1
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Arias-Badia M, Chang R, Fong L. γδ T cells as critical anti-tumor immune effectors. NATURE CANCER 2024:10.1038/s43018-024-00798-x. [PMID: 39060435 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
While the effector cells that mediate anti-tumor immunity have historically been attributed to αβ T cells and natural killer cells, γδ T cells are now being recognized as a complementary mechanism mediating tumor rejection. γδ T cells possess a host of functions ranging from antigen presentation to regulatory function and, importantly, have critical roles in eliciting anti-tumor responses where other immune effectors may be rendered ineffective. Recent discoveries have elucidated how these differing functions are mediated by γδ T cells with specific T cell receptors and spatial distribution. Their relative resistance to mechanisms of dysfunction like T cell exhaustion has spurred the development of therapeutic approaches exploiting γδ T cells, and an improved understanding of these cells should enable more effective immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Arias-Badia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchison Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Lu Y, Xiang Z, Wang W, Yun B, Yi C, Zhang M, Xie N, Wang C, Zhuang Z. Establishment and validation of a tumor-infiltrating γδT cell related prognostic gene signature in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112054. [PMID: 38608477 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
γδT cells are unconventional T cells only accounting for 1-5 % of circulating T lymphocytes. Their potent anti-tumor capability has been evidenced by accumulating studies. However, the prognostic value of γδT cells remains not well documented in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study, we utilized the TCGA HNSCC database to evaluate the infiltration of γδT cells and the association between γδT cells and clinicopathological factors by related gene signature, which were then validated by a total of 100 collected tumor samples from HNSCC patient cohort. Heterogeneity and functional characteristics of distinct infiltrating γδT cell profiles in HNSCC were then investigated based on the scRNA-seq data from the GEO database. We found higher γδT cell gene signature score was significantly associated with longer survival. Cox regression models showed that γδT cell gene signature could serve as an independent prognostic indicator for HNSCC patients. A high level of γδT cell-related gene signature was positively correlated with the infiltration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and immune score. Through scRNA-seq analysis, we identified that γδ+ Trm cells and γδ+ CTL cells possessed anti-tumor and immunoregulatory properties. Notably, we found a significant association between the presence of these cells and improved survival outcomes. In our cell-cell communication analyses, we identified that γδT cells have the potential to eliminate tumor cells through the secretion of interferon-gamma and granzyme. Collectively, the infiltration of γδT cells may serve as a promising prognostic tool, prompting the consideration of treatment options for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Lu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Zhuqin Xiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Bokai Yun
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Chen Yi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Zehang Zhuang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China.
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3
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Li Y, Sharma A, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Evolving insights into the improvement of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy through PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the clinical spectrum of lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:80. [PMID: 38659003 PMCID: PMC11040940 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Undeniably, cancer immunotherapies have expanded the spectrum of cancer treatment, however, some patients do not respond to immunotherapies. This scenario is no different for lung cancer, whose two main types, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), still pose a serious clinical challenge. Adoptive T-cell therapies (ATC), which primarily include cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy and γδ-T-cell therapy, strengthen the patient's immune system in combating cancer. Combining ATC with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) further enhances the effectiveness of this approach to eradicate cancer. With a particular emphasis on CIK cell therapy, which recently completed 30 years, we highlight the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in NSCLC and SCLC. Besides, we provide insights into the potential synergies of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in reshaping the treatment paradigm for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Li
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, D-53127,, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, D-53127,, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, D-53127,, Bonn, Germany.
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4
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Koga S, Takazono T, Namie H, Okuno D, Ito Y, Nakada N, Hirayama T, Takeda K, Ide S, Iwanaga N, Tashiro M, Sakamoto N, Watanabe A, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Tanaka Y, Mukae H. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells exhibit antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and other filamentous fungi. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0361423. [PMID: 38426765 PMCID: PMC10986472 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03614-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) and mucormycosis are life-threatening diseases, especially among immunocompromised patients. Drug-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains have been isolated worldwide, which can pose a serious clinical problem. As IA mainly occurs in patients with compromised immune systems, the ideal therapeutic approach should aim to bolster the immune system. In this study, we focused on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that exhibit immune effector functions and examined the possibility of harnessing this unconventional T cell subset as a novel therapeutic modality for IA. A potent antifungal effect was observed when A. fumigatus (Af293) hyphae were challenged by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells derived from peripheral blood. In addition, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells exhibited antifungal activity against hyphae of all Aspergillus spp., Cunninghamella bertholletiae, and Rhizopus microsporus but not against their conidia. Furthermore, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells also exhibited antifungal activity against azole-resistant A. fumigatus, indicating that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells could be used for treating drug-resistant A. fumigatus. The antifungal activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells depended on cell-to-cell contact with A. fumigatus hyphae, and degranulation characterized by CD107a mobilization seems essential for this activity against A. fumigatus. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells could be developed as a novel modality for treating IA or mucormycosis. IMPORTANCE Invasive aspergillosis (IA) and mucormycosis are often resistant to treatment with conventional antifungal agents and have a high mortality rate. Additionally, effective antifungal treatment is hindered by drug toxicity, given that both fungal and human cells are eukaryotic, and antifungal agents are also likely to act on human cells, resulting in adverse effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic agents specifically targeting fungi is challenging. This study demonstrated the antifungal activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against various Aspergillus spp. and several Mucorales in vitro and discussed the mechanism underlying their antifungal activity. We indicate that adoptive immunotherapy using Vγ9Vδ2 T cells may offer a new therapeutic approach to IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Koga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hodaka Namie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuya Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nana Nakada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Health Center, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Hirayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ide
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Experts Training Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwanaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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5
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Revesz IA, Joyce P, Ebert LM, Prestidge CA. Effective γδ T-cell clinical therapies: current limitations and future perspectives for cancer immunotherapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1492. [PMID: 38375329 PMCID: PMC10875631 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes, exhibiting features of both innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved with cancer immunosurveillance. They present an attractive alternative to conventional T cell-based immunotherapy due, in large part, to their lack of major histocompatibility (MHC) restriction and ability to secrete high levels of cytokines with well-known anti-tumour functions. To date, clinical trials using γδ T cell-based immunotherapy for a range of haematological and solid cancers have yielded limited success compared with in vitro studies. This inability to translate the efficacy of γδ T-cell therapies from preclinical to clinical trials is attributed to a combination of several factors, e.g. γδ T-cell agonists that are commonly used to stimulate populations of these cells have limited cellular uptake yet rely on intracellular mechanisms; administered γδ T cells display low levels of tumour-infiltration; and there is a gap in the understanding of γδ T-cell inhibitory receptors. This review explores the discrepancy between γδ T-cell clinical and preclinical performance and offers viable avenues to overcome these obstacles. Using more direct γδ T-cell agonists, encapsulating these agonists into lipid nanocarriers to improve their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and the use of combination therapies to overcome checkpoint inhibition and T-cell exhaustion are ways to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical success. Given the ability to overcome these limitations, the development of a more targeted γδ T-cell agonist-checkpoint blockade combination therapy has the potential for success in clinical trials which has to date remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Revesz
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Cancer Clinical Trials UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- School of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
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6
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Verkerk T, Pappot AT, Jorritsma T, King LA, Duurland MC, Spaapen RM, van Ham SM. Isolation and expansion of pure and functional γδ T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336870. [PMID: 38426099 PMCID: PMC10902048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are important components of the immune system due to their ability to elicit a fast and strong response against infected and transformed cells. Because they can specifically and effectively kill target cells in an MHC independent fashion, there is great interest to utilize these cells in anti-tumor therapies where antigen presentation may be hampered. Since only a small fraction of T cells in the blood or tumor tissue are γδ T cells, they require extensive expansion to allow for fundamental, preclinical and ex vivo research. Although expansion protocols can be successful, most are based on depletion of other cell types rather than γδ T cell specific isolation, resulting in unpredictable purity of the isolated fraction. Moreover, the primary focus only lies with expansion of Vδ2+ T cells, while Vδ1+ T cells likewise have anti-tumor potential. Here, we investigated whether γδ T cells directly isolated from blood could be efficiently expanded while maintaining function. γδ T cell subsets were isolated using MACS separation, followed by FACS sorting, yielding >99% pure γδ T cells. Isolated Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ T cells could effectively expand immediately after isolation or upon freeze/thawing and reached expansion ratios between 200 to 2000-fold starting from varying numbers using cytokine supported feeder stimulations. MACS/FACS isolated and PHA stimulated γδ T cells expanded as good as immobilized antibody mediated stimulated cells in PBMCs, but delivered purer cells. After expansion, potential effector functions of γδ T cells were demonstrated by IFN-γ, TNF-α and granzyme B production upon PMA/ionomycin stimulation and effective killing capacity of multiple tumor cell lines was confirmed in killing assays. In conclusion, pure γδ T cells can productively be expanded while maintaining their anti-tumor effector functions against tumor cells. Moreover, γδ T cells could be expanded from low starting numbers suggesting that this protocol may even allow for expansion of cells extracted from tumor biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Verkerk
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk T Pappot
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa A King
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariël C Duurland
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Zlatareva I, Wu Y. Local γδ T cells: translating promise to practice in cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:393-405. [PMID: 37311978 PMCID: PMC10403623 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid bench-to-bedside translation of basic immunology to cancer immunotherapy has revolutionised the clinical practice of oncology over the last decade. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting αβ T cells now offer durable remissions and even cures for some patients with hitherto treatment-refractory metastatic cancers. Unfortunately, these treatments only benefit a minority of patients and efforts to improve efficacy through combination therapies utilising αβ T cells have seen diminishing returns. Alongside αβ T cells and B cells, γδ T cells are a third lineage of adaptive lymphocytes. Less is known about these cells, and they remain relatively untested in cancer immunotherapy. Whilst preclinical evidence supports their utility, the few early-phase trials involving γδ T cells have failed to demonstrate convincing efficacy in solid cancers. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of how these cells are regulated, especially locally within tissues, and the potential for translation. In particular, we focus on the latest advances in the field of butyrophilin (BTN) and BTN-like (BTNL) regulation of γδ T cells and speculate on how these advances may address the limitations of historical approaches in utilising these cells, as well as how they may inform novel approaches in deploying these cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Zlatareva
