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Ding J, Su R, Yang R, Xu J, Liu X, Yao T, Li S, Wang C, Zhang H, Yue Q, Zhan C, Li C, Gao X. Enhancing the Antitumor Efficacy of Oncolytic Adenovirus Through Sonodynamic Therapy-Augmented Virus Replication. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18282-18298. [PMID: 38953884 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses (OAs) relies on efficient viral transduction and replication. However, the limited expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptors in many tumors, along with the intracellular antiviral signaling, poses significant obstacles to OA infection and oncolysis. Here, we present sonosensitizer-armed OAs (saOAs) that potentiate the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy through sonodynamic therapy-augmented virus replication. The saOAs could not only efficiently infect tumor cells via transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis but also exhibit enhanced viral replication and tumor oncolysis under ultrasound irradiation. We revealed that the sonosensitizer loaded on the viruses induced the generation of ROS within tumor cells, which triggered JNK-mediated autophagy, ultimately leading to the enhanced viral replication. In mouse models of malignant melanoma, the combination of saOAs and sonodynamic therapy elicited a robust antitumor immune response, resulting in significant inhibition of melanoma growth and improved host survival. This work highlights the potential of sonodynamic therapy in enhancing the effectiveness of OAs and provides a promising platform for fully exploiting the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Runping Su
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinliang Xu
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tingting Yao
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sha Li
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hanchang Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Changyou Zhan
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xihui Gao
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/NHC/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Lin C, Teng W, Tian Y, Li S, Xia N, Huang C. Immune landscape and response to oncolytic virus-based immunotherapy. Front Med 2024; 18:411-429. [PMID: 38453818 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV)-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment, offering a unique potential to selectively target malignant cells while sparing normal tissues. However, the immunosuppressive nature of tumor microenvironment (TME) poses a substantial hurdle to the development of OVs as effective immunotherapeutic agents, as it restricts the activation and recruitment of immune cells. This review elucidates the potential of OV-based immunotherapy in modulating the immune landscape within the TME to overcome immune resistance and enhance antitumor immune responses. We examine the role of OVs in targeting specific immune cell populations, including dendritic cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages, and their ability to alter the TME by inhibiting angiogenesis and reducing tumor fibrosis. Additionally, we explore strategies to optimize OV-based drug delivery and improve the efficiency of OV-mediated immunotherapy. In conclusion, this review offers a concise and comprehensive synopsis of the current status and future prospects of OV-based immunotherapy, underscoring its remarkable potential as an effective immunotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenzhong Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Chenghao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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3
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Yoon AR, Jiao A, Hong J, Kim B, Yun CO. Tumor microenvironment-modulating oncolytic adenovirus combined with GSK-3β inhibitor enhances antitumor immune response against bladder cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360436. [PMID: 38812516 PMCID: PMC11133599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common type of cancer around the world, and the majority of patients are diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Although low-risk NMIBC has a good prognosis, the disease recurrence rate and development of treatment-refractory disease remain high in intermediate- to high-risk NMIBC patients. To address these challenges for the treatment of NMIBC, a novel combination therapy composed of an oncolytic adenovirus (oAd) co-expressing interleukin (IL)-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and relaxin (RLX; HY-oAd) and a clinical-stage glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β inhibitor (9-ING-41; elraglusib) was investigated in the present report. Our findings demonstrate that HY-oAd and 9-ING-41 combination therapy (HY-oAd+9-ING-41) exerted superior inhibition of tumor growth compared with respective monotherapy in a syngeneic NMIBC tumor model. HY-oAd+9-ING-41 induced high-level tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and a more potent antitumor immune response than the respective monotherapy. In detail, HY-oAd+9-ING-41 induced superior accumulation of intratumoral T cells, prevention of immune cell exhaustion, and induction of tumor-specific adaptive immune response compared to either monotherapy. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the combination of HY-oAd and 9-ING-41 may be a promising approach to elicit a potent antitumor immune response against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ao Jiao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JinWoo Hong
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fu R, Qi R, Xiong H, Lei X, Jiang Y, He J, Chen F, Zhang L, Qiu D, Chen Y, Nie M, Guo X, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Yue M, Cao J, Wang G, Que Y, Fang M, Wang Y, Chen Y, Cheng T, Ge S, Zhang J, Yuan Q, Zhang T, Xia N. Combination therapy with oncolytic virus and T cells or mRNA vaccine amplifies antitumor effects. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:118. [PMID: 38702343 PMCID: PMC11068743 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Antitumor therapies based on adoptively transferred T cells or oncolytic viruses have made significant progress in recent years, but the limited efficiency of their infiltration into solid tumors makes it difficult to achieve desired antitumor effects when used alone. In this study, an oncolytic virus (rVSV-LCMVG) that is not prone to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies was designed and combined with adoptively transferred T cells. By transforming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment into an immunosensitive one, in B16 tumor-bearing mice, combination therapy showed superior antitumor effects than monotherapy. This occurred whether the OV was administered intratumorally or intravenously. Combination therapy significantly increased cytokine and chemokine levels within tumors and recruited CD8+ T cells to the TME to trigger antitumor immune responses. Pretreatment with adoptively transferred T cells and subsequent oncolytic virotherapy sensitizes refractory tumors by boosting T-cell recruitment, down-regulating the expression of PD-1, and restoring effector T-cell function. To offer a combination therapy with greater translational value, mRNA vaccines were introduced to induce tumor-specific T cells instead of adoptively transferred T cells. The combination of OVs and mRNA vaccine also displays a significant reduction in tumor burden and prolonged survival. This study proposed a rational combination therapy of OVs with adoptive T-cell transfer or mRNA vaccines encoding tumor-associated antigens, in terms of synergistic efficacy and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Ruoyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hualong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xing Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Dekui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Meifeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xueran Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yuhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jinlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Mingxi Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jiali Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Mujing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health & School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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Ye J, Chen L, Waltermire J, Zhao J, Ren J, Guo Z, Bartlett DL, Liu Z. Intratumoral Delivery of Interleukin 9 via Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Elicits Potent Antitumor Effects in Tumor Models. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1021. [PMID: 38473379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy is largely associated with immunologically hot tumors. Approaches that promote the infiltration of immune cells into tumor beds are urgently needed to transform cold tumors into hot tumors. Oncolytic viruses can transform the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in immunologically hot tumors. Cytokines are good candidates for arming oncolytic viruses to enhance their function in this transformation. Here, we used the oncolytic vaccinia virus (oVV) to deliver interleukin-9 (IL-9) into the tumor bed and explored its antitumor effects in colon and lung tumor models. Our data show that IL-9 prolongs viral persistence, which is probably mediated by the up-regulation of IL-10. The vvDD-IL-9 treatment elevated the expression of Th1 chemokines and antitumor factors such as IFN-γ, granzyme B, and perforin. IL-9 expression increased the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME and decreased the percentage of oVV-induced immune suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), leading to potent antitumor effects compared with parental virus treatment. The vvDD-IL-9 treatment also increased the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the TME and elevated the expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, but not GITR. The combination therapy of vvDD-IL-9 and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, but not the anti-GITR antibody, induced systemic tumor-specific antitumor immunity and significantly extended the overall survival of mice, indicating a potential translation of the IL-9-expressing oncolytic virus into a clinical trial to enhance the antitumor effects elicited by an immune checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ye
