA, Marín-Jiménez JA, Pelanda R, Pitts TM, Lang J. Testing Cancer Immunotherapeutics in a Humanized Mouse Model Bearing Human Tumors. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64606. [PMID: 36591990 PMCID: PMC11167650 DOI: 10.3791/64606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversing the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment is critical for the successful treatment of cancers with immunotherapy drugs. Murine cancer models are extremely limited in their diversity and suffer from poor translation to the clinic. To serve as a more physiological preclinical model for immunotherapy studies, this protocol has been developed to evaluate the treatment of human tumors in a mouse reconstituted with a human immune system. This unique protocol demonstrates the development of human immune system (HIS, "humanized") mice, followed by implantation of a human tumor, either a cell-line derived xenograft (CDX) or a patient derived xenograft (PDX). HIS mice are generated by injecting CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells isolated from umbilical cord blood into neonatal BRGS (BALB/c Rag2-/- IL2RγC-/- NODSIRPα) highly immunodeficient mice that are also capable of accepting a xenogeneic tumor. The importance of the kinetics and characteristics of the human immune system development and tumor implantation is emphasized. Finally, an in-depth evaluation of the tumor microenvironment using flow cytometry is described. In numerous studies using this protocol, it was found that the tumor microenvironment of individual tumors is recapitulated in HIS-PDX mice; "hot" tumors exhibit large immune infiltration while "cold" tumors do not. This model serves as a testing ground for combination immunotherapies for a wide range of human tumors and represents an important tool in the quest for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi M Lanis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Matthew S Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Hannah Strassburger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Kristina Larsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Stacey M Bagby
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Adrian T A Dominguez
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Juan A Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-L'Hospitalet)
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Todd M Pitts
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus;
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21
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Kang Y, Armstrong AJ, Hsu DS. An autologous humanized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model for evaluation of nivolumab immunotherapy in renal cell cancer: a case report. Stem Cell Investig 2022; 9:8. [PMID: 36393918 PMCID: PMC9659479 DOI: 10.21037/sci-2022-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background There is an unmet need for developing faithful animal models for preclinical evaluation of immunotherapy. The current approach to generate preclinical models for immunotherapy evaluation has been to transplant CD34+ cells from umbilical cord blood into immune-deficient mice followed by implantation of patient derived tumor cells. However, current models are associated with high tumor rejection rate secondary to the allograft vs. tumor response from human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches. We herein report the first development of a novel, humanized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model using autologous CD34+ cells from bone marrow aspirate obtained from a patient with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) from whom a PDX had been developed. Case Description This is a 68-year-old Caucasian man diagnosed with mRCC with metastasis to the liver in 2014. He was treated with sunitinib +/- AGS-003 and underwent a cytoreductive right nephrectomy, left adrenalectomy and partial liver resection. PDX was generated using resected nephrectomy specimen. After surgery, patient received multiple lines of standard of care therapy including sunitinib, axitinib, bevacizumab, everolimus and cabozantinib. While progressing on cabozantinib, he was treated with nivolumab. Seven years after initiation of nivolumab, and 4 years after stopping systemic therapy, he remains in complete remission. To generate autologous PDX model, bone marrow aspirate was performed and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) were isolated and injected into 150 rad irradiated non-obese diabetic scid gamma null (NSG) mice. At 11 weeks post-transplant, the matched patient PDX was injected subcutaneously into the humanized mice and the mice were treated with nivolumab. Conclusions Our case represents successful therapy of nivolumab in mRCC. Furthermore, HPSCs obtained from a single bone marrow aspirate were able to reconstitute an immune system in the mice that allowed nivolumab to inhibit the tumor growth of PDX and recapitulated the durable remission observed in the patient with nivolumab. We observed the reconstitution of human T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells and unlike the humanized mouse model using cord blood, our model system eliminates the tumor rejection from mis-matched HLA. Our autologous humanized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) PDX model provides an effective tool to study immunotherapy in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Kang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Urology, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S. Hsu
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Urology, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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22
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Lang J, Leal AD, Marín-Jiménez JA, Hartman SJ, Shulman J, Navarro NM, Lewis MS, Capasso A, Bagby SM, Yacob BW, MacBeth M, Freed BM, Eckhardt SG, Jordan K, Blatchford PJ, Pelanda R, Lieu CH, Messersmith WA, Pitts TM. Cabozantinib sensitizes microsatellite stable colorectal cancer to immune checkpoint blockade by immune modulation in human immune system mouse models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877635. [PMID: 36419897 PMCID: PMC9676436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been found to be effective in metastatic MSI-high colorectal cancers (CRC), however, have no efficacy in microsatellite stable (MSS) cancers, which comprise the majority of mCRC cases. Cabozantinib is a small molecule multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is FDA approved in advanced renal cell, medullary thyroid, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Using Human Immune System (HIS) mice, we tested the ability of cabozantinib to prime MSS-CRC tumors to enhance the potency of immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. In four independent experiments, we implanted distinct