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Moon S, Lee HH, Archer-Hartmann S, Nagai N, Mubasher Z, Parappurath M, Ahmed L, Ramos RL, Kimata K, Azadi P, Cai W, Zhao JY. Knockout of the intellectual disability-linked gene Hs6st2 in mice decreases heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfation, impairs dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons, and affects memory. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad095. [PMID: 38015989 PMCID: PMC10969535 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide that plays a key role in cellular signaling networks. HS functions are regulated by its 6-O-sulfation, which is catalyzed by three HS 6-O-sulfotransferases (HS6STs). Notably, HS6ST2 is mainly expressed in the brain and HS6ST2 mutations are linked to brain disorders, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To determine the role of Hs6st2 in the brain, we carried out a series of molecular and behavioral assessments on Hs6st2 knockout mice. We first carried out strong anion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography and found that knockout of Hs6st2 moderately decreases HS 6-O-sulfation levels in the brain. We then assessed body weights and found that Hs6st2 knockout mice exhibit increased body weight, which is associated with abnormal metabolic pathways. We also performed behavioral tests and found that Hs6st2 knockout mice showed memory deficits, which recapitulate patient clinical symptoms. To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the memory deficits, we used RNA sequencing to examine transcriptomes in two memory-related brain regions, the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. We found that knockout of Hs6st2 impairs transcriptome in the hippocampus, but only mildly in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the transcriptome changes in the hippocampus are enriched in dendrite and synapse pathways. We also found that knockout of Hs6st2 decreases HS levels and impairs dendritic spines in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Taken together, our study provides novel molecular and behavioral insights into the role of Hs6st2 in the brain, which facilitates a better understanding of HS6ST2 and HS-linked brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Hiu Ham Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Stephanie Archer-Hartmann
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Naoko Nagai
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Zainab Mubasher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Mahima Parappurath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Laiba Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Raddy L Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Weikang Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Jerry Yingtao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
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Li H, Chapla D, Amos RA, Ramiah A, Moremen KW, Li H. Structural basis for heparan sulfate co-polymerase action by the EXT1-2 complex. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:565-574. [PMID: 36593275 PMCID: PMC10160006 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are extended (-GlcAβ1,4GlcNAcα1,4-)n co-polymers containing decorations of sulfation and epimerization that are linked to cell surface and extracellular matrix proteins. In mammals, HS repeat units are extended by an obligate heterocomplex of two exostosin family members, EXT1 and EXT2, where each protein monomer contains distinct GT47 (GT-B fold) and GT64 (GT-A fold) glycosyltransferase domains. In this study, we generated human EXT1-EXT2 (EXT1-2) as a functional heterocomplex and determined its structure in the presence of bound donor and acceptor substrates. Structural data and enzyme activity of catalytic site mutants demonstrate that only two of the four glycosyltransferase domains are major contributors to co-polymer syntheses: the EXT1 GT-B fold β1,4GlcA transferase domain and the EXT2 GT-A fold α1,4GlcNAc transferase domain. The two catalytic sites are over 90 Å apart, indicating that HS is synthesized by a dissociative process that involves a single catalytic site on each monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert A Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Annapoorani Ramiah
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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3
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DeCasien AR, Trujillo AE, Janiak MC, Harshaw EP, Caes ZN, Galindo GA, Petersen RM, Higham JP. Equivocal evidence for a link between megalencephaly-related genes and primate brain size evolution. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10902. [PMID: 35764790 PMCID: PMC9239989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A large brain is a defining feature of modern humans, and much work has been dedicated to exploring the molecular underpinnings of this trait. Although numerous studies have focused on genes associated with human microcephaly, no studies have explicitly focused on genes associated with megalencephaly. Here, we investigate 16 candidate genes that have been linked to megalencephaly to determine if: (1) megalencephaly-associated genes evolved under positive selection across primates; and (2) selection pressure on megalencephaly-associated genes is linked to primate brain size. We found evidence for positive selection for only one gene, OFD1, with 1.8% of the sites estimated to have dN/dS values greater than 1; however, we did not detect a relationship between selection pressure on this gene and brain size across species, suggesting that selection for changes to non-brain size traits drove evolutionary changes to this gene. In fact, our primary analyses did not identify significant associations between selection pressure and brain size for any candidate genes. While we did detect positive associations for two genes (GPC3 and TBC1D7) when two phyletic dwarfs (i.e., species that underwent recent evolutionary decreases in brain size) were excluded, these associations did not withstand FDR correction. Overall, these results suggest that sequence alterations to megalencephaly-associated genes may have played little to no role in primate brain size evolution, possibly due to the highly pleiotropic effects of these genes. Future comparative studies of gene expression levels may provide further insights. This study enhances our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of brain size evolution in primates and identifies candidate genes that merit further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R DeCasien
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, USA.