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lingjuan Chen
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Julia Waltermire
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zongsheng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Shen XT, Xie SZ, Zheng X, Zou TT, Hu BY, Xu J, Liu L, Xu YF, Wang XF, Wang H, Wang S, Zhu L, Yu KK, Zhu WW, Lu L, Zhang JB, Chen JH, Dong QZ, Yang LY, Qin LX. Cirrhotic-extracellular matrix attenuates aPD-1 treatment response by initiating immunosuppressive neutrophil extracellular traps formation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:20. [PMID: 38388466 PMCID: PMC10882882 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely associatedwith chronic liver diseases, particularly liver cirrhosis, which has an altered extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. The influence and its mechanism of the cirrhotic-ECM on the response of HCC to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) remains less clarified. METHODS In silico, proteomic and pathological assessment of alteration of cirrhotic-ECM were applied in clinical cohort. Multiple pre-clinical models with ECM manipulation were used to evaluate cirrhotic-ECM's effect on ICI treatment. In silico, flow cytometry and IHC were applied to explore how cirrhotic-ECM affect HCC microenvironment. In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to identify the mechanism of how cirrhotic-ECM undermined ICI treatment. RESULTS We defined "a pro-tumor cirrhotic-ECM" which was featured as the up-regulation of collagen type 1 (Col1). Cirrhotic-ECM/Col1 was closely related to impaired T cell function and limited anti PD-1 (aPD-1) response of HCC patients from the TCGA pan cancer cohort and the authors' institution, as well as in multiple pre-clinical models. Mechanically, cirrhotic-ECM/Col1 orchestrated an immunosuppressive microenvironment (TME) by triggering Col1-DDR1-NFκB-CXCL8 axis, which initiated neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation to shield HCC cells from attacking T cells and impede approaching T cells. Nilotinib, an inhibitor of DDR1, reversed the neutrophils/NETs dominant TME and efficiently enhanced the response of HCC to aPD-1. CONCLUSIONS Cirrhotic-ECM modulated a NETs enriched TME in HCC, produced an immune suppressive TME and weakened ICI efficiency. Col1 receptor DDR1 could be a potential target synergically used with ICI to overcome ECM mediated ICI resistance. These provide a mechanical insight and novel strategy to overcome the ICI resistance of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Zhe Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Yuan Hu
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Infection Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yun-Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Feng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang-Kang Yu
- Department of Infection Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wen-Wei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ju-Bo Zhang
- Department of Infection Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong-Zhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-Yu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Hartupee C, Nagalo BM, Chabu CY, Tesfay MZ, Coleman-Barnett J, West JT, Moaven O. Pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment is a major therapeutic barrier and target. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1287459. [PMID: 38361931 PMCID: PMC10867137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1287459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is projected to become the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Limitations in early detection and treatment barriers contribute to the lack of substantial success in the treatment of this challenging-to-treat malignancy. Desmoplasia is the hallmark of PDAC microenvironment that creates a physical and immunologic barrier. Stromal support cells and immunomodulatory cells face aberrant signaling by pancreatic cancer cells that shifts the complex balance of proper repair mechanisms into a state of dysregulation. The product of this dysregulation is the desmoplastic environment that encases the malignant cells leading to a dense, hypoxic environment that promotes further tumorigenesis, provides innate systemic resistance, and suppresses anti-tumor immune invasion. This desmoplastic environment combined with the immunoregulatory events that allow it to persist serve as the primary focus of this review. The physical barrier and immune counterbalance in the tumor microenvironment (TME) make PDAC an immunologically cold tumor. To convert PDAC into an immunologically hot tumor, tumor microenvironment could be considered alongside the tumor cells. We discuss the complex network of microenvironment molecular and cellular composition and explore how they can be targeted to overcome immuno-therapeutic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner Hartupee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Chiswili Y. Chabu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mulu Z. Tesfay
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Joycelynn Coleman-Barnett
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - John T. West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Omeed Moaven
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Louisiana State University - Louisiana Children's Medical Center (LSU - LCMC) Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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8
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Volovat SR, Scripcariu DV, Vasilache IA, Stolniceanu CR, Volovat C, Augustin IG, Volovat CC, Ostafe MR, Andreea-Voichița SG, Bejusca-Vieriu T, Lungulescu CV, Sur D, Boboc D. Oncolytic Virotherapy: A New Paradigm in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1180. [PMID: 38256250 PMCID: PMC10816814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potential treatment options for cancer. Natural and genetically engineered viruses exhibit various antitumor mechanisms. OVs act by direct cytolysis, the potentiation of the immune system through antigen release, and the activation of inflammatory responses or indirectly by interference with different types of elements in the tumor microenvironment, modification of energy metabolism in tumor cells, and antiangiogenic action. The action of OVs is pleiotropic, and they show varied interactions with the host and tumor cells. An important impediment in oncolytic virotherapy is the journey of the virus into the tumor cells and the possibility of its binding to different biological and nonbiological vectors. OVs have been demonstrated to eliminate cancer cells that are resistant to standard treatments in many clinical trials for various cancers (melanoma, lung, and hepatic); however, there are several elements of resistance to the action of viruses per se. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the combination of OVs with other standard treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and cellular therapies, to increase the response rate. This review provides a comprehensive update on OVs, their use in oncolytic virotherapy, and the future prospects of this therapy alongside the standard therapies currently used in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ruxandra Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | - Dragos Viorel Scripcariu
- Department of Surgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ingrid Andrada Vasilache
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cati Raluca Stolniceanu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics—Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Constantin Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | | | | | - Madalina-Raluca Ostafe
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | - Slevoacă-Grigore Andreea-Voichița
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | - Toni Bejusca-Vieriu
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | | | - Daniel Sur
- 11th Department of Medical Oncology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Boboc
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
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9
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Zhang L, Pakmehr SA, Shahhosseini R, Hariri M, Fakhrioliaei A, Karkon Shayan F, Xiang W, Karkon Shayan S. Oncolytic viruses improve cancer immunotherapy by reprogramming solid tumor microenvironment. Med Oncol 2023; 41:8. [PMID: 38062315 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have achieved successful results against several types of human tumors, particularly hematological malignancies. However, their clinical results for the treatment of solid tumors remain poor and unsatisfactory. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role by interfering with intratumoral T-cell infiltration, promoting effector T-cell exhaustion, upregulating inhibitory molecules, inducing hypoxia, and so on. Oncolytic viruses are an encouraging biocarrier that could be used in both natural and genetically engineered platforms to induce oncolysis in a targeted manner. Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) contributes to the reprogramming of the TME, thus synergizing the functional effects of current ICIs and CAR T-cell therapy to overcome resistant barriers in solid tumors. Here, we summarize the TME-related inhibitory factors affecting the therapeutic outcomes of ICIs and CAR T cells and discuss the potential of OV-based approaches to alleviate these barriers and improve future therapies for advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, China
| | | | | | - Maryam Hariri
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | | | - Farid Karkon Shayan
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Wenxue Xiang
- The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, China.