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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8
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Ma L, Feng Y, Zhou Z. A close look at current γδ T-cell immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1140623. [PMID: 37063836 PMCID: PMC10102511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to their antitumor and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent capacities, γδ T cells have gained popularity in adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in recent years. However, many unknowns still exist regarding γδ T cells, and few clinical data have been collected. Therefore, this review aims to describe all the main features of the applications of γδ T cells and provide a systematic view of current γδ T-cell immunotherapy. Specifically, this review will focus on how γδ T cells performed in treating cancers in clinics, on the γδ T-cell clinical trials that have been conducted to date, and the role of γδ T cells in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Dingchengtaiyuan (DCTY) Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yanmin Feng
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Dingchengtaiyuan (DCTY) Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zishan Zhou
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Dingchengtaiyuan (DCTY) Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zishan Zhou,
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9
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Du Z, Zhu S, Zhang X, Gong Z, Wang S. Non-Conventional Allogeneic Anti-BCMA Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Based Immune Cell Therapies for Multiple Myeloma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:567. [PMID: 36765526 PMCID: PMC9913487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
MM, characterized by the progressive accumulation of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow, remains a severe medical problem globally. Currently, almost all MM patients who have received standard treatments will eventually relapse. Autologous anti-BCMA CAR-T cells are one of the FDA-approved immunotherapy cell-based products for treating adults with relapsed or refractory (r/r) multiple myeloma. However, this type of CAR-T cell product has several limitations, including high costs, long manufacturing times, and possible manufacturing failure, which significantly hinder its wider application for more patients. In this review, we summarized the current development stage of applying other types of immune cells to bring the anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy from autologous to allogeneic. In general, anti-BCMA CAR gene-edited αβ T cells and CAR-Natural Killer (NK) cells are at the forefront, with multiple clinical trials ongoing, while CAR-γδ T cells and CAR-invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are still in pre-clinical studies. Other immune cells such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells have been mainly developed to target other antigens and have the potential to be used to target BCMA. Nevertheless, additional regulatory requirements might need to be taken into account in developing these non-conventional allogenic anti-BCMA CAR-based cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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10
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You H, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Guo J, Gao Q. TIGIT-expressing zoledronate-specific γδ T cells display enhanced antitumor activity. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1691-1700. [PMID: 36353851 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma0822-759r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells hold a pivotal role in tumor immunosurveillance through their prompt activation and cytokine secretion and have received much attention in adoptive immunotherapy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the therapeutic effects are limited in ccRCC. Therefore, it is now critical to improve therapeutic strategies based on γδ T cells, especially identification of functional γδ T cell subsets. In this study, we aimed to identify γδ T cells that might have enhanced responses against ccRCC. Bioinformatic analysis showed that ccRCC patients with high T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT) expression had higher levels of effector molecules. Then, we examined the changes in the TIGIT+ γδ T cell percentages of 6 ccRCC patients and 14 healthy subjects through zoledronate (ZOL) stimulation. Results indicated that percentages of TIGIT+ γδ T cells were positively correlated with activated γδ T cells in early activation stage. Further study demonstrated that TIGIT+ γδ T cells exhibited enhanced activation, contained more terminally differentiated effector γδ T cells and produced higher cytokine compared with TIGIT- γδ T cells. Finally, we investigated the functions and found that TIGIT+ γδ T cells exhibited stronger tumor reactivities and higher cytotoxicity when challenged by tumor cells. Above results imply that TIGIT+ γδ T cells are the main effectors in ZOL recognition and tumor cells challenging. The results of the present study serve as basis for future functional studies on TIGIT+ γδ T cells and provide a promising approach of immunotherapy in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin You
- Department of Immunotherapy, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Huifang Zhu
- Department of Immunotherapy, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- Department of Breast, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Jindong Guo
- Department of Immunotherapy, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Quanli Gao
- Department of Immunotherapy, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
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11
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Human Vδ2 T Cells and Their Versatility for Immunotherapeutic Approaches. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223572. [PMID: 36429001 PMCID: PMC9688761 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma/delta (γδ) T cells are innate-like immune effectors that are a critical component linking innate and adaptive immune responses. They are recognized for their contribution to tumor surveillance and fight against infectious diseases. γδ T cells are excellent candidates for cellular immunotherapy due to their unique properties to recognize and destroy tumors or infected cells. They do not depend on the recognition of a single antigen but rather a broad-spectrum of diverse ligands through expression of various cytotoxic receptors. In this manuscript, we review major characteristics of the most abundant circulating γδ subpopulation, Vδ2 T cells, their immunotherapeutic potential, recent advances in expansion protocols, their preclinical and clinical applications for several infectious diseases and malignancies, and how additional modulation could enhance their therapeutic potential.