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA.
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, USA.
| | - Amber E Trujillo
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA
| | - Mareike C Janiak
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Etta P Harshaw
- Department of Art History, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Eleanor Roosevelt High School, New York, USA
| | - Zosia N Caes
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Columbia Secondary School for Math, Science, and Engineering, New York, USA
| | | | - Rachel M Petersen
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA
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4
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Sabir AH, Singhal J, Man J, Cooper N, Cheung M, Irving M. Autosomal recessive EXT2 syndrome - extending the phenotypic spectrum of an emerging condition, a further case? Clin Dysmorphol 2022; 31:84-90. [PMID: 35045016 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ataf H Sabir
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lavender House, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham
| | - Juhi Singhal
- Department of Medicine, West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hertfordshire
| | - Jessica Man
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Nicola Cooper
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lavender House, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham
| | - Moira Cheung
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London
- Guy's King's College and Saint Thomas' Hospitals' Medical and Dental School of King's College London: King's College London, School of Medical Education
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London
- Guy's King's College and Saint Thomas' Hospitals' Medical and Dental School of King's College London: King's College London, School of Medical Education
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5
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Liver Involvement in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 73:444-454. [PMID: 34173795 PMCID: PMC9255677 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of disturbances in glycosylation have been described to underlie certain unexplained liver diseases presenting either almost isolated or in a multi-organ context. We aimed to update previous literature screenings which had identified up to 23 forms of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) with associated liver disease. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of three scientific electronic databases looking at articles published during the last 20 years (January 2000-October 2020). Eligible studies were case reports/series reporting liver involvement in CDG patients. Our systematic review led us to point out 41 forms of CDG where the liver is primarily affected (n = 7) or variably involved in a multisystem disease with mandatory neurological abnormalities (n = 34). Herein we summarize individual clinical and laboratory presentation characteristics of these 41 CDG and outline their main presentation and diagnostic cornerstones with the aid of two synoptic tables. Dietary supplementation strategies have hitherto been investigated only in seven of these CDG types with liver disease, with a wide range of results. In conclusion, the systematic review recognized a liver involvement in a somewhat larger number of CDG variants corresponding to about 30% of the total of CDG so far reported, and it is likely that the number may increase further. This information could assist in an earlier correct diagnosis and a possibly proper management of these disorders.
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6
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Congenital Disorders of Deficiency in Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:717535. [PMID: 34539746 PMCID: PMC8446454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.717535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans, which are distributed at the cell surface as well as in the extracellular matrix. Proteoglycans and GAGs have been demonstrated to exhibit a variety of physiological functions such as construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, cytokines, and growth factors. Not only connective tissue disorders including skeletal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, multiple exostoses, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but also heart and kidney defects, immune deficiencies, and neurological abnormalities have been shown to be caused by defects in GAGs as well as core proteins of proteoglycans. These findings indicate that GAGs and proteoglycans are essential for human development in major organs. The glycobiological aspects of congenital disorders caused by defects in GAG-biosynthetic enzymes including specific glysocyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases, in addition to core proteins of proteoglycans will be comprehensively discussed based on the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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The evolving genetic landscape of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129976. [PMID: 34358634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) are an expanding and complex group of rare genetic disorders caused by defects in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. The genetic spectrum of CDG is extremely broad with mutations in over 140 genes leading to a wide variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe and life-threatening. There has been an expansion in the genetic complexity of CDG in recent years. More specifically several examples of alternate phenotypes in recessive forms of CDG and new types of CDG following an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern have been identified. In addition, novel genetic mechanisms such as expansion repeats have been reported and several already known disorders have been classified as CDG as their pathophysiology was better elucidated. Furthermore, we consider the future and outlook of CDG genetics, with a focus on exploration of the non-coding genome using whole genome sequencing, RNA-seq and multi-omics technology.