| | - Sepideh Karkon Shayan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Bohlool Hospital, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
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10
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Yoon AR, Hong J, Jung BK, Ahn HM, Zhang S, Yun CO. Oncolytic adenovirus as pancreatic cancer-targeted therapy: Where do we go from here? Cancer Lett 2023; 579:216456. [PMID: 37940067 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers with extremely high mortality rate, and the number of cases is expected to steadily increase with time. Pancreatic cancer is refractory to conventional cancer treatment options, like chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and commercialized immunotherapeutics, owing to its immunosuppressive and desmoplastic phenotype. Due to these reasons, development of an innovative treatment option that can overcome these challenges posed by the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME) is in an urgent need. The present review aims to summarize the evolution of oncolytic adenovirus (oAd) engineering and usage as therapeutics (either monotherapy or combination therapy) over the last decade to overcome these hurdles to instigate a potent antitumor effect against desmoplastic and immunosuppressive pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JinWoo Hong
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyeong Jung
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Songnam Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yanbian University Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; GeneMedicine Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Portillo AL, Monteiro JK, Rojas EA, Ritchie TM, Gillgrass A, Ashkar AA. Charting a killer course to the solid tumor: strategies to recruit and activate NK cells in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286750. [PMID: 38022679 PMCID: PMC10663242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to expand and activate natural Killer (NK) cells ex vivo has dramatically changed the landscape in the development of novel adoptive cell therapies for treating cancer over the last decade. NK cells have become a key player for cancer immunotherapy due to their innate ability to kill malignant cells while not harming healthy cells, allowing their potential use as an "off-the-shelf" product. Furthermore, recent advancements in NK cell genetic engineering methods have enabled the efficient generation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing NK cells that can exert both CAR-dependent and antigen-independent killing. Clinically, CAR-NK cells have shown promising efficacy and safety for treating CD19-expressing hematologic malignancies. While the number of pre-clinical studies using CAR-NK cells continues to expand, it is evident that solid tumors pose a unique challenge to NK cell-based adoptive cell therapies. Major barriers for efficacy include low NK cell trafficking and infiltration into solid tumor sites, low persistence, and immunosuppression by the harsh solid tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review we discuss the barriers posed by the solid tumor that prevent immune cell trafficking and NK cell effector functions. We then discuss promising strategies to enhance NK cell infiltration into solid tumor sites and activation within the TME. This includes NK cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms such as NK cell engineering to resist TME-mediated inhibition and use of tumor-targeted agents such as oncolytic viruses expressing chemoattracting and activating payloads. We then discuss opportunities and challenges for using combination therapies to extend NK cell therapies for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Portillo
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan K. Monteiro
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eduardo A. Rojas
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tyrah M. Ritchie
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Gillgrass
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Kwantwi LB. The dual and multifaceted role of relaxin-2 in cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2763-2771. [PMID: 36947362 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increase in cancer-associated deaths despite the substantial improvement in diagnosis and treatment has sparked discussions on the need for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for cancer. Although increasing evidence has demonstrated the pivotal role of relaxin-2 in multiple cancers, their role is a double-edged sword with both protumor and antitumor having been reported in various malignant tumors. Considering this dual role, it appears the biological mechanism underpinning the action of relaxin-2 in cancer is not clear and further studies to elucidate their potential as a preventive factor for cancers are of prime importance. Herein, a summarized up-to-date report on the role of relaxin-2 in human cancer including detailed clinical and experimental evidence supporting their tumor-promoting and inhibitory functions in cancer development and progression has been elucidated. Also, signaling pathways and other factors orchestrating the activities of relaxin-2 in the tumor microenvironment has been discussed. Collectively, the evidence from this review has demonstrated the need for further evaluation of the role of relaxin-2 as a diagnostic and or prognostic biomarker for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boafo Kwantwi
- Department of Medical Imaging Sciences, Klintaps College of Health and Allied Sciences, Accra, DTD. TDC, 30A Klagon, Com. 19, Tema, Ghana.