MSS-CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) into the flanks of humanized BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnullSirpαNOD (BRGS) mice that had been engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells at birth. For each PDX, HIS-mice cohorts were treated with vehicle, nivolumab, cabozantinib, or the combination. In three out of the four models, the combination had a lower tumor growth rate compared to vehicle or nivolumab-treated groups. Furthermore, interrogation of the HIS in immune organs and tumors by flow cytometry revealed increased Granzyme B+, TNFα+ and IFNγ+ CD4+ T cells among the human tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) that correlated with reduced tumor growth in the combination-treated HIS-mice. Notably, slower growth correlated with increased expression of the CD4+ T cell ligand, HLA-DR, on the tumor cells themselves. Finally, the cabozantinib/nivolumab combination was tested in comparison to cobimetinib/atezolizumab. Although both combinations showed tumor growth inhibition, cabozantinib/nivolumab had enhanced cytotoxic IFNγ and TNFα+ T cells. This pre-clinical in vivo data warrants testing the combination in clinical trials for patients with MSS-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alexis D. Leal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Juan A. Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-L´Hospitalet), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah J. Hartman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy Shulman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie M. Navarro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew S. Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Stacey M. Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bethlehem W. Yacob
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Morgan MacBeth
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian M. Freed
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Patrick J. Blatchford
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher H. Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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23
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Brog RA, Ferry SL, Schiebout CT, Messier CM, Cook WJ, Abdullah L, Zou J, Kumar P, Sentman CL, Frost HR, Huang YH. Superkine IL-2 and IL-33 Armored CAR T Cells Reshape the Tumor Microenvironment and Reduce Growth of Multiple Solid Tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:962-977. [PMID: 35696724 PMCID: PMC9357153 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown remarkable efficacy against hematologic tumors. Yet, CAR T-cell therapy has had little success against solid tumors due to obstacles presented by the tumor microenvironment (TME) of these cancers. Here, we show that CAR T cells armored with the engineered IL-2 superkine Super2 and IL-33 were able to promote tumor control as a single-agent therapy. IFNγ and perforin were dispensable for the effects of Super2- and IL-33-armored CAR T cells. Super2 and IL-33 synergized to shift leukocyte proportions in the TME and to recruit and activate a broad repertoire of endogenous innate and adaptive immune cells including tumor-specific T cells. However, depletion of CD8+ T cells or NK cells did not disrupt tumor control, suggesting that broad immune activation compensated for loss of individual cell subsets. Thus, we have shown that Super2 and IL-33 CAR T cells can promote antitumor immunity in multiple solid tumor models and can potentially overcome antigen loss, highlighting the potential of this universal CAR T-cell platform for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Brog
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Shannon L Ferry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Courtney T Schiebout
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Cameron M Messier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - W James Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Leena Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jia Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Prathna Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - H Robert Frost
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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24
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Koblish HK, Wu L, Wang LCS, Liu PC, Wynn R, Rios-Doria J, Spitz S, Liu H, Volgina A, Zolotarjova N, Kapilashrami K, Behshad E, Covington M, Yang YO, Li J, Diamond S, Soloviev M, O'Hayer K, Rubin S, Kanellopoulou C, Yang G, Rupar M, DiMatteo D, Lin L, Stevens C, Zhang Y, Thekkat P, Geschwindt R, Marando C, Yeleswaram S, Jackson J, Scherle P, Huber R, Yao W, Hollis G. Characterization of INCB086550: A Potent and Novel Small-Molecule PD-L1 Inhibitor. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1482-1499. [PMID: 35254416 PMCID: PMC9394386 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Blocking the activity of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitory receptor with therapeutic antibodies against either the ligand (PD-L1) or PD-1 itself has proven to be an effective treatment modality for multiple cancers. Contrasting with antibodies, small molecules could demonstrate increased tissue penetration, distinct pharmacology, and potentially enhanced antitumor activity. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of INCB086550, a novel, oral, small-molecule PD-L1 inhibitor. In vitro, INCB086550 selectively and potently blocked the PD-L1/PD-1 interaction, induced PD-L1 dimerization and internalization, and induced stimulation-dependent cytokine production in primary human immune cells. In vivo, INCB086550 reduced tumor growth in CD34+ humanized mice and induced T-cell activation gene signatures, consistent with PD-L1/PD-1 pathway blockade. Preliminary data from an ongoing phase I study confirmed PD-L1/PD-1 blockade in peripheral blood cells, with increased immune activation and tumor growth control. These data support continued clinical evaluation of INCB086550 as an alternative to antibody-based therapies. SIGNIFICANCE We have identified a potent small-molecule inhibitor of PD-L1, INCB086550, which has biological properties similar to PD-L1/PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and may represent an alternative to antibody therapy. Preliminary clinical data in patients demonstrated increased immune activation and tumor growth control, which support continued clinical evaluation of this approach. See related commentary by Capparelli and Aplin, p. 1413. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1397.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Rios-Doria
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, DE
- Corresponding Author: Jonathan Rios-Doria, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut Off, Wilmington, DE 19803. Phone: 302-498-6914; E-mail:
| | | | - Hao Liu
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, DE