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12
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Wu J, Zhu R, Wang Z, Chen X, Xu T, Liu Y, Song M, Jiang J, Ma Q, Chen Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang M, Huang M, Ji N. Exosomes in malignant pleural effusion from lung cancer patients impaired the cytotoxicity of double-negative T cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101564. [PMID: 36252282 PMCID: PMC9579705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative T (DNT) cells are new weapons in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we explored DNT cells in malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) from lung cancer patients. DNT cells, especially TCRαβ+CD56- DNT cells, were increased in MPE from lung cancer patients. DNT cells highly expressed PD-1, TRAIL, NKG2D and DNAM-1. In contrast, FasL was barely detected in DNT cells. Compared with non-MPE cells, MPE-derived DNT cells expressed much higher levels of PD-1 and TRAIL. DNT cells from healthy peripheral blood donors potentially killed lung cancers, which was decreased by MPE supernatant. Exosomes from MPE supernatant expressed PD-1 and CEACAM1 and impaired the cytotoxicity of DNT cells. Blocking PD-1 and TIM3 rescued the cytotoxicity of DNT cells treated with MPE-derived exosomes. Overall, we demonstrated that the frequency of DNT cells in MPE from lung cancer patients was increased and that MPE-derived exosomes impaired the cytotoxicity of DNT cells via the PD-1/PD-L1 and CEACAM1/TIM3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ranran Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengxia Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxian Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyun Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingshun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Ningfei Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Corresponding authors.
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13
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Liou ML, Lahusen T, Li H, Xiao L, Pauza CD. Reducing farnesyl diphosphate synthase levels activates Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and improves tumor suppression in murine xenograft cancer models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012051. [PMID: 36275712 PMCID: PMC9581136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are attractive candidates for cancer immunotherapy due to their potent capacity for tumor recognition and cytolysis of many tumor cell types. However, efforts to deploy clinical strategies for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell cancer therapy are hampered by insufficient potency. We are pursuing an alternate strategy of modifying tumors to increase the capacity for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, as a means for strengthening the anti-tumor response by resident or ex vivo manufactured Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are activated in vitro by non-peptidic antigens including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), a substrate of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) in the pathway for biosynthesis of isoprenoids. In an effort to improve in vivo potency of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, we reduced FDPS expression in tumor cells using a lentivirus vector encoding a short-hairpin RNA that targets FDPS mRNA (LV-shFDPS). Prostate (PC3) or hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) cells transduced with LV-shFDPS induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell stimulation in vitro, resulting in increased cytokine expression and tumor cell cytotoxicity. Immune deficient mice implanted with LV-shFDPS transduced tumor cells showed dramatic responses to intraperitoneal injection of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with strong suppression of tumor growth. In vivo potency was increased by transducing tumor cells with a vector expressing both shFDPS and human IL-2. Tumor suppression by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was dose-dependent with greater effects observed in mice injected with 100% LV-shFDPS transduced cells compared to mice injected with a mixture of 50% LV-shFDPS transduced cells and 50% control (no vector) tumor cells. Delivery of LV-shFDPS by intratumoral injection was insufficient to knockdown FDPS in the majority of tumor cells, resulting in insignificant tumor suppression by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Thus, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells efficiently targeted and suppressed tumors expressing shFDPS in mouse xenotransplant models. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential for suppression of genetically modified tumors by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and indicates that co-expression of cytokines may boost the anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Liou
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Lahusen
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Tyler Lahusen,
| | - Haishan Li
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- Viriom Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lingzhi Xiao
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - C. David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- Viriom Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
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14
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Borchmann S, Selenz C, Lohmann M, Ludwig H, Gassa A, Brägelmann J, Lohneis P, Meder L, Mattlener J, Breid S, Nill M, Fassunke J, Wisdom AJ, Compes A, Gathof B, Alakus H, Kirsch D, Hekmat K, Büttner R, Reinhardt HC, Hallek M, Ullrich RT. Tripartite antigen-agnostic combination immunotherapy cures established poorly immunogenic tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004781. [PMID: 36223955 PMCID: PMC9562723 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-agent immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in selected cancer entities and individual patients. However, most patients fail to respond. This is likely due to diverse immunosuppressive mechanisms acting in a concerted way to suppress the host anti-tumor immune response. Combination immunotherapy approaches that are effective in such poorly immunogenic tumors mostly rely on precise knowledge of antigenic determinants on tumor cells. Creating an antigen-agnostic combination immunotherapy that is effective in poorly immunogenic tumors for which an antigenic determinant is not known is a major challenge. METHODS We use multiple cell line and poorly immunogenic syngeneic, autochthonous, and autologous mouse models to evaluate the efficacy of a novel combination immunotherapy named tripartite immunotherapy (TRI-IT). To elucidate TRI-ITs mechanism of action we use immune cell depletions and comprehensive tumor and immune infiltrate characterization by flow cytometry, RNA sequencing and diverse functional assays. RESULTS We show that combined adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytokine-induced