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13
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Wenthe J, Eriksson E, Hellström AC, Moreno R, Ullenhag G, Alemany R, Lövgren T, Loskog A. Immunostimulatory gene therapy targeting CD40, 4-1BB and IL-2R activates DCs and stimulates antigen-specific T-cell and NK-cell responses in melanoma models. J Transl Med 2023; 21:506. [PMID: 37501121 PMCID: PMC10373363 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) is pivotal for generating antigen-specific T-cell responses to eradicate tumor cells. Hence, immunotherapies targeting this interplay are especially intriguing. Moreover, it is of interest to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME), as this harsh milieu often impairs adaptive immune responses. Oncolytic viral therapy presents an opportunity to overcome the immunosuppression in tumors by destroying tumor cells and thereby releasing antigens and immunostimulatory factors. These effects can be further amplified by the introduction of transgenes expressed by the virus. METHODS Lokon oncolytic adenoviruses (LOAd) belong to a platform of chimeric serotype Ad5/35 viruses that have their replication restricted to tumor cells, but the expression of transgenes is permitted in all infected cells. LOAd732 is a novel oncolytic adenovirus that expresses three essential immunostimulatory transgenes: trimerized membrane-bound CD40L, 4-1BBL and IL-2. Transgene expression was determined with flow cytometry and ELISA and the oncolytic function was evaluated with viability assays and xenograft models. The activation profiles of DCs were investigated in co-cultures with tumor cells or in an autologous antigen-specific T cell model by flow cytometry and multiplex proteomic analysis. Statistical differences were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test. RESULTS All three transgenes were expressed in infected melanoma cells and DCs and transgene expression did not impair the oncolytic activity in tumor cells. DCs were matured post LOAd732 infection and expressed a multitude of co-stimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines crucial for T-cell responses. Furthermore, these DCs were capable of expanding and stimulating antigen-specific T cells in addition to natural killer (NK) cells. Strikingly, the addition of immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 did not affect the ability of LOAd732-matured DCs to expand antigen-specific T cells and these cells retained an enhanced activation profile. CONCLUSIONS LOAd732 is a novel immunostimulatory gene therapy based on an oncolytic adenovirus that expresses three transgenes, which are essential for mediating an anti-tumor immune response by activating DCs and stimulating T and NK cells even under imunosuppressive conditions commonly present in the TME. These qualities make LOAd732 an appealing new immunotherapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wenthe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Lokon Pharma AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Emma Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Lokon Pharma AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Hellström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rafael Moreno
- IDIBELL-Institute Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustav Ullenhag
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramon Alemany
- IDIBELL-Institute Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanja Lövgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Lokon Pharma AB, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Huang Z, Guo H, Lin L, Li S, Yang Y, Han Y, Huang W, Yang J. Application of oncolytic virus in tumor therapy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28729. [PMID: 37185868 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells, as well as activate the innate and adaptive immune systems in patients. Thus, they have been considered as a promising measure for safe and effective cancer treatment. Recently, a few genetically engineered OVs have been developed to further improve the effect of tumor elimination by expressing specific immune regulatory factors and thus enhance the body's antitumor immunity. In addition, the combined therapies of OVs and other immunotherapies have been applied in clinical. Although there are many studies on this hot topic, a comprehensive review is missing on illustrating the mechanisms of tumor clearance by OVs and how to modify engineered OVs to further enhance their antitumor effects. In this study, we provided a review on the mechanisms of immune regulatory factors in OVs. In addition, we reviewed the combined therapies of OVs with other therapies including radiotherapy and CAR-T or TCR-T cell therapy. The review is useful in further generalize the usage of OV in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Huang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongen Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shixiong Li
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Liver Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
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15
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Yang Z, Pietrobon V, Bobbin M, Stefanson O, Yang J, Goswami A, Alphson B, Choi H, Magallanes K, Cai Q, Barrett D, Wang B, Qi LS, Marincola FM. Nanoscale, antigen encounter-dependent, IL-12 delivery by CAR T cells plus PD-L1 blockade for cancer treatment. J Transl Med 2023; 21:158. [PMID: 36855120 PMCID: PMC9976446 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies for the treatment of hematological malignancies experienced tremendous progress in the last decade. However, essential limitations need to be addressed to further improve efficacy and reduce toxicity to assure CAR-T cell persistence, trafficking to the tumor site, resistance to an hostile tumor microenvironment (TME), and containment of toxicity restricting production of powerful but potentially toxic bioproducts to the TME; the last could be achieved through contextual release upon tumor antigen encounter of factors capable of converting an immune suppressive TME into one conducive to immune rejection. METHODS We created an HER2-targeting CAR-T (RB-312) using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) activation (CRISPRa) system, which induces the expression of the IL-12 heterodimer via conditional transcription of its two endogenous subunits p35 and p40. This circuit includes two lentiviral constructs. The first one (HER2-TEV) expresses an anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) CAR single chain variable fragment (scFv), with CD28 and CD3z co-stimulatory domains linked to the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease and two single guide RNAs (sgRNA) targeting the interleukin (IL)-12A and IL12B transcription start site (TSS), respectively. The second construct (LdCV) encodes linker for activation of T cells (LAT) fused to nuclease-deactivated Streptococcus Pyogenes Cas9 (dCas9)-VP64-p65-Rta (VPR) via a TEV-cleavable sequence (TCS). Activation of the CAR brings HER2-TEV in close proximity to LdCV releasing dCas9 for nuclear localization. This conditional circuit leads to conditional and reversible induction of the IL-12/p70 heterodimer. RB-312 was compared in vitro to controls (cRB-312), lacking the IL-12 sgRNAs and conventional HER2 CAR (convCAR). RESULTS The inducible CRISPRa system activated endogenous IL-12 expression resulting in enhanced secondary interferon (FN)-γ production, cytotoxicity, and CAR-T proliferation in vitro, prolonged in vivo persistence and greater suppression of HER2+ FaDu oropharyngeal cancer cell growth compared to the conventional CAR-T cell product. No systemic IL-12 was detected in the peripheral circulation. Moreover, the combination with programmed death ligand (PD-L1) blockade demonstrated robust synergistic effects. CONCLUSIONS RB-312, the first clinically relevant product incorporating a CRISPRa system with non-gene editing and reversible upregulation of endogenous gene expression that promotes CAR-T cells persistence and effectiveness against HER2-expressing tumors. The autocrine effects of reversible, nanoscale IL-12 production limits the risk of off-tumor leakage and systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Yang
- Refuge Biotechnologies Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | | | - Maggie Bobbin
- Refuge Biotechnologies Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Jin Yang
- Refuge Biotechnologies Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | | | - Hana Choi
- Refuge Biotechnologies Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Qi Cai
- Kite Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | | | - Bing Wang
- Refuge Biotechnologies Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, ChEM-H, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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16
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Jia Y, Wang Y, Dunmall LSC, Lemoine NR, Wang P, Wang Y. Syrian hamster as an ideal animal model for evaluation of cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126969. [PMID: 36923404 PMCID: PMC10008950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) has emerged as an exciting new pillar of cancer treatment. Although benefits have been achieved in individual patients, the overall response rate is still not satisfactory. To address this, an ideal preclinical animal model for evaluating CIT is urgently needed. Syrian hamsters present similar features to humans with regard to their anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Notably, the histological features and pathological progression of tumors and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment are equivalent to the human scenario. This article reviews the current tumor models in Syrian hamster and the latest progress in their application to development of tumor treatments including immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, adoptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and oncolytic viruses. This progress strongly advocates Syrian hamster as an ideal animal model for development and assessment of CIT for human cancer treatments. Additionally, the challenges of the Syrian hamster as an animal model for CIT are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Louisa S Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pengju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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A Renaissance for Oncolytic Adenoviruses? Viruses 2023; 15:v15020358. [PMID: 36851572 PMCID: PMC9964350 DOI: 10.3390/v15020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 1990s, adenovirus became one of the first virus types to be genetically engineered to selectively destroy cancer cells. In the intervening years, the field of "oncolytic viruses" has slowly progressed and culminated in 2015 with the FDA approval of Talimogene laherparepvec, a genetically engineered herpesvirus, for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Despite the slower progress in translating oncolytic adenovirus to the clinic, interest in the virus remains strong. Among all the clinical trials currently using viral oncolytic agents, the largest proportion of these are using recombinant adenovirus. Many trials are currently underway to use oncolytic virus in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and early results using oncolytic adenovirus in this manner are starting to show promise. Many of the existing strategies to engineer adenoviruses were designed to enhance selective tumor cell replication without much regard to interactions with the immune system. Adenovirus possesses a wide range of viral factors to attenuate both innate anti-viral pathways and immune cell killing. In this review, we summarize the strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses currently in clinical trials, and speculate how the mutational backgrounds of these viruses may impact upon the efficacy of these agents in oncolytic and immunotherapy. Despite decades of research on human adenoviruses, the interactions that these viruses have with the immune system remains one of the most understudied aspects of the virus and needs to be improved to rationally design the next generation of engineered viruses.