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingwei Li
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, DE
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Rupar
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, DE
| | | | - Luping Lin
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, DE
| | | | - Yue Zhang
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, DE
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reid Huber
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, DE
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25
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Bruss C, Kellner K, Ortmann O, Seitz S, Brockhoff G, Hutchinson JA, Wege AK. Advanced Immune Cell Profiling by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry in Humanized Patient-Derived Tumor Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092214. [PMID: 35565343 PMCID: PMC9103756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
"Humanized" mice have been widely used for the characterization of human cancer progression and as a powerful preclinical model. Standardization of multicolor phenotyping could help to identify immune cell patterns involved in checkpoint-related complications. Therefore, we applied established protocols for immune cell profiling to our humanized Patient-Derived Xenograft (hPDX) model. hPDX are characterized by the co-existence of a human immune system and a patient-derived tumor transplant. These mice possess a human-like immune system after CD34+ stem cell transplantation while the reconstitution level of the immune system was not related to the quantity of transplanted CD34+ cells. Contamination ≤ 1.2% by CD3+ cells in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant did not trigger abnormal T cell maturation. Different B and T cell differentiation stages were identified, as well as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and exhausted T cells that expressed TIGIT, PD-1, or KLRG1. Overall, the application of standardized protocols for the characterization of immune cells using flow cytometry will contribute to a better understanding of immune-oncologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Kerstin Kellner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Stephan Seitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - James A. Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-8913
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26
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Dogra P, Ramírez JR, Butner JD, Peláez MJ, Chung C, Hooda-Nehra A, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Cristini V, Calin GA, Ozpolat B, Wang Z. Translational Modeling Identifies Synergy between Nanoparticle-Delivered miRNA-22 and Standard-of-Care Drugs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Pharm Res 2022; 39:511-528. [PMID: 35294699 PMCID: PMC8986735 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Downregulation of miRNA-22 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with upregulation of eukaryotic elongation 2 factor kinase (eEF2K) protein, which regulates tumor growth, chemoresistance, and tumor immunosurveillance. Moreover, exogenous administration of miRNA-22, loaded in nanoparticles to prevent degradation and improve tumor delivery (termed miRNA-22 nanotherapy), to suppress eEF2K production has shown potential as an investigational therapeutic agent in vivo. Methods To evaluate the translational potential of miRNA-22 nanotherapy, we developed a multiscale mechanistic model, calibrated to published in vivo data and extrapolated to the human scale, to describe and quantify the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of miRNA-22 in virtual patient populations. Results Our analysis revealed the dose-response relationship, suggested optimal treatment frequency for miRNA-22 nanotherapy, and highlighted key determinants of therapy response, from which combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors was identified as a candidate strategy for improving treatment outcomes. More importantly, drug synergy was identified between miRNA-22 and standard-of-care drugs against TNBC, providing a basis for rational therapeutic combinations for improved response Conclusions The present study highlights the translational potential of miRNA-22 nanotherapy for TNBC in combination with standard-of-care drugs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03176-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Dogra
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Javier Ruiz Ramírez
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Joseph D Butner
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Maria J Peláez
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Caroline Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Anupama Hooda-Nehra
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, 07101, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, 07101, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Cancer Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, 07101, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77230, USA
- Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 10065, USA.
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27
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Multicellular Modelling of Difficult-to-Treat Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current Possibilities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063147. [PMID: 35328567 PMCID: PMC8955095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers affecting the gastrointestinal system are highly prevalent and their incidence is still increasing. Among them, gastric and pancreatic cancers have a dismal prognosis (survival of 5–20%) and are defined as difficult-to-treat cancers. This reflects the urge for novel therapeutic targets and aims for personalised therapies. As a prerequisite for identifying targets and test therapeutic interventions, the development of well-established, translational and reliable preclinical research models is instrumental. This review discusses the development, advantages and limitations of both patient-derived organoids (PDO) and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) for gastric and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). First and next generation multicellular PDO/PDX models are believed to faithfully generate a patient-specific avatar in a preclinical setting, opening novel therapeutic directions for these difficult-to-treat cancers. Excitingly, future opportunities such as PDO co-cultures with immune or stromal cells, organoid-on-a-chip models and humanised PDXs are the basis of a completely new area, offering close-to-human models. These tools can be exploited to understand cancer heterogeneity, which is indispensable to pave the way towards more tumour-specific therapies and, with that, better survival for patients.