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8
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Jaeken J. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: A multi-genetic disease family with multiple subcellular locations. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2020; 24:14-20. [PMID: 33554500 PMCID: PMC8518092 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20202402si.2005.000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses a selection of congenital disorders of glycosylation that show peculiar features, such as an unusual presentation, different phenotypes, a novel biochemical/genetic mechanism, a relatively high frequency or a relatively efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Hegele RA, Dron JS. 2019 George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture: Three Decades of Examining DNA in Patients With Dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1970-1981. [PMID: 32762461 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemias include both rare single gene disorders and common conditions that have a complex underlying basis. In London, ON, there is fortuitous close physical proximity between the Lipid Genetics Clinic and the London Regional Genomics Centre. For >30 years, we have applied DNA sequencing of clinical samples to help answer scientific questions. More than 2000 patients referred with dyslipidemias have participated in an ongoing translational research program. In 2013, we transitioned to next-generation sequencing; our targeted panel is designed to concurrently assess both monogenic and polygenic contributions to dyslipidemias. Patient DNA is screened for rare variants underlying 25 mendelian dyslipidemias, including familial hypercholesterolemia, hepatic lipase deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, and familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Furthermore, polygenic scores for LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and triglycerides are calculated for each patient. We thus simultaneously document both rare and common genetic variants, allowing for a broad view of genetic predisposition for both individual patients and cohorts. For instance, among patients referred with severe hypertriglyceridemia, defined as ≥10 mmol/L (≥885 mg/dL), <1% have a mendelian disorder (ie, autosomal recessive familial chylomicronemia syndrome), ≈15% have heterozygous rare variants (a >3-fold increase over normolipidemic individuals), and ≈35% have an extreme polygenic score (a >3-fold increase over normolipidemic individuals). Other dyslipidemias show a different mix of genetic determinants. Genetic results are discussed with patients and can support clinical decision-making. Integrating DNA testing into clinical care allows for a bidirectional flow of information, which facilitates scientific discoveries and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Medicine (R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry (R.A.H., J.S.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H., J.S.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline S Dron
- Department of Biochemistry (R.A.H., J.S.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H., J.S.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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10
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Mandel H, Cohen Kfir N, Fedida A, Shuster Biton E, Odeh M, Kalfon L, Ben-Harouch S, Fleischer Sheffer V, Hoffman Y, Goldberg Y, Dinwiddie A, Dumin E, Eran A, Apel-Sarid L, Tiosano D, Falik-Zaccai TC. COG6-CDG: Expanding the phenotype with emphasis on glycosylation defects involved in the causation of male disorders of sex development. Clin Genet 2020; 98:402-407. [PMID: 32683677 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COG6-congenital disorder of glycosylation (COG6-CDG) is caused by biallelic mutations in COG6. To-date, 12 variants causing COG6-CDG in less than 20 patients have been reported. Using whole exome sequencing we identified two siblings with a novel homozygous deletion of 26 bp in COG6, creating a splicing variant (c.518_540 + 3del) and a shift in the reading frame. The phenotype of COG6-CDG includes growth and developmental retardation, microcephaly, liver and gastrointestinal disease, hypohydrosis and recurrent infections. We report two patients with novel phenotypic features including bowel malrotation and ambiguous genitalia, directing attention to the role of glycoprotein metabolism in the causation of disorders of sex development (DSD). Searching the glycomic literature, we identified 14 CDGs including males with DSD, a feature not previously accentuated. This study broadens the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of COG6-CDG and calls for increasing awareness to the central role of glycosylation processes in development of human sex and genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mandel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Nehama Cohen Kfir
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ayalla Fedida
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Marwan Odeh
- Ultra-Sound Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Limor Kalfon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Shani Ben-Harouch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | | | | | - Yael Goldberg
- Ultrasound Unit, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - April Dinwiddie
- Diagnostics Department, Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT) GmbH and Practice for Human Genetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elena Dumin
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Eran