killer cells, Vγ9Vδ2-T-cells (γδ-T-cells) and T-cells enriched for tumor recognition (CTLs) display synergistic antitumor effects, which are further enhanced by cotreatment with anti-PD1 antibodies. Most strikingly, the full TRI-IT protocol, a combination of this ACT with anti-PD1 antibodies, local immunotherapy of agonists against toll-like receptor 3, 7 and 9 and pre-ACT lymphodepletion, eradicates and induces durable anti-tumor immunity in a variety of poorly immunogenic syngeneic, autochthonous, as well as autologous humanized patient-derived models. Mechanistically, we show that TRI-IT coactivates adaptive cellular and humoral, as well as innate antitumor immune responses to mediate its antitumor effect without inducing off-target toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, TRI-IT is a novel, highly effective, antigen-agnostic, non-toxic combination immunotherapy. In this study, comprehensive insights into its preclinical efficacy, even in poorly immunogenic tumors, and mode of action are given, so that translation into clinical trials is the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Borchmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Selenz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mia Lohmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Ludwig
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Asmae Gassa
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Brägelmann
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohneis
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lydia Meder
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Mattlener
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Breid
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke Nill
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jana Fassunke
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amy J Wisdom
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anik Compes
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Gathof
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hakan Alakus
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Khosro Hekmat
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen,University Duisburg-Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK partner site Essen), Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland T Ullrich
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Okuno D, Sakamoto N, Akiyama Y, Tokito T, Hara A, Kido T, Ishimoto H, Ishimatsu Y, Tagod MSO, Okamura H, Tanaka Y, Mukae H. Two Distinct Mechanisms Underlying γδ T Cell-Mediated Regulation of Collagen Type I in Lung Fibroblasts. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182816. [PMID: 36139391 PMCID: PMC9496746 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic intractable lung disease, leading to respiratory failure and death. Although anti-fibrotic agents delay disease progression, they are not considered curative treatments, and alternative modalities have attracted attention. We examined the effect of human γδ T cells on collagen type I in lung fibroblasts. Collagen type I was markedly reduced in a γδ T cell number-dependent manner following treatment with γδ T cells expanded with tetrakis-pivaloxymethyl 2-(thiazole-2-ylamino) ethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (PTA) and interleukin-2. Collagen type I levels remained unchanged on addition of γδ T cells to the culture system through a trans-well culture membrane, suggesting that cell–cell contact is essential for reducing its levels in lung fibroblasts. Re-stimulating γδ T cells with (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) reduced collagen type I levels without cell–cell contact, indicating the existence of HMBPP-induced soluble anti-fibrotic factors in γδ T cells. Adding anti-interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-neutralizing mAb restored collagen type I levels, demonstrating that human γδ T cell-derived IFN-γ reduces collagen type I levels. Conversely, interleukin-18 augmented γδ T cell-induced suppression of collagen type I. Therefore, human γδ T cells reduce collagen levels in lung fibroblasts via two distinct mechanisms; adoptive γδ T cell transfer is potentially a new therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Okuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7273
| | - Yoshiko Akiyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takatomo Tokito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Kido
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishimatsu
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | | | - Haruki Okamura
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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16
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Pei Y, Xiang Z, Wen K, Tu CR, Wang X, Zhang Y, Mu X, Liu Y, Tu W. CD137 Costimulation Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in IL-10-Mediated Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872122. [PMID: 35784354 PMCID: PMC9247142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although γδ-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy using phosphoantigens to boost γδ-T cell immunity has shown success in some cancer patients, the clinical application is limited due to the rapid exhaustion of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells caused by repetitive stimulation from phosphoantigens and the profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, using a cell culture medium containing human and viral interleukin-10 (hIL-10 and vIL-10) secreted from EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell lines (EBV-LCL) to mimic the immunosuppressive TEM, we found that the antitumor activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells was highly suppressed by endogenous hIL-10 and vIL-10 within the TME. CD137 costimulation could provide an anti-exhaustion signal to mitigate the suppressive effects of IL-10 in TME by suppressing IL-10R1 expression on Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. CD137 costimulation also improved the compromised antitumor activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in TME with high levels of IL-10 in Rag2-/- γc-/- mice. In humanized mice, CD137 costimulation boosted the therapeutic effects of aminobisphosphonate pamidronate against EBV-induced lymphoma. Our study offers a novel approach to overcoming the obstacle of the hIL-10 and vIL-10-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment by costimulating CD137 and enhancing the efficacy of γδ-T cell-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Pei
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kun Wen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chloe Ran Tu
- Computational and Systems Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Wenwei Tu,
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17
