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Grant M, Ni Lee L, Chinnakannan S, Tong O, Kwok J, Cianci N, Tillman L, Saha A, Pereira Almeida V, Leung C. Unlocking cancer vaccine potential: What are the key factors? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2331486. [PMID: 38564321 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2331486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health challenge, with changing demographics and lifestyle factors producing an increasing burden worldwide. Screening advancements are enabling earlier diagnoses, but current cancer immunotherapies only induce remission in a small proportion of patients and come at a high cost. Cancer vaccines may offer a solution to these challenges, but they have been mired by poor results in past decades. Greater understanding of tumor biology, coupled with the success of vaccine technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic, has reinvigorated cancer vaccine development. With the first signs of efficacy being reported, cancer vaccines may be beginning to fulfill their potential. Solid tumors, however, present different hurdles than infectious diseases. Combining insights from previous cancer vaccine clinical development and contemporary knowledge of tumor immunology, we ask: who are the 'right' patients, what are the 'right' targets, and which are the 'right' modalities to maximize the chances of cancer vaccine success?
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Eskandari A, Leow TC, Rahman MBA, Oslan SN. Advances in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Their Obstacles, and Prospects Toward Tumor Immunotherapy. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01144-3. [PMID: 38625508 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, cancer immunotherapy has experienced a significant revolution due to the advancements in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell therapies (ACTs), along with their regulatory approvals. In recent times, there has been hope in the effectiveness of cancer vaccines for therapy as they have been able to stimulate de novo T-cell reactions against tumor antigens. These tumor antigens include both tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and tumor-specific antigen (TSA). Nevertheless, the constant quest to fully achieve these abilities persists. Therefore, this review offers a broad perspective on the existing status of cancer immunizations. Cancer vaccine design has been revolutionized due to the advancements made in antigen selection, the development of antigen delivery systems, and a deeper understanding of the strategic intricacies involved in effective antigen presentation. In addition, this review addresses the present condition of clinical tests and deliberates on their approaches, with a particular emphasis on the immunogenicity specific to tumors and the evaluation of effectiveness against tumors. Nevertheless, the ongoing clinical endeavors to create cancer vaccines have failed to produce remarkable clinical results as a result of substantial obstacles, such as the suppression of the tumor immune microenvironment, the identification of suitable candidates, the assessment of immune responses, and the acceleration of vaccine production. Hence, there are possibilities for the industry to overcome challenges and enhance patient results in the coming years. This can be achieved by recognizing the intricate nature of clinical issues and continuously working toward surpassing existing limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Eskandari
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hung YP, Tu CC, Lai JI, Yang MH, Lee JM, Chao Y. Enhanced tumor control activities of anti-mPD-L1 antibody and antigen-presenting cell-like natural killer cell in an allograft model. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:136. [PMID: 38279092 PMCID: PMC10811836 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in treating numerous types of cancers being approved, their efficacy in tumor control in the clinic is not satisfactory. Since adoptive cell therapy (ACT) can alter the tumor microenvironment, we hypothesized that ACT potentially synergized with ICI in tumor control and examined this hypothesis via a murine allograft model. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were stimulated with interleukin 15 and granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor, followed by collecting their bone marrow cells for murine NKDC cultivation. Then, female C57BL/6 mice, inoculated with lymphoma cancer cell line E.G7-OVA, were administrated with murine NKDC cells, murine anti-program cell death ligand-1 antibody (α-mPD-L1), or both for 28 days. After 28 days of treatment, mice were sacrificed whose inoculated tumors, spleen, sentinel lymph nodes, and peripheral blood were collected to measure tumor size, lymphocyte infiltration, and change of immune cell profile. RESULTS Combined treatment of NKDCs with α-mPD-L1 exhibited significantly stronger tumor control efficacy than treatment of NKDCs or α-mPD-L1 alone. NKDCs/α-mPD-L1 combination increased migration of dendritic cells, CD4, CD8 T cells, and activated CD8 T cells to the tumor-bedding site, and promoted endogenous tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell response. CONCLUSION The current study confirmed our hypothesis that combining NKDC ACT with ICI therapy can potentiate tumor control efficacy by manipulating the tumor microenvironment. This study provided a novel circumstance on tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Hung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Tu
- FullHope Biomedical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, 241405, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-I Lai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Mou Lee
- FullHope Biomedical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, 241405, Taiwan.
| | - Yee Chao
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinic and Hospital, Taipei, 106441, Taiwan.