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18
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Jeong SD, Jung BK, Lee D, Ha J, Chang HG, Lee J, Lee S, Yun CO, Kim YC. Enhanced Immunogenic Cell Death by Apoptosis/Ferroptosis Hybrid Pathway Potentiates PD-L1 Blockade Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:5188-5198. [PMID: 36449494 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Even though chemotherapy regimens for treating cancer by inducing apoptosis are extensively utilized, their therapeutic effect is hindered by multiple limitations. Thus, a combination of other types of anticancer modalities is urgently needed. Herein, a tannic acid (TA)-Fe3+-coated doxorubicin (DOX)-encapsulated 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(poly(ethylene glycol))-2000] (ammonium salt) (DSPE-PEG) micelle (TFDD) for apoptosis/ferroptosis-mediated immunogenic cell death (ICD) is reported. By coating TA-Fe3+ on the surface of DOX-loaded micelles, an apoptotic agent and a ferroptotic agent are simultaneously delivered into the cancer cells and induce cell death. Furthermore, the intracellular oxidative environment generated by the apoptosis/ferroptosis hybrid pathway stimulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and leads to ICD induction. The in vivo results show that the combination treatment of TFDD and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibodies (anti-PD-L1) considerably inhibits tumor growth and improves antitumor immunity by activating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and decreasing the ratio of regulatory T cells (Treg) to CD4+ T cells. This study suggests that the apoptosis/ferroptosis-mediated ICD inducer may offer a potent strategy for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Dong Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyeong Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,GeneMedicine, Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - DaeYong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - JongHoon Ha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Susam Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,GeneMedicine, Co., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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19
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Optimal timing of PD-1 blockade in combination with oncolytic virus therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:971-980. [PMID: 34033895 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Anti-PD-1 and oncolytic viruses (OVs) have non-overlapping anti-tumor mechanisms, since each agent works at different steps of the cancer-immunity cycle. Evidence suggests that OVs improve therapeutic responses to anti-PD-1 therapy by reversing immunosuppressive factors, increasing the number and diversity of infiltrating lymphocytes, and promoting PD-L1 expression in both injected and non-injected tumors. Many studies in preclinical models suggest that the timing of anti-PD-1 administration influences the therapeutic success of the combination therapy (anti-PD-1 + OV). Therefore, determining the appropriate sequencing of agents is of critical importance to designing a rationale OV-based combinational clinical trial. Currently, the combination of anti-PD-1 and OVs are being delivered using various schedules, and we have classified the timing of administration of anti-PD-1 and OVs into five categories: (i) anti-PD-1 lead-in → OV; (ii) concurrent administration; (iii) OV lead-in → anti-PD-1; (iv) concurrent therapy lead-in → anti-PD-1; and (v) OV lead-in → concurrent therapy. Based on the reported preclinical and clinical literature, the most promising treatment strategy to date is hypothesized to be OV lead-in → concurrent therapy. In the OV lead-in → concurrent therapy approach, initial OV treatment results in T cell priming and infiltration into tumors and an immunologically hot tumor microenvironment (TME), which can be counterbalanced by engagement of PD-L1 to PD-1 receptor on immune cells, leading to T cell exhaustion. Therefore, after initial OV therapy, concurrent use of both OV and anti-PD-1 is critical through which OV maintains T cell priming and an immunologically hot TME, whereas PD-1 blockade helps to overcome PD-L1/PD-1-mediated T cell exhaustion. It is important to note that the hypothetical conclusion drawn in this review is based on thorough literature review on current understanding of OV + anti-PD-1 combination therapies and rhythm of treatment-induced cancer-immunity cycle. A variety of confounding factors such as tumor types, OV types, presence or absence of cytokine transgenes carried by an OV, timing of treatment initiation, varying dosages and treatment frequencies/duration of OV and anti-PD-1, etc. may affect the validity of our conclusion that will need to be further examined by future research (such as side-by-side comparative studies using all five treatment schedules in a given tumor model).