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Saura-Esteller J, de Jong M, King LA, Ensing E, Winograd B, de Gruijl TD, Parren PWHI, van der Vliet HJ. Gamma Delta T-Cell Based Cancer Immunotherapy: Past-Present-Future. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915837. [PMID: 35784326 PMCID: PMC9245381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T-cells directly recognize and kill transformed cells independently of HLA-antigen presentation, which makes them a highly promising effector cell compartment for cancer immunotherapy. Novel γδ T-cell-based immunotherapies, primarily focusing on the two major γδ T-cell subtypes that infiltrate tumors (i.e. Vδ1 and Vδ2), are being developed. The Vδ1 T-cell subset is enriched in tissues and contains both effector T-cells as well as regulatory T-cells with tumor-promoting potential. Vδ2 T-cells, in contrast, are enriched in circulation and consist of a large, relatively homogeneous, pro-inflammatory effector T-cell subset. Healthy individuals typically harbor in the order of 50-500 million Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in the peripheral blood alone (1-10% of the total CD3+ T-cell population), which can rapidly expand upon stimulation. The Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptor senses intracellular phosphorylated metabolites, which accumulate in cancer cells as a result of mevalonate pathway dysregulation or upon pharmaceutical intervention. Early clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells were based on either ex vivo expansion and adoptive transfer or their systemic activation with aminobisphosphonates or synthetic phosphoantigens, either alone or combined with low dose IL-2. Immune-related adverse events (irAE) were generally \mild, but the clinical efficacy of these approaches provided overall limited benefit. In recent years, critical advances have renewed the excitement for the potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review γδ T-cell-based therapeutic strategies and discuss the prospects of those currently evaluated in clinical studies in cancer patients as well as future therapies that might arise from current promising pre-clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Saura-Esteller
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Milon de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa A. King
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul W. H. I. Parren
- LAVA Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans J. van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LAVA Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Hans J. van der Vliet, ;
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18
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Wu Y, Biswas D, Usaite I, Angelova M, Boeing S, Karasaki T, Veeriah S, Czyzewska-Khan J, Morton C, Joseph M, Hessey S, Reading J, Georgiou A, Al-Bakir M, McGranahan N, Jamal-Hanjani M, Hackshaw A, Quezada SA, Hayday AC, Swanton C. A local human Vδ1 T cell population is associated with survival in nonsmall-cell lung cancer. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:696-709. [PMID: 35637401 PMCID: PMC9236901 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Murine tissues harbor signature γδ T cell compartments with profound yet differential impacts on carcinogenesis. Conversely, human tissue-resident γδ cells are less well defined. In the present study, we show that human lung tissues harbor a resident Vδ1 γδ T cell population. Moreover, we demonstrate that Vδ1 T cells with resident memory and effector memory phenotypes were enriched in lung tumors compared with nontumor lung tissues. Intratumoral Vδ1 T cells possessed stem-like features and were skewed toward cytolysis and helper T cell type 1 function, akin to intratumoral natural killer and CD8+ T cells considered beneficial to the patient. Indeed, ongoing remission post-surgery was significantly associated with the numbers of CD45RA-CD27- effector memory Vδ1 T cells in tumors and, most strikingly, with the numbers of CD103+ tissue-resident Vδ1 T cells in nonmalignant lung tissues. Our findings offer basic insights into human body surface immunology that collectively support integrating Vδ1 T cell biology into immunotherapeutic strategies for nonsmall cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Dhruva Biswas
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Ieva Usaite
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mihaela Angelova
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics and Software Development & Machine Learning Team, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Takahiro Karasaki
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Selvaraju Veeriah
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Justyna Czyzewska-Khan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Cienne Morton
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Magdalene Joseph
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sonya Hessey
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Metastasis Lab, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - James Reading
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew Georgiou
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Maise Al-Bakir
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Metastasis Lab, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Allan Hackshaw
- Cancer Research UK & University College London Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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Chai J, Qin L, Zhang G, Hua P, Jin C. Long non-coding MELTF Antisense RNA 1 promotes and prognosis the progression of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting miR-1299. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10594-10604. [PMID: 35441579 PMCID: PMC9161893 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2063563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explored the influence of long non-coding MELTF Antisense RNA 1 (lncRNA MELTF-AS1) on the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and further deepened the understanding of NSCLC. A total of 130 patients with NSCLC participated in current study to detect and compare lncRNA MELTF-AS1 expression in cancer and normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were chosen to analyze the effect of MELTF-AS1 expression on the survival of patients within 5 years. The correlation between the expression of MELTF-AS1 and the clinical characteristics of NSCLC patients was analyzed, and the prognostic factors of NSCLC were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression. Subsequently, MELTF-AS1 expression in NSCLC cells were detected. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell methods were selected to study the proliferation, migration capability and invasion level of NSCLC cells that silencing MELTF-AS1. Through the luciferase activity assay to explore the relationship between MELTF-AS1 and miR-1299, to further understand the effect of silencing MELTF-AS1 on NSCLC. MELTF-AS1 was increased in NSCLC tissues and cells. Silencing MELTF-AS1 suppressed the proliferation ability, migration capability and invasion level of NSCLC cells, which means that low expression of MELTF-AS1 may be more conducive to patient survival. In addition, through luciferase activity analysis and bioinformatics analysis, MELTF-AS1 has a negative effect on miR-1299, and silencing MELTF-AS1 enhanced miR-1299 expression in NSCLC cells. MELTF-AS1 is highly likely to be a promising prognostic biomarker, and associated with the progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangxin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peiyan Hua