- Neuroradiology Unit, Radiology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liat Apel-Sarid
- Department of Pathology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Dov Tiosano
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tzipora C Falik-Zaccai
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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11
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Ouidir M, Zeng X, Workalemahu T, Shrestha D, Grantz KL, Mendola P, Zhang C, Tekola-Ayele F. Early pregnancy dyslipidemia is associated with placental DNA methylation at loci relevant for cardiometabolic diseases. Epigenomics 2020; 12:921-934. [PMID: 32677467 PMCID: PMC7466909 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To identify placental DNA methylation changes that are associated with early pregnancy maternal dyslipidemia. Materials & methods: We analyzed placental genome-wide DNA methylation (n = 262). Genes annotating differentially methylated CpGs were evaluated for gene expression in placenta (n = 64). Results: We found 11 novel significant differentially methylated CpGs associated with high total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. High triglycerides were associated with decreased methylation of cg02785814 (ALX4) and decreased expression of ALX4 in placenta. Genes annotating the differentially methylated CpGs play key roles in lipid metabolism and were enriched in dyslipidemia pathways. Functional annotation found cis-methylation quantitative trait loci for genetic loci in ALX4 and EXT2. Conclusion: Our findings lend novel insights into potential placental epigenetic mechanisms linked with maternal dyslipidemia. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00912132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ouidir
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7004, USA
| | - Xuehuo Zeng
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7004, USA
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7004, USA
| | - Deepika Shrestha
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7004, USA
| | - Katherine L. Grantz
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7004, USA
| | - Pauline Mendola
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7004, USA
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7004, USA
| | - Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7004, USA
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12
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Serra-Vinardell J, Roca-Ayats N, De-Ugarte L, Vilageliu L, Balcells S, Grinberg D. Bone development and remodeling in metabolic disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:133-144. [PMID: 30942483 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There are many metabolic disorders that present with bone phenotypes. In some cases, the pathological bone symptoms are the main features of the disease whereas in others they are a secondary characteristic. In general, the generation of the bone problems in these disorders is not well understood and the therapeutic options for them are scarce. Bone development occurs in the early stages of embryonic development where the bone formation, or osteogenesis, takes place. This osteogenesis can be produced through the direct transformation of the pre-existing mesenchymal cells into bone tissue (intramembranous ossification) or by the replacement of the cartilage by bone (endochondral ossification). In contrast, bone remodeling takes place during the bone's growth, after the bone development, and continues throughout the whole life. The remodeling involves the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by the formation of bone matrix by the osteoblasts, which subsequently becomes mineralized. In some metabolic diseases, bone pathological features are associated with bone development problems but in others they are associated with bone remodeling. Here, we describe three examples of impaired bone development or remodeling in metabolic diseases, including work by others and the results from our research. In particular, we will focus on hereditary multiple exostosis (or osteochondromatosis), Gaucher disease, and the susceptibility to atypical femoral fracture in patients treated with bisphosphonates for several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neus Roca-Ayats
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura De-Ugarte
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Balcells
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Gupta A, Ewing SA, Renaud DL, Hasadsri L, Raymond KM, Klee EW, Gavrilova RH. Developmental delay, coarse facial features, and epilepsy in a patient with EXT2 gene variants. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:632-637. [PMID: 30997052 PMCID: PMC6452521 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a patient with developmental delay, autism, epilepsy, macrocephaly, facial dysmorphism, gastrointestinal, and behavioral issues due to EXT2 compound heterozygous likely pathogenic variants. This case report expands the EXT2 gene mutation database and the clinical spectrum of patients with deficiencies in the heparan sulfate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Sarah A. Ewing
- Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Deborah L. Renaud
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Linda Hasadsri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Kimiyo M. Raymond
- Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Eric W. Klee
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Ralitza H. Gavrilova
- Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
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14