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20
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Lu SC, Barry MA. Locked and loaded: engineering and arming oncolytic adenoviruses to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1359-1378. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2139601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Immunology
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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21
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Liu Y, Li C, Lu Y, Liu C, Yang W. Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune tolerance in development and treatment of gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016817. [PMID: 36341377 PMCID: PMC9630479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is the general term for all non-cancer components and their metabolites in tumor tissue. These components include the extracellular matrix, fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. In the early stages of tumors, the tumor microenvironment has a tumor suppressor function. As the tumor progresses, tumor immune tolerance is induced under the action of various factors, such that the tumor suppressor microenvironment is continuously transformed into a tumor-promoting microenvironment, which promotes tumor immune escape. Eventually, tumor cells manifest the characteristics of malignant proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. In recent years, stress effects of the extracellular matrix, metabolic and phenotypic changes of innate immune cells (such as neutrophils, mast cells), and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment have been revealed to mediate the emerging mechanisms of immune tolerance, providing us with a large number of emerging therapeutic targets to relieve tumor immune tolerance. Gastric cancer is one of the most common digestive tract malignancies worldwide, whose mortality rate remains high. According to latest guidelines, the first-line chemotherapy of advanced gastric cancer is the traditional platinum and fluorouracil therapy, while immunotherapy for gastric cancer is extremely limited, including only Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) targeted drugs, whose benefits are limited. Clinical experiments confirmed that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and other targeted drugs alone or in combination with other drugs have limited efficacy in patients with advanced gastric cancer, far less than in lung cancer, colon cancer, and other tumors. The failure of immunotherapy is mainly related to the induction of immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer. Therefore, solving the immune tolerance of tumors is key to the success of gastric cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we summarize the latest mechanisms of various components of the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer for inducing immune tolerance and promoting the formation of the malignant phenotype of gastric cancer, as well as the research progress of targeting the tumor microenvironment to overcome immune tolerance in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanda Liu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Changfeng Li, ; Wei Yang,
| | - Yaoping Lu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Changfeng Li, ; Wei Yang,
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22
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Spunde K, Korotkaja K, Zajakina A. Recombinant Viral Vectors for Therapeutic Programming of Tumour Microenvironment: Advantages and Limitations. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2142. [PMID: 36140243 PMCID: PMC9495732 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been widely investigated as tools for cancer immunotherapy. Although many preclinical studies demonstrate significant virus-mediated tumour inhibition in synergy with immune checkpoint molecules and other drugs, the clinical success of viral vector applications in cancer therapy currently is limited. A number of challenges have to be solved to translate promising vectors to clinics. One of the key elements of successful virus-based cancer immunotherapy is the understanding of the tumour immune state and the development of vectors to modify the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME). Tumour-associated immune cells, as the main component of TME, support tumour progression through multiple pathways inducing resistance to treatment and promoting cancer cell escape mechanisms. In this review, we consider DNA and RNA virus vectors delivering immunomodulatory genes (cytokines, chemokines, co-stimulatory molecules, antibodies, etc.) and discuss how these viruses break an immunosuppressive cell development and switch TME to an immune-responsive "hot" state. We highlight the advantages and limitations of virus vectors for targeted therapeutic programming of tumour immune cell populations and tumour stroma, and propose future steps to establish viral vectors as a standard, efficient, safe, and non-toxic cancer immunotherapy approach that can complement other promising treatment strategies, e.g., checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T, and advanced chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Zajakina
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k.1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
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23
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Yun CO, Hong J, Yoon AR. Current clinical landscape of oncolytic viruses as novel cancer immunotherapeutic and recent preclinical advancements. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953410. [PMID: 36091031 PMCID: PMC9458317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been gaining attention in the pharmaceutical industry as a novel immunotherapeutic and therapeutic adjuvant due to their ability to induce and boost antitumor immunity through multiple mechanisms. First, intrinsic mechanisms of OVs that enable exploitation of the host immune system (e.g., evading immune detection) can nullify the immune escape mechanism of tumors. Second, many types of OVs have been shown to cause direct lysis of tumor cells, resulting in an induction of tumor-specific T cell response mediated by release of tumor-associated antigens and danger signal molecules. Third, armed OV-expressing immune stimulatory therapeutic genes could be highly expressed in tumor tissues to further improve antitumor immunity. Last, these OVs can inflame cold tumors and their microenvironment to be more immunologically favorable for other immunotherapeutics. Due to these unique characteristics, OVs have been tested as an adjuvant of choice in a variety of therapeutics. In light of these promising attributes of OVs in the immune-oncology field, the present review will examine OVs in clinical development and discuss various strategies that are being explored in preclinical stages for the next generation of OVs that are optimized for immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Jenner AL, Smalley M, Goldman D, Goins WF, Cobbs CS, Puchalski RB, Chiocca EA, Lawler S, Macklin P, Goldman A, Craig M. Agent-based computational modeling of glioblastoma predicts that stromal density is central to oncolytic virus efficacy. iScience 2022; 25:104395. [PMID: 35637733 PMCID: PMC9142563 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging cancer immunotherapy. Despite notable successes in the treatment of some tumors, OV therapy for central nervous system cancers has failed to show efficacy. We used an ex vivo tumor model developed from human glioblastoma tissue to evaluate the infiltration of herpes simplex OV rQNestin (oHSV-1) into glioblastoma tumors. We next leveraged our data to develop a computational, model of glioblastoma dynamics that accounts for cellular interactions within the tumor. Using our computational model, we found that low stromal density was highly predictive of oHSV-1 therapeutic success, suggesting that the efficacy of oHSV-1 in glioblastoma may be determined by stromal-to-tumor cell regional density. We validated these findings in heterogenous patient samples from brain metastatic adenocarcinoma. Our integrated modeling strategy can be applied to suggest mechanisms of therapeutic responses for central nervous system cancers and to facilitate the successful translation of OVs into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne L. Jenner
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Munisha Smalley
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - William F. Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles S. Cobbs
- Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ralph B. Puchalski
- Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E. Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean Lawler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Macklin
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Aaron Goldman
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morgan Craig
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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25