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28
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Wu M, Huang Q, Xie Y, Wu X, Ma H, Zhang Y, Xia Y. Improvement of the anticancer efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade via combination therapy and PD-L1 regulation. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 35279217 PMCID: PMC8917703 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules are promising anticancer targets, among which therapeutic antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have been widely applied to cancer treatment in clinical practice and have great potential. However, this treatment is greatly limited by its low response rates in certain cancers, lack of known biomarkers, immune-related toxicity, innate and acquired drug resistance, etc. Overcoming these limitations would significantly expand the anticancer applications of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and improve the response rate and survival time of cancer patients. In the present review, we first illustrate the biological mechanisms of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints and their role in the healthy immune system as well as in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibits the anticancer effect of T cells in the TME, which in turn regulates the expression levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 through multiple mechanisms. Several strategies have been proposed to solve the limitations of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment, including combination therapy with other standard treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, other immunotherapies and even diet control. Downregulation of PD-L1 expression in the TME via pharmacological or gene regulation methods improves the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Surprisingly, recent preclinical studies have shown that upregulation of PD-L1 in the TME also improves the response and efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. Immunotherapy is a promising anticancer strategy that provides novel insight into clinical applications. This review aims to guide the development of more effective and less toxic anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianrui Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xuyi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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An anti-PD-1–GITR-L bispecific agonist induces GITR clustering-mediated T cell activation for cancer immunotherapy. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:337-354. [PMID: 35256819 PMCID: PMC8960412 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory receptors such as glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein (GITR) play key roles in regulating the effector functions of T cells. In human clinical trials, however, GITR agonist antibodies have shown limited therapeutic effect, which may be due to suboptimal receptor clustering-mediated signaling. To overcome this potential limitation, a rational protein engineering approach is needed to optimize GITR agonist-based immunotherapies. Here we show a bispecific molecule consisting of an anti-PD-1 antibody fused with a multimeric GITR ligand (GITR-L) that induces PD-1-dependent and FcγR-independent GITR clustering, resulting in enhanced activation, proliferation and memory differentiation of primed antigen-specific GITR+PD-1+ T cells. The anti-PD-1–GITR-L bispecific is a PD-1-directed GITR-L construct that demonstrated dose-dependent, immunologically driven tumor growth inhibition in syngeneic, genetically engineered and xenograft humanized mouse tumor models, with a dose-dependent correlation between target saturation and Ki67 and TIGIT upregulation on memory T cells. Anti-PD-1–GITR-L thus represents a bispecific approach to directing GITR agonism for cancer immunotherapy. Alvarez and colleagues develop a bispecific anti-PD-1–GITR-L agonist that activates T cells via a mechanism distinct from those found with individual PD-1 and GITR-L agonists and demonstrate its antitumor activity in mice and nonhuman primates.
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30
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Ni S, Chen R, Hu K. Experimental murine models of brainstem gliomas. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1218-1235. [PMID: 34954326 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As an intractable central nervous system (CNS) tumor, brainstem gliomas (BGs) are one of the leading causes of pediatric death by brain tumors. Owing to the risk of surgical resection and the little improvement in survival time after radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is an urgent need to find reliable model systems to better understand the regional pathogenesis of the brainstem and improve treatment strategies. In this review, we outline the evolution of BG murine models, and discuss both their advantages and limitations in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Ni
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rujing Chen
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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31
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Nguyen OTP, Misun PM, Lohasz C, Lee J, Wang W, Schroeder T, Hierlemann A. An Immunocompetent Microphysiological System to Simultaneously Investigate Effects of Anti-Tumor Natural Killer Cells on Tumor and Cardiac Microtissues. Front Immunol 2021; 12:781337. [PMID: 34925361 PMCID: PMC8675866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing first-line cancer therapies often fail to cope with the heterogeneity and complexity of cancers, so that new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Among novel alternative therapies, adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as a promising cancer treatment in recent years. The limited clinical applications of ACT, despite its advantages over standard-of-care therapies, can be attributed to (i) time-consuming and cost-intensive procedures to screen for potent anti-tumor immune cells and the corresponding targets, (ii) difficulties to translate in-vitro and animal-derived in-vivo efficacies to clinical efficacy in humans, and (iii) the lack of