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Gentile M, Agolini E, Cocciadiferro D, Ficarella R, Ponzi E, Bellacchio E, Antonucci MF, Novelli A. Novel exostosin-2 missense variants in a family with autosomal recessive exostosin-2-related syndrome: further evidences on the phenotype. Clin Genet 2018; 95:165-171. [PMID: 30288735 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic exostosin-2 (EXT2) pathogenic variants have been described as the cause of the Seizures-Scoliosis-Macrocephaly syndrome (OMIM 616682) characterized by intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms and seizures. More recently, it has been proposed to rename this disorder with the acronym AREXT2 (autosomal recessive EXT2-related syndrome). Here, we report the third family affected by AREXT2 syndrome, harboring compound missense variants in EXT2, p.Asp227Asn, and p.Tyr608Cys. In addition, our patients developed multiple exostoses, which were not observed in the previously described families. AREXT2 syndrome can be considered as a multiorgan Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation caused by a significant, but non-lethal, decrease in EXT2 expression, thereby affecting the synthesis of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which is relevant in many physiological processes. Our finding expands the clinical and molecular spectrum of the AREXT2 syndrome and suggests a possible genotype/phenotype correlation in the development of the exostoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Gentile
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Di Venere, Local Sanitary Agency of BARI, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Cocciadiferro
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Ficarella
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Di Venere, Local Sanitary Agency of BARI, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ponzi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Di Venere, Local Sanitary Agency of BARI, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria F Antonucci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Di Venere, Local Sanitary Agency of BARI, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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15
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A novel EXT2 mutation in a consanguineous family with severe developmental delay, microcephaly, seizures, feeding difficulties, and osteopenia extends the phenotypic spectrum of autosomal recessive EXT2-related syndrome (AREXT2). Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:259-264. [PMID: 30075207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a consanguineous family where 2 boys presented with developmental delay, hypotonia, microcephaly, seizures, gastro-intestinal abnormalities, osteopenia, and neurological regression. Whole exome sequencing performed in one of the boys revealed the presence of a novel homozygous missense variant in the EXT2 gene: c.11C > T (p.Ser4Leu). Segregation analysis by Sanger sequencing confirmed homozygous by descent autosomal recessive transmission of this mutation. Another family was previously reported with homozygous mutations in this gene in four siblings affected with a nearly similar clinical condition (Farhan et al., 2015). We discuss the similarities and differences between the two syndromes and propose AREXT2 as a new acronym for EXT2-related diseases.
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16
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Wang LR, Radonjic A, Dilliott AA, McIntyre AD, Hegele RA. A De Novo POLD1 Mutation Associated With Mandibular Hypoplasia, Deafness, Progeroid Features, and Lipodystrophy Syndrome in a Family With Werner Syndrome. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2018; 6:2324709618786770. [PMID: 30023403 PMCID: PMC6047234 DOI: 10.1177/2324709618786770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Mandibular hypoplasia, deafness, progeroid features, and lipodystrophy (MDPL) syndrome is a recently recognized genetic disorder comprised of mandibular hypoplasia, deafness, progeroid features, and lipodystrophy. It is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in the POLD1 gene, with <20 genetically confirmed cases to date. Clinical overlap with other progeroid syndromes including Werner syndrome (WS) can present diagnostic challenges. Case. The proband is a 36-year-old male of Sicilian ancestry who was phenotypically normal at birth. Onset of lipodystrophic and progeroid features began at 18 months, with progressive loss of subcutaneous fat, prominent eyes, and pinched nose. Over the next 2 decades, he developed hearing loss, small fingers, joint contractures, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, and hypertriglyceridemia. Three of his 4 siblings had premature hair graying and loss, severe bilateral cataracts, skin changes, and varying degrees of age-related metabolic conditions, raising suspicion for a genetic progeroid syndrome. Genetic Analysis. A targeted sequencing panel identified a heterozygous WRN mutation in the proband’s genomic DNA. Sanger sequencing further revealed his parents and an asymptomatic brother to be carriers of this mutation, and in his 3 brothers affected with classic WS the mutation was identified in the homozygous state. Whole exome sequencing ultimately revealed the proband harbored the causative de novo in-frame deletion in POLD1 (p.Ser605del), which is the most common mutation in MDPL patients. Conclusion. We report the unusual convergence of 2 rare progeroid disorders in the same family: the proband displayed sporadic MDPL syndrome, while 3 brothers had classical autosomal recessive WS. Whole exome sequencing was invaluable in clarifying the molecular diagnoses in this family.