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chengyan Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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20
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Zakeri N, Hall A, Swadling L, Pallett LJ, Schmidt NM, Diniz MO, Kucykowicz S, Amin OE, Gander A, Pinzani M, Davidson BR, Quaglia A, Maini MK. Characterisation and induction of tissue-resident gamma delta T-cells to target hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1372. [PMID: 35296658 PMCID: PMC8927126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now the standard of care for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet many patients fail to respond. A major unmet goal is the boosting of T-cells with both strong HCC reactivity and the protective advantages of tissue-resident memory T-cells (TRM). Here, we show that higher intratumoural frequencies of γδ T-cells, which have potential for HLA-unrestricted tumour reactivity, associate with enhanced HCC patient survival. We demonstrate that γδ T-cells exhibit bona fide tissue-residency in human liver and HCC, with γδTRM showing no egress from hepatic vasculature, persistence for >10 years and superior anti-tumour cytokine production. The Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subset is selectively depleted in HCC but can efficiently target HCC cell lines sensitised to accumulate isopentenyl-pyrophosphate by the aminobisphosphonate Zoledronic acid. Aminobisphosphonate-based expansion of peripheral Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells recapitulates a TRM phenotype and boosts cytotoxic potential. Thus, our data suggest more universally effective HCC immunotherapy may be achieved by combining aminobisphosphonates to induce Vγ9Vδ2TRM capable of replenishing the depleted pool, with additional intratumoural delivery to sensitise HCC to Vγ9Vδ2TRM-based targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekisa Zakeri
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Hall
- Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Kucykowicz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amir Gander
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Alberto Quaglia
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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21
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Nada MH, Wang H, Hussein AJ, Tanaka Y, Morita CT. PD-1 checkpoint blockade enhances adoptive immunotherapy by human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells against human prostate cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1989789. [PMID: 34712512 PMCID: PMC8547840 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1989789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ2Vδ2 (also termed Vγ9Vδ2) T cells play important roles in microbial and tumor immunity by monitoring foreign- and self-prenyl pyrophosphate metabolites in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Accumulation of isoprenoid metabolites after bisphosphonate treatment allows Vγ2Vδ2 T cells to recognize and kill tumors independently of their MHC expression or burden of non-synonymous mutations. Clinical trials with more than 400 patients show that adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells has few side effects but has resulted in only a few partial and complete remissions. Here, we have tested Vγ2Vδ2 T cells for expression of inhibitory receptors and determined whether adding PD-1 checkpoint blockade to adoptively transferred Vγ2Vδ2 T cells enhances immunity to human PC-3 prostate tumors in an NSG mouse model. We find that Vγ2Vδ2 T cells express PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and TIM-3 inhibitory receptors during the 14-day ex vivo expansion period, and PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 upon subsequent stimulation by pamidronate-treated tumor cells. Expression of PD-L1 on PC-3 prostate cancer cells was increased by co-culture with activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Importantly, anti-PD-1 mAb treatment enhanced Vγ2Vδ2 T cell immunity to PC-3 tumors in immunodeficient NSG mice, reducing tumor volume nearly to zero after 5 weeks. These results demonstrate that PD-1 checkpoint blockade can enhance the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy with human γδ T cells in treating prostate tumors in a preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad H Nada
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Veterans Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniah, Iraq
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Veterans Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Auter J Hussein
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Veterans Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Salah Al-Din Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health, Iraq
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki Japan
| | - Craig T Morita
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Veterans Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology,University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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22
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Chimeric antigen receptor- and natural killer cell receptor-engineered innate killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2083-2100. [PMID: 34267335 PMCID: PMC8429625 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has demonstrated impressive therapeutic efficacy against hematological malignancies, but multiple challenges have hindered its application, particularly for the eradication of solid tumors. Innate killer cells (IKCs), particularly NK cells, NKT cells, and γδ T cells, employ specific antigen-independent innate tumor recognition and cytotoxic mechanisms that simultaneously display high antitumor efficacy and prevent tumor escape caused by antigen loss or modulation. IKCs are associated with a low risk of developing GVHD, thus offering new opportunities for allogeneic "off-the-shelf" cellular therapeutic products. The unique innate features, wide tumor recognition range, and potent antitumor functions of IKCs make them potentially excellent candidates for cancer immunotherapy, particularly serving as platforms for CAR development. In this review, we first provide a brief summary of the challenges hampering CAR-T-cell therapy applications and then discuss the latest CAR-NK-cell research, covering the advantages, applications, and clinical translation of CAR- and NK-cell receptor (NKR)-engineered IKCs. Advances in synthetic biology and the development of novel genetic engineering techniques, such as gene-editing and cellular reprogramming, will enable the further optimization of IKC-based anticancer therapies.