systemic methods for the safety assessment of ACT. Suitable experimental models and testing platforms have the potential to accelerate the development of ACT. Immunocompetent microphysiological systems (iMPS) are microfluidic platforms that enable complex interactions of advanced tissue models with different immune cell types, bridging the gap between in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Here, we present a proof-of-concept iMPS that supports a triple culture of three-dimensional (3D) colorectal tumor microtissues, 3D cardiac microtissues, and human-derived natural killer (NK) cells in the same microfluidic network. Different aspects of tumor-NK cell interactions were characterized using this iMPS including: (i) direct interaction and NK cell-mediated tumor killing, (ii) the development of an inflammatory milieu through enrichment of soluble pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and (iii) secondary effects on healthy cardiac microtissues. We found a specific NK cell-mediated tumor-killing activity and elevated levels of tumor- and NK cell-derived chemokines and cytokines, indicating crosstalk and development of an inflammatory milieu. While viability and morphological integrity of cardiac microtissues remained mostly unaffected, we were able to detect alterations in their beating behavior, which shows the potential of iMPS for both, efficacy and early safety testing of new candidate ACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oanh T. P. Nguyen
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lohasz
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Weijia Wang
- Cell Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Cell Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Scherer SD, Riggio AI, Haroun F, DeRose YS, Ekiz HA, Fujita M, Toner J, Zhao L, Li Z, Oesterreich S, Samatar AA, Welm AL. An immune-humanized patient-derived xenograft model of estrogen-independent, hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:100. [PMID: 34717714 PMCID: PMC8556932 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is incurable, with a 5-year survival rate of 28%. In the USA, more than 42,000 patients die from MBC every year. The most common type of breast cancer is estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), and more patients die from ER+ breast cancer than from any other subtype. ER+ tumors can be successfully treated with hormone therapy, but many tumors acquire endocrine resistance, at which point treatment options are limited. There is an urgent need for model systems that better represent human ER+ MBC in vivo, where tumors can metastasize. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) made from MBC spontaneously metastasize, but the immunodeficient host is a caveat, given the known role of the immune system in tumor progression and response to therapy. Thus, we attempted to develop an immune-humanized PDX model of ER+ MBC. METHODS NSG-SGM3 mice were immune-humanized with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, followed by engraftment of human ER+ endocrine resistant MBC tumor fragments. Strategies for exogenous estrogen supplementation were compared, and immune-humanization in blood, bone marrow, spleen, and tumors was assessed by flow cytometry and tissue immunostaining. Characterization of the new model includes assessment of the human tumor microenvironment performed by immunostaining. RESULTS We describe the development of an immune-humanized PDX model of estrogen-independent endocrine resistant ER+ MBC. Importantly, our model harbors a naturally occurring ESR1 mutation, and immune-humanization recapitulates the lymphocyte-excluded and myeloid-rich tumor microenvironment of human ER+ breast tumors. CONCLUSION This model sets the stage for development of other clinically relevant models of human breast cancer and should allow future studies on mechanisms of endocrine resistance and tumor-immune interactions in an immune-humanized in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Scherer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alessandra I Riggio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Fadi Haroun
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Yoko S DeRose
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - H Atakan Ekiz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Maihi Fujita
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jennifer Toner
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Zheqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ahmed A Samatar
- Zentalis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 205, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Development of a novel humanized mouse model for improved evaluation of in vivo anti-cancer effects of anti-PD-1 antibody. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21087. [PMID: 34702924 PMCID: PMC8548333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of cancer in the clinic. Further discovery of novel drugs or therapeutic protocols that enhance efficacy requires reliable animal models that recapitulate human immune responses to ICI treatment in vivo. In this study, we utilized an immunodeficient NOG mouse substrain deficient for mouse FcγR genes, NOG-FcγR−/− mice, to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of nivolumab, an anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody. After reconstitution of human immune systems by human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (huNOG-FcγR−/− mice), four different programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive human cancer cell lines were tested. Among them, the growth of three cell lines was strongly suppressed by nivolumab in huNOG-FcγR−/− mice, but not in conventional huNOG mice. Accordingly, immunohistochemistry demonstrated the enhanced infiltration of human T cells into tumor parenchyma in only nivolumab-treated huNOG-FcγR−/− mice. Consistently, the number of human T cells was increased in the spleen in huNOG-FcγR−/− mice by nivolumab but not in huNOG mice. Furthermore, human PD-L1 expression was strongly induced in the spleen of huNOG-FcγR−/− mice. Collectively, our results suggest that the anti-cancer effects of anti-PD-1 antibodies can be detected more clearly in NOG-FcγR−/− mice than in NOG mice.