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Zakariya F, Salem FK, Alamrain AA, Sanker V, Abdelazeem ZG, Hosameldin M, Tan JK, Howard R, Huang H, Awuah WA. Refining mutanome-based individualised immunotherapy of melanoma using artificial intelligence. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:25. [PMID: 38183141 PMCID: PMC10768232 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Using the particular nature of melanoma mutanomes to develop medicines that activate the immune system against specific mutations is a game changer in immunotherapy individualisation. It offers a viable solution to the recent rise in resistance to accessible immunotherapy alternatives, with some patients demonstrating innate resistance to these drugs despite past sensitisation to these agents. However, various obstacles stand in the way of this method, most notably the practicality of sequencing each patient's mutanome, selecting immunotherapy targets, and manufacturing specific medications on a large scale. With the robustness and advancement in research techniques, artificial intelligence (AI) is a potential tool that can help refine the mutanome-based immunotherapy for melanoma. Mutanome-based techniques are being employed in the development of immune-stimulating vaccines, improving current options such as adoptive cell treatment, and simplifying immunotherapy responses. Although the use of AI in these approaches is limited by data paucity, cost implications, flaws in AI inference capabilities, and the incapacity of AI to apply data to a broad population, its potential for improving immunotherapy is limitless. Thus, in-depth research on how AI might help the individualisation of immunotherapy utilising knowledge of mutanomes is critical, and this should be at the forefront of melanoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Zakariya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fatma K Salem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | | | - Vivek Sanker
- Research Assistant, Dept. Of Neurosurgery, Trivandrum Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Zainab G Abdelazeem
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rachel Howard
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Helen Huang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wireko Andrew Awuah
- Medical Institute, Sumy State University, Zamonstanksya 7, Sumy, 40007, Ukraine.
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Chen CY, Vander Kooi A, Cavedon A, Cai X, Hoggatt J, Martini PG, Miao CH. Induction of long-term tolerance to a specific antigen using anti-CD3 lipid nanoparticles following gene therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102043. [PMID: 37920545 PMCID: PMC10618827 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors is a serious complication in the treatment of hemophilia A (HemA) patients. In clinical trials, anti-CD3 antibody therapy effectively modulates the immune response of allograft rejection or autoimmune diseases without eliciting major adverse effects. In this study, we delivered mRNA-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encoding therapeutic anti-CD3 antibody (αCD3 LNPs) to overcome the anti-FVIII immune responses in HemA mice. It was found that αCD3 LNPs encoding the single-chain antibodies (Fc-scFv) can efficiently deplete CD3+ and CD4+ effector T cells, whereas αCD3 LNPs encoding double-chain antibodies cannot. Concomitantly, mice treated with αCD3 (Fc-scFv) LNPs showed an increase in the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell percentages, which modulated the anti-FVIII immune responses. All T cells returned to normal levels within 2 months. HemA mice treated with αCD3 LNPs prior to hydrodynamic injection of liver-specific FVIII plasmids achieved persistent FVIII gene expression without formation of FVIII inhibitors. Furthermore, transgene expression was increased and persistent following secondary plasmid challenge, indicating induction of long-term tolerance to FVIII. Moreover, the treated mice maintained their immune competence against other antigens. In conclusion, our study established a potential new strategy to induce long-term antigen-specific tolerance using an αCD3 LNP formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaohe Cai
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | - Carol H. Miao
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Andrews CE, Zilberberg J, Perez-Olle R, Exley MA, Andrews DW. Targeted immunotherapy for glioblastoma involving whole tumor-derived autologous cells in the upfront setting after craniotomy. J Neurooncol 2023; 165:389-398. [PMID: 38017340 PMCID: PMC10942892 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, immunotherapeutic approaches in glioblastoma (GBM) have had limited clinical efficacy as compared to other solid tumors. Here we explore autologous cell treatments that have the potential to circumvent treatment resistance to immunotherapy for GBM. METHODS We performed literature review and assessed clinical outcomes in phase 1 safety trials as well as phase 2 and 3 autologously-derived vaccines for the treatment of newly-diagnosed GBM. In one recent review of over 3,000 neuro-oncology phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials, most trials were nonblinded (92%), single group (65%), nonrandomized (51%) and almost half were GBM trials. Only 10% involved a biologic and only 2.2% involved a double-blind randomized trial design. RESULTS With this comparative literature review we conclude that our autologous cell product is uniquely antigen-inclusive and antigen-agnostic with a promising safety profile as well as unexpected clinical efficacy in our published phase 1b trial. We have since designed a rigorous double-blinded add-on placebo-controlled trial involving our implantable biologic drug device. We conclude that IGV-001 provides a novel immunotherapy platform for historically intransigent ndGBM in this ongoing phase 2b trial (NCT04485949).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Andrews
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | - David W Andrews
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
- Imvax, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 19602, USA.
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