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23
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Yang R, Shen S, Gong C, Wang X, Luo F, Luo F, Lei Y, Wang Z, Xu S, Ni Q, Xue Y, Fu Z, Zeng L, Fang L, Yan Y, Zhang J, Gan L, Yi J, Zhou P. Bispecific Antibody PD-L1 x CD3 Boosts the Anti-Tumor Potency of the Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654080. [PMID: 34040604 PMCID: PMC8141752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vγ2Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy has benefited some patients in clinical trials, but the overall efficacy is low for solid tumor patients. In this study, a bispecific antibody against both PD-L1 and CD3 (PD-L1 x CD3), Y111, could efficiently bridge T cells and PD-L1 expressing tumor cells. The Y111 prompted fresh CD8+ T cell-mediated lysis of H358 cells, but spared this effect on the fresh Vδ2+ T cells enriched from the same donors, which suggested that Y111 could bypass the anti-tumor capacity of the fresh Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. As the adoptive transfer of the expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells was approved to be safe and well-tolerated in clinical trials, we hypothesized that the combination of the expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells with the Y111 would provide an alternative approach of immunotherapy. Y111 induced the activation of the expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of PD-L1 positive tumor cells. Moreover, Y111 increased the cytotoxicity of the expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells against various NSCLC-derived tumor cell lines with the releases of granzyme B, IFNγ, and TNFα in vitro. Meanwhile, the adoptive transferred Vγ2Vδ2 T cells together with the Y111 inhibited the growth of the established xenografts in NPG mice. Taken together, our data suggested a clinical potential for the adoptive transferring the Vγ2Vδ2 T cells with the Y111 to treat PD-L1 positive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Susu Shen
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengyan Luo
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Wang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Xu
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Ni
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Fu
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Fang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxiang Yan
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizu Yi
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Research and Development Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
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24
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Adoptive γδT-cell transfer alone or combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:423-432. [PMID: 33781711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS After therapy with platinum, 5-fluorouracil and taxane, no further recommended therapy is available for recurrent or metastatic esophageal cancer (r/mEC). Here the authors report two phase 1 trials of adoptive γδT-cell therapy, one for treatment-refractory r/mEC (γδT-monotherapy-P1, UMIN000001419) and the other for r/mEC with no prior systemic therapy (DCF-γδT-P1, UMIN000008097). METHODS For γδT-monotherapy-P1, patients received four weekly and four biweekly injections of autologous γδT cells. For DCF-γδT-P1, patients received docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) chemotherapy consisting of docetaxel (60 mg/m2) and cisplatin (60 mg/m2) on day 1 and continuous injection of 5-fluorouracil (600 mg/m2/day) on days 1-5 of each 28-day cycle; additionally, they received autologous γδT-cell injections on day 15 and day 22 of each cycle. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were enrolled for γδT-monotherapy-P1. No severe adverse events were associated with γδT-cell therapy. Median overall survival was 5.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3-10.0), and median progression-free survival was 2.4 months (95% CI, 1.7-2.8). Eighteen patients received DCF-γδT-P1. All treatment-related adverse events were associated with DCF chemotherapy, not γδT injection. Median overall survival was 13.4 months (95% CI, 6.7-not reached), and median progression-free survival was 4.0 months (95% CI, 2.5-5.7). The response rate and disease control rate were 39% and 78%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The use of γδT-cell immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy was safe and feasible for r/mEC patients. Although the authors failed to demonstrate any clinical benefit of γδT-monotherapy-P1, survival benefits were observed in the DCF-γδT-P1 trial.
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25
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor beyond CAR-T Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030404. [PMID: 33499101 PMCID: PMC7865527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are engineered molecules expressed on the cell surface that can recognise specific proteins and deliver an activation signal to the cells. Human T lymphocytes equipped with CAR, also called CAR-T cells, can target and kill tumour cells. This technology has been successfully used in treating some of the blood cancers in the last decade. Although the majority of research interest in CAR technology has been focused on CAR-T cells to date, the CAR design has also been used in other types of immune cells to fight against cancers. In this review, we discuss recent advances in CAR design beyond that used in conventional CAR-T cells and their novel indications to develop more potent CAR-based therapy for cancers. Abstract Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are genetically engineered receptors that can recognise specific antigens and subsequently activate downstream signalling. Human T cells engineered to express a CAR, also known as CAR-T cells, can target a specific tumour antigen on the cell surface to mediate a cytotoxic response against the tumour. CAR-T cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in treating hematologic malignancies, but not in solid tumours. Currently, extensive research is being carried out to make CAR-T cells a therapy for solid tumours. To date, most of the research interest in the field has focused on cytotoxic T lymphocytes as the carrier of CAR products. However, in addition to T cells, the CAR design can be introduced in other immune cells, such as natural killer (NK)/NKT cells, γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, regulatory T cells (Treg), B cells, etc. Some of the CAR-engineered immune cells, such as CAR- γδ T and CAR-NK/NK-T cells, are directly involved in the anti-tumour response, demonstrated in preclinical studies and/or clinical trials. CAR-Tregs showed promising therapeutic potential in treating autoimmune diseases. In particular, B cells engineered with chimeric receptors can be used as a platform for long-term delivery of therapeutic proteins, such as recombinant antibodies or protein replacement, in an antigen-specific manner. CAR technology is one of the most powerful engineering platforms in immunotherapy, especially for the treatment of cancers. In this review, we will discuss the recent application of the CAR design in non-CAR-T cells and future opportunities in immunotherapy.
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