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Tang J, Malachowska B, Wu X, Guha C. Repurposing Radiation Therapy for Immuno-oncology. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2021; 33:683-693. [PMID: 34535358 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is traditionally used for the local control of tumour growth, but recent studies suggest that radiation therapy can have immunomodulatory properties that can be applied in combination therapy with immunotherapeutic agents. The paradigm of using radiation therapy for immunomodulation in cancer treatment is a rapidly progressing field, with multiple ongoing clinical trials exploring its use in combination with immune checkpoint blockades to induce an abscopal effect. Permutations of radiation therapy regimens, including variations in radiation dosing, radiation planning parameters and radiation modality, are being tested with varying degrees of success. The relative biological effectiveness was a concept introduced in the early days of radiation biology that allows the comparison of local tumour control across various radiation modalities and energies. Similarly, there remains a need for a new concept of comparing the immunological effectiveness of various radiation modalities. In this review, we will provide an overview of immunobiological models for preclinical and clinical monitoring of radiation therapy regimens and introduce the concept of relative immunological effectiveness to compare and screen for immune-activating functions of these regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - B Malachowska
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - X Wu
- Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - C Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
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35
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Liu J, Hong H, Shi J, Xie Y, Lu Z, Liu Z, Zhou Z, Bian Z, Huang Z, Wu Z. Dinitrophenol-mediated modulation of an anti-PD-L1 VHH for Fc-dependent effector functions and prolonged serum half-life. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 165:105941. [PMID: 34256102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies, VHHs or nanobodies, represent a promising set of alternatives to conventional therapeutic antibodies, gaining substantial attention in the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, inherent drawbacks of nanobodies such as fast clearance from blood circulation and lack of immune effector functions often led to unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. We previously reported that dinitrophenyl modification of an anti-EGFR VHH conferred Fc-dependent immune effector functions and elongated serum half-life on it through recruiting of hapten antibodies, resulting in improved immunotherapy efficacy in vivo. In the present work, we further tested the versatility of this approach in the case of an anti-PD-L1 blockade VHH (KN035). Site-specific dinitrophenyl conjugation did not impair the binding capacity of KN035 portion to PD-L1, but indirectly restored its immune effector functions, manifested by the observed antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against PD-L1 positive tumor cells. Significant delay of blood clearance of dinitrophenylated KN035 was evidenced by the prolonged half-life of ca. 22 h. This approach, using small hapten molecule conjugation, loaded additional antibody-mediated tumor killing mechanisms to PD-L1 blockade VHH and therefore improved efficacy is anticipated in the future in vivo therapeutic studies. Thus, our results underscore the power of this versatile approach for achieving desirable properties of VHH-based or similar therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yuntian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongkai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zehua Bian
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Guo W, Zhang C, Qiao T, Zhao J, Shi C. Strategies for the Construction of Mouse Models With Humanized Immune System and Evaluation of Tumor Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:673199. [PMID: 33996603 PMCID: PMC8117211 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.673199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been used as a first-line treatment for a variety of advanced tumors, allowing remarkable progress to be made in cancer treatment. Nonetheless, only a small number of patients can benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy. To improve the effect of immunotherapy, the underlying mechanism of combination therapy was investigated in the context of an intact human tumor immune microenvironment using mice with a human immune system (HIS) bearing human tumors. Herein, we summarize and discuss strategies for the development and use of HIS mice models in tumor immunotherapies. Most importantly, this review proposes a method of t11umor identification and classification in HIS mice based on the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression, and according to this classification, we propose different combination treatment strategies that can be utilized to enhance the effect of immunotherapy. Thus, we provide effective experimental schemes for tumor immunotherapy in HIS mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Guo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yanan, China
| | - Caiqin Zhang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianyun Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jumei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yanan, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Modeling human tumor-immune environments in vivo for the preclinical assessment of immunotherapies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2737-2750. [PMID: 33830275 PMCID: PMC8423639 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant contributions of immunocompetent mouse models to the development and assessment of cancer immunotherapies, they inadequately represent the genetic and biological complexity of corresponding human cancers. Immunocompromised mice reconstituted with a human immune system (HIS) and engrafted with patient-derived tumor xenografts are a promising novel preclinical model for the study of human tumor-immune interactions. Whilst overcoming limitations of immunocompetent models, HIS-tumor models often rely on reconstitution with allogeneic immune cells, making it difficult to distinguish between anti-tumor and alloantigen responses. Models that comprise of autologous human tumor and human immune cells provide a platform that is more representative of the patient immune-tumor interaction. However, limited access to autologous tissues, short experimental windows, and poor retention of tumor microenvironment and tumor infiltrating lymphocyte components are major challenges affecting the establishment and application of autologous models. This review outlines existing preclinical murine models for the study of immuno-oncology, and highlights innovations that can be applied to improve the feasibility and efficacy of autologous models.