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Wang L, Chard Dunmall LS, Cheng Z, Wang Y. Remodeling the tumor microenvironment by oncolytic viruses: beyond oncolysis of tumor cells for cancer treatment. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004167. [PMID: 35640930 PMCID: PMC9157365 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells manipulate the local environment in which they grow, creating a tumor microenvironment (TME) that promotes tumor survival and metastasis. The TME is an extremely complex environment rich in immunosuppressive cells and cytokines. Various methods to therapeutically target the complicated TME are emerging as a potential approach for cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are one of the most promising methods for remodeling the TME into an antitumor environment and can be used alone or in combination with other immunotherapy options. OVs replicate specifically in tumor cells and can be genetically engineered to target multiple elements of the TME simultaneously, thus representing a therapeutic with the potential to modify the TME to promote activation of antitumor immune cells and overcome tumor therapeutic resistance and recurrence. In this review, we analyze the tropism of OVs towards tumor cells and explore the interaction between OVs and immune cells, tumor stroma, vasculature and the metabolic environment in detail to help understand how OVs may be one of our most promising prospects for long-term curative therapies. We also discuss some of the challenges associated with TME therapies, and future perspectives in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Louisa S Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Zhenguo Cheng
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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26
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Zaheer J, Yu AR, Kim H, Kang HJ, Kang MK, Lee JJ, Kim JS. Diacerein, an inhibitor of IL-1β downstream mediated apoptosis, improves radioimmunotherapy in a mouse model of Burkitt's lymphoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6147-6159. [PMID: 35018248 PMCID: PMC8727812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma has the characteristics of a solid tumor. Penetration of monoclonal antibodies is limited in solid tumors during radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Here, we first investigated the use of diacerein (DIA) as a combination drug to improve the penetration and therapeutic efficacy of 131I-rituximab (RTX) using the Burkitt's lymphoma mouse model. We selected DIA through computational drug repurposing and focused on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) drug interaction genes to minimize side effects. Then, the cytotoxicity of DIA was assessed in vitro using three different lymphoma cell lines. DIA-induced apoptosis was confirmed by Western blotting. After confirming apoptosis, we confirmed the enhanced uptake of 131I-RTX in Burkitt's lymphoma mouse model using SPECT/CT. Autoradiography of 131I-RTX confirmed the therapeutic effect of DIA. Finally, the tumor size and survival rate were assessed to measure the enhanced therapeutic efficacy when DIA was used. In addition, we assessed the dose-dependency of DIA in terms of the accumulation of 131I-RTX in tumor tissue, the tumor size, and the survival rate. The in vitro cytotoxicity was 10.9%. We showed that DIA induced apoptosis which was related to downstream IL-1β signaling by Western blotting. We found increased Annexin V positive apoptosis after DIA administration. Immuno SPECT/CT images demonstrated a higher uptake of 131I-RTX in tumors in the DIA-administered group than that in the PBS-alone group. However, there were no statistical differences of dose-dependency between 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg of DIA. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the group treated with the combination of DIA plus 131I-RTX at 7 days after injection. Our suggested combination of DIA and 131I-RTX strategies could enhance the efficacy of 131I-RTX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeria Zaheer
- Division of RI Application, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical SciencesSeoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST)Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - A Ram Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation FoundationOsong, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongi Kim
- Division of RI Application, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical SciencesSeoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kang
- Division of RI Application, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical SciencesSeoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST)Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation FoundationOsong, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation FoundationOsong, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Division of RI Application, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical SciencesSeoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST)Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
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27
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A recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing MMP8 promotes oncolytic efficacy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Abd-Aziz N, Poh CL. Development of oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Transl Res 2021; 237:98-123. [PMID: 33905949 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a therapeutic approach that uses replication-competent viruses to kill cancers. The ability of oncolytic viruses to selectively replicate in cancer cells leads to direct cell lysis and induction of anticancer immune response. Like other anticancer therapies, oncolytic virotherapy has several limitations such as viral delivery to the target, penetration into the tumor mass, and antiviral immune responses. This review provides an insight into the different characteristics of oncolytic viruses (natural and genetically modified) that contribute to effective applications of oncolytic virotherapy in preclinical and clinical trials, and strategies to overcome the limitations. The potential of oncolytic virotherapy combining with other conventional treatments or cancer immunotherapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T therapy could form part of future multimodality treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Abd-Aziz
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Chang HG, Choi YH, Hong J, Choi JW, Yoon AR, Yun CO. GM101 in Combination with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Enhances Anti-Tumor Effects in Desmoplastic Microenvironment. Cells 2021; 10:2811. [PMID: 34831034 PMCID: PMC8616263 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (oAds) have been evaluated in numerous clinical trials due to their promising attributes as cancer therapeutics. However, the therapeutic efficacy of oAds was limited due to variable coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression levels and the dense extracellular matrix (ECM) of heterogenic clinical tumors. To overcome these limitations, our present report investigated the therapeutic efficacy of combining GM101, an oAd with excellent tumor ECM degrading properties, and histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi). Four different HDACi (suberohydroxamic acid (SBHA), MS-275, trichostatin A (TSA), and valproic acid) candidates in combination with replication-incompetent and GFP-expressing Ad (dAd/GFP) revealed that SBHA and MS-275 exerted more potent enhancement in Ad transduction efficacy than TSA or valproic acid. Further characterization revealed that SBHA and MS-275 effectively upregulated CAR expression in cancer cells, improved the binding of Ad with cancer cell membranes, and led to dynamin 2- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of Ad. The combination of GM101 with HDACi induced superior cancer cell killing effects compared to any of the monotherapies, without any additional cytotoxicity in normal cell lines. Further, GM101+SBHA and GM101+MS-275 induced more potent antitumor efficacy than any monotherapy in U343 xenograft tumor model. Potent antitumor efficacy was achieved via the combination of GM101 with HDACi, inducing necrotic and apoptotic cancer cell death, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, degrading ECM in tumor tissue, and thus exerting the highest level of virus dispersion and accumulation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the combination of GM101 and HDACi can enhance intratumoral dispersion and accumulation of oAd through multifaced mechanisms, making it a promising strategy to address the challenges toward successful clinical development of oAd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Gyu Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.-G.C.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Yong-Hyeon Choi
- GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (Y.-H.C.); (J.H.)
| | - JinWoo Hong
- GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (Y.-H.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Joung-Woo Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.-G.C.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.-G.C.); (J.-W.C.)
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.-G.C.); (J.-W.C.)
- GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea; (Y.-H.C.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Kim JS, Cho JM, Kim H, Jeong YK, Kim JK, Kim EH. Tumor treating fields can effectively overcome trastuzumab resistant breast cancer multiplication. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3935-3945. [PMID: 34522459 PMCID: PMC8414379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Epidermal Growth Receptor 2, or the HER2 is one of the highest expressed negative receptor that constitutes approximately 15-20% of malevolent breast cancerous tumors among women. The prevalence of HER2 has untimely and unfavorable consequences on breast cancer, and its underlying carcinomous cell processes, structures, and growth. Trastuzumab (TRZ), a humanized antibody that is rooted in relatively recent foundations, has been found operational in its construction of treatments against HER2-positive breast cancer. This drug is combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy to deregulate HER2 genes in the body. However, patients who suffer from evolved tumors in advanced stages of cancer exhibit a good amount of tolerance towards singularly used TRZ treatment. Inversely, the factorization of Tumor Testing Fields (TTFields or TTFs) into cancer therapy revives the functions of a TRZ treatment plan, by sensitizing the HER2 genes to the drug. In turn, this facilitates TRZ to continue limiting cancerous cell multiplication and toxicity levels within the treatment. This research evaluates the aspects and effects of this pairing, both in vivo and in vitro through BT474 cells. The TTFields conduct an electromagnetic boundary, which generates sine-wave radiations to manipulate the HER2 gene structure. The methods followed in the research also examines the gene cell cultures and their viability through solutions like Tryptophan blue, or the Crystal violet which may or may not deliver certain testmants to the experiment. The Western Blot Test and the IHC confirm the presence of antibodies and negative receptors in the BT474 cells. These procedures contribute to the formulation of a treatment plan that overcomes the TRZ-resistant nature of the tumor, which is essentially the aim of the research. Thus, the paper substantiates that a healthy combination of TTF's with TRZ can enhance the penetration of TRZ after inducing apoptosis due to TTFields therapy. The success of a TTField in undertaking this pursuit makes room for more utilization of it in future cancerous treatment ventures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Su Kim
- Division of RI Application, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS)75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongi Kim
- Division of RI Application, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS)75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Radiation Non-clinical Center, Division of Radiation Research Infrastructure Operation Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical SciencesSeoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ki Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Radiology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University33 17-gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic UniversityNam-gu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
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31
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Kemler I, Karamched B, Neuhauser C, Dingli D. Quantitative imaging and dynamics of tumor therapy with viruses. FEBS J 2021; 288:6273-6285. [PMID: 34213827 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy remains challenging due to the myriad presentations of the disease and the vast genetic diversity of tumors that continuously evolve and often become resistant to therapy. Viruses can be engineered to specifically infect, replicate, and kill tumor cells (tumor virotherapy). Moreover, the viruses can be "armed" with therapeutic genes to enhance their oncolytic effect. Using viruses to treat cancer is exciting and novel and in principle can be used for a broad variety of tumors. However, the approach is distinctly different from other cancer therapies since success depends on establishment of an infection within the tumor and ongoing propagation of the oncolytic virus within the tumor itself. Therefore, the target itself amplifies the therapy. This introduces complex dynamics especially when the immune system is taken into consideration as well as the physical and other biological barriers to virus growth. Understanding these dynamics not only requires mathematical and computational models but also approaches for the noninvasive monitoring of the virus and tumor populations. In this perspective, we discuss strategies and current results to achieve this important goal of understanding these dynamics in pursuit of optimization of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kemler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bhargav Karamched
- Department of Mathematics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - David Dingli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Immune Therapy Resistance and Immune Escape of Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030551. [PMID: 33535559 PMCID: PMC7867077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The genetic adaptability of malignant cells and their consequent heterogeneity even within the same patient poses a great obstacle to cancer patient treatment. This review summarizes the data obtained in the last decade on different preclinical mice models as well as on various immunotherapeutic clinical trials in distinct solid and hematopoietic cancers on how the immune system can be implemented in tumor therapy. Moreover, the different intrinsic and extrinsic escape strategies utilized by the tumor to avoid elimination by the immune system are recapitulated together with the different approaches proposed to overcome them in order to succeed and/or to enhance therapy efficacy. Abstract Immune therapy approaches such as checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive cell therapy represent promising therapeutic options for cancer patients, but their efficacy is still limited, since patients frequently develop innate or acquired resistances to these therapies. Thus, one major goal is to increase the efficiency of immunotherapies by overcoming tumor-induced immune suppression, which then allows for immune-mediated tumor clearance. Innate resistance to immunotherapies could be caused by a low immunogenicity of the tumor itself as well as an immune suppressive microenvironment composed of cellular, physical, or soluble factors leading to escape from immune surveillance and disease progression. So far, a number of strategies causing resistance to immunotherapy have been described in various clinical trials, which broadly overlap with the immunoediting processes of cancers. This review summarizes the novel insights in the development of resistances to immune therapy as well as different approaches that could be employed to overcome them.
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Oncolytic Adenovirus in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113354. [PMID: 33202717 PMCID: PMC7697649 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-selective replicating "oncolytic" viruses are novel and promising tools for immunotherapy of cancer. However, despite their first success in clinical trials, previous experience suggests that currently used oncolytic virus monotherapies will not be effective enough to achieve complete tumor responses and long-term cure in a broad spectrum of cancers. Nevertheless, there are reasonable arguments that suggest advanced oncolytic viruses will play an essential role as enablers of multi-stage immunotherapies including established systemic immunotherapies. Oncolytic adenoviruses (oAds) display several features to meet this therapeutic need. oAds potently lyse infected tumor cells and induce a strong immunogenic cell death associated with tumor inflammation and induction of antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, established and versatile platforms of oAds exist, which are well suited for the incorporation of heterologous genes to optimally exploit and amplify the immunostimulatory effect of viral oncolysis. A considerable spectrum of functional genes has already been integrated in oAds to optimize particular aspects of immune stimulation including antigen presentation, T cell priming, engagement of additional effector functions, and interference with immunosuppression. These advanced concepts have the potential to play a promising future role as enablers of multi-stage immunotherapies involving adoptive cell transfer and systemic immunotherapies.
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Zhang L, Wang W, Wang R, Zhang N, Shang H, Bi Y, Chen D, Zhang C, Li L, Yin J, Zhang H, Cao Y. Reshaping the Immune Microenvironment by Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus in Murine Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Ther 2020; 29:744-761. [PMID: 33130310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the major type of pancreatic malignancy with very poor prognosis. Despite the promising results of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in some solid tumors, immunotherapy is less effective for PDAC due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this report, we established an immunocompetent syngeneic PDAC model and investigated the effect of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV) on the composition of TME immune cells. The oHSV treatment significantly reduced tumor burden and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Further, by single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and multicolor fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, we demonstrated that oHSV administration downregulated tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), especially the anti-inflammatory macrophages, and increased the percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, including activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and T helper (Th)1 cells. Besides, the combination of oHSV and immune checkpoint modulators extended the lifespan of the tumor-bearing mice. Overall, our data suggested that oHSV reshapes the TME of PDAC by boosting the immune activity and leads to improved responsiveness of PDAC to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Ruikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Nianchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Hang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Cuizhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Tianjin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Tianjin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Youjia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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