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38
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Marín-Jiménez JA, Capasso A, Lewis MS, Bagby SM, Hartman SJ, Shulman J, Navarro NM, Yu H, Rivard CJ, Wang X, Barkow JC, Geng D, Kar A, Yingst A, Tufa DM, Dolan JT, Blatchford PJ, Freed BM, Torres RM, Davila E, Slansky JE, Pelanda R, Eckhardt SG, Messersmith WA, Diamond JR, Lieu CH, Verneris MR, Wang JH, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Pitts TM, Lang J. Testing Cancer Immunotherapy in a Human Immune System Mouse Model: Correlating Treatment Responses to Human Chimerism, Therapeutic Variables and Immune Cell Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607282. [PMID: 33854497 PMCID: PMC8040953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Although the success of immunotherapy is remarkable, it is still limited to a subset of patients. More than 1500 clinical trials are currently ongoing with a goal of improving the efficacy of immunotherapy through co-administration of other agents. Preclinical, small-animal models are strongly desired to increase the pace of scientific discovery, while reducing the cost of combination drug testing in humans. Human immune system (HIS) mice are highly immune-deficient mouse recipients rtpeconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells. These HIS-mice are capable of growing human tumor cell lines and patient-derived tumor xenografts. This model allows rapid testing of multiple, immune-related therapeutics for tumors originating from unique clinical samples. Using a cord blood-derived HIS-BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnullSIRPαNOD (BRGS) mouse model, we summarize our experiments testing immune checkpoint blockade combinations in these mice bearing a variety of human tumors, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, lung, adrenocortical, melanoma and hematological malignancies. We present in-depth characterization of the kinetics and subsets of the HIS in lymph and non-lymph organs and relate these to protocol development and immune-related treatment responses. Furthermore, we compare the phenotype of the HIS in lymph tissues and tumors. We show that the immunotype and amount of tumor infiltrating leukocytes are widely-variable and that this phenotype is tumor-dependent in the HIS-BRGS model. We further present flow cytometric analyses of immune cell subsets, activation state, cytokine production and inhibitory receptor expression in peripheral lymph organs and tumors. We show that responding tumors bear human infiltrating T cells with a more inflammatory signature compared to non-responding tumors, similar to reports of "responding" patients in human immunotherapy clinical trials. Collectively these data support the use of HIS mice as a preclinical model to test combination immunotherapies for human cancers, if careful attention is taken to both protocol details and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-L’Hospitalet), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Matthew S. Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stacey M. Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sarah J. Hartman
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy Shulman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie M. Navarro
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hui Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Chris J. Rivard
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica C. Barkow
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Degui Geng
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Adwitiya Kar
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ashley Yingst
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dejene M. Tufa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James T. Dolan
- Rocky Vista College of Osteopathic Medicine – OMS3, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Patrick J. Blatchford
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian M. Freed
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Diamond
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher H. Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael R. Verneris
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jing H. Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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Wagner PM, Prucca CG, Velazquez FN, Sosa Alderete LG, Caputto BL, Guido ME. Temporal regulation of tumor growth in nocturnal mammals: In vivo studies and chemotherapeutical potential. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21231. [PMID: 33428275 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001753r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumors of the nervous system including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive form of brain tumors; however, little is known about the impact of the circadian timing system on the formation, growth, and treatment of these tumors. We investigated day/night differences in tumor growth after injection of A530 glioma cells isolated from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNSTs) of NPcis (Trp53+/- ; Nf1+/- ) mice. Synchronized A530 cell cultures expressing typical glial markers were injected at the beginning of the day or night into the sciatic nerve zone of C57BL/6 mice subject to a 12:12 hours light/dark (LD) cycle or after being released to constant darkness (DD). Tumors generated in animals injected early at night in the LD cycle or in DD showed higher growth rates than in animals injected diurnally. No differences were found when animals were injected at the same time with cultures synchronized 12 hours apart. Similar experiments performed with B16 melanoma cells showed higher tumor growth rates in animals injected at the beginning of the night compared to those injected in the daytime. A higher tumor growth rate than that in controls was observed when mice were injected with knocked-down clock gene Bmal1 cells. Finally, when we compared day/night administration of different doses of the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) in tumor-bearing animals, we found that low-dose chemotherapy displayed higher efficacy when administered at night. Results suggest the existence of a precise temporal control of tumor growth and of drug efficacy in which the host state and susceptibility are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Wagner
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - César G Prucca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabiola N Velazquez
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine,, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Lucas G Sosa Alderete
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS, UNRC-CONICET). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Beatriz L Caputto
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mario E Guido
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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40
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Lee CG, Kim T, Hong S, Chu J, Kang JE, Park HG, Choi JY, Song K, Rha SY, Lee S, Choi JS, Kim SM, Jeong HM, Shin YK. Antibody-Based Targeting of Interferon-Beta-1a Mutein in HER2-Positive Cancer Enhances Antitumor Effects Through Immune Responses and Direct Cell Killing. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:608774. [PMID: 33505314 PMCID: PMC7832035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.608774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) has been approved as an anticancer agent to treat some malignancies. However, IFNs have a short in vivo half-life, systemic toxicity, and poor biophysical properties, which prevent it from being widely used for cancer therapy. This study aimed to construct recombinant IFN-β-1a mutein immunocytokines that comprise a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeting antibody and IFN-β muteins with an additional glycosylation, which can overcome the limitation of the cytokine itself. Hence, the molecular design aims to 1) enhance productivity and biophysical properties by adding secondary glycosylation in IFN-β, 2) increase the therapeutic index of IFN-β therapy by preferential retention at the tumor by possessing high affinity for HER2-expressing cancer cells, and 3) improve the pharmacokinetics and, thus, the convenience of IFN-β administration. The yield of trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein was higher than that of trastuzumab-wild-type IFN-β in the mammalian cell culture system. Trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein showed similar IFN activity and HER2-targeting ability equivalent to that of IFN-β mutein and trastuzumab, respectively. Trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein directly inhibited the growth of HER2-positive gastric cancer cell lines and was more effective than trastuzumab or IFN-β mutein alone. Trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein and IFN-β mutein displayed enhanced immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Collectively, trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein may have indirect immune cell-mediated antitumor effects and direct cell growth inhibitory effects. Tumor-targeting effect of trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein was analyzed using in vivo fluorescence imaging. The accumulation of trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein was observed in HER2-positive tumors rather than other tissues except the liver. To evaluate the both direct tumor growth inhibition effect and indirect immune cell-mediated antitumor effect, we tested the effect of trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein in HER2-positive cancer xenograft models using nude mice or humanized mice. Trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein could significantly enhance tumor regression when compared with trastuzumab or IFN-β mutein. In addition, an increase in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was observed in the trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein-treated group, implying that the tumor-targeting IFN-β may have an enhanced antitumor effect through increased immune response. Therefore, targeting IFN-β with an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody makes the immunocytokine more potent than either agent alone. These novel findings suggest that trastuzumab-IFN-β mutein merits clinical evaluation as a new candidate of anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Gyu Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Genopharm Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - TaeEun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongwan Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Hee Geon Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Kyoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soohyeon Lee
- Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sun Min Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Young Kee Shin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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41
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Klein E, Hau AC, Oudin A, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP. Glioblastoma Organoids: Pre-Clinical Applications and Challenges in the Context of Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:604121. [PMID: 33364198 PMCID: PMC7753120 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors remain uniformly fatal, even with the best-to-date treatment. For Glioblastoma (GBM), the most severe form of brain cancer in adults, the median overall survival is roughly over a year. New therapeutic options are urgently needed, yet recent clinical trials in the field have been largely disappointing. This is partially due to inappropriate preclinical model systems, which do not reflect the complexity of patient tumors. Furthermore, clinically relevant patient-derived models recapitulating the immune compartment are lacking, which represents a bottleneck for adequate immunotherapy testing. Emerging 3D organoid cultures offer innovative possibilities for cancer modeling. Here, we review available GBM organoid models amenable to a large variety of pre-clinical applications including functional bioassays such as proliferation and invasion, drug screening, and the generation of patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) for validation of biological responses in vivo. We emphasize advantages and technical challenges in establishing immunocompetent ex vivo models based on co-cultures of GBM organoids and human immune cells. The latter can be isolated either from the tumor or from patient or donor blood as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also discuss the challenges to generate GBM PDOXs based on humanized mouse models to validate efficacy of immunotherapies in vivo. A detailed characterization of such models at the cellular and molecular level is needed to understand the potential and limitations for various immune activating strategies. Increasing the availability of immunocompetent GBM models will improve research on emerging immune therapeutic approaches against aggressive brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Klein
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ann-Christin Hau
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anaïs Oudin
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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42
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Yin L, Wang XJ, Chen DX, Liu XN, Wang XJ. Humanized mouse model: a review on preclinical applications for cancer immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4568-4584. [PMID: 33415020 PMCID: PMC7783739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the refractory and partial sensitive treatments to malignant cancers, immunotherapy has increasingly become a hotspot in effective anti-tumor research. However, at present, existing animal models could not accurately describe the interaction between human tissue and tumor cells for preclinical trials. Furthermore, it is a tough obstacle to reconstitute the immune system and microenvironment in a mouse model identical to humans due to species differences. In the establishment of the humanized mouse model, the co-transplantation of human immunocytes with/without tissues and tumor cells is the key breakthrough to solve this problem. The compelling progress has been investigated in the preclinical drug test for diverse tumor types. This review mainly summarized the development of immunodeficient mice, and the construction and practicability of the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, the investigators also highlight the pros and cons, and recent progress in immunotherapy research for advanced utility of human cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xue-Jing Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - De-Xi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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