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17
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Mizumoto S. Defects in Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans Cause Hereditary Bone, Skin, Heart, Immune, and Neurological Disorders. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1812.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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18
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Farhan SMK, Nixon KCJ, Everest M, Edwards TN, Long S, Segal D, Knip MJ, Arts HH, Chakrabarti R, Wang J, Robinson JF, Lee D, Mirsattari SM, Rupar CA, Siu VM, Poulter MO, Hegele RA, Kramer JM. Identification of a novel synaptic protein, TMTC3, involved in periventricular nodular heterotopia with intellectual disability and epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4278-4289. [PMID: 28973161 PMCID: PMC5886076 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in neuronal migration cause brain malformations, which are associated with intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. Using exome sequencing, we identified compound heterozygous variants (p.Arg71His and p. Leu729ThrfsTer6) in TMTC3, encoding transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat containing 3, in four siblings with nocturnal seizures and ID. Three of the four siblings have periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH), a common brain malformation caused by failure of neurons to migrate from the ventricular zone to the cortex. Expression analysis using patient-derived cells confirmed reduced TMTC3 transcript levels and loss of the TMTC3 protein compared to parental and control cells. As TMTC3 function is currently unexplored in the brain, we gathered support for a neurobiological role for TMTC3 by generating flies with post-mitotic neuron-specific knockdown of the highly conserved Drosophila melanogaster TMTC3 ortholog, CG4050/tmtc3. Neuron-specific knockdown of tmtc3 in flies resulted in increased susceptibility to induced seizures. Importantly, this phenotype was rescued by neuron-specific expression of human TMTC3, suggesting a role for TMTC3 in seizure biology. In addition, we observed co-localization of TMTC3 in the rat brain with vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), a presynaptic marker for inhibitory synapses. TMTC3 is localized at VGAT positive pre-synaptic terminals and boutons in the rat hypothalamus and piriform cortex, suggesting a role for TMTC3 in the regulation of GABAergic inhibitory synapses. TMTC3 did not co-localize with Vglut2, a presynaptic marker for excitatory neurons. Our data identified TMTC3 as a synaptic protein that is involved in PVNH with ID and epilepsy, in addition to its previously described association with cobblestone lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sali M K Farhan
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7.,Department of Biochemistry
| | - Kevin C J Nixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Michelle Everest
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Tara N Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Shirley Long
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Dmitri Segal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Maria J Knip
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Heleen H Arts
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rana Chakrabarti
- Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9.,Department of Pediatrics
| | - Jian Wang
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - John F Robinson
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | | | - Seyed M Mirsattari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1.,Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Medical Biophysics, Medical Imaging and Psychology
| | - C Anthony Rupar
- Department of Biochemistry.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9.,Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Victoria M Siu
- Department of Biochemistry.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9.,Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Michael O Poulter
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7.,Department of Biochemistry
| | - Jamie M Kramer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1.,Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
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19
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Farhan SMK, Gendron TF, Petrucelli L, Hegele RA, Strong MJ. OPTN p.Met468Arg and ATXN2 intermediate length polyQ extension in families with C9orf72 mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:75-85. [PMID: 29080331 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have ascertained two families affected with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in which they both carry a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene, specifically in individuals who also presented with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) or behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD). While some reports attribute this phenotypic heterogeneity to the C9orf72 expansion alone, we screened for additional genetic variation in known ALS-FTD genes that may also contribute to or modify the phenotypes. We performed genetic testing consisting of C9orf72 hexanucleotide expansion, ATXN2 polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion, and targeted next generation sequencing using the ONDRISeq, a gene panel consisting of 80 genes known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, FTD, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and vascular cognitive impairment. In addition to the C9orf72 expansion, we observed an ATXN2 polyQ intermediate length expansion, and OPTN p.Met468Arg in patients who exhibited ALS and FTD or bvFTD. We conclude that the C9orf72 expansion likely explains much of the ALS-FTD phenotype; however, inheritance of these additional variants likely modifies the disease course and may provide further evidence for biologically relevant oligogenic inheritance in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sali M K Farhan
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Robert A Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Strong
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are one group among the disorders of glycosylation. The latter comprise defects associated with hypoglycosylation but also defects with hyperglycosylation. Genetic diseases with hypoglycosylation can be divided in primary congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) and in genetic diseases causing secondary hypoglycosylation. This review covers the human CDG highlights from the last 3 years (2014-2016) following a summary of the actual status of CDG. It expands on 23 novel CDG namely defects in SLC39A8, CAD, NANS, PGM3, SSR4, POGLUT1, NUS1, GANAB, PIGY, PIGW, PIGC, PIGG, PGAP1, PGAP3, VPS13B, CCDC115, TMEM199, ATP6AP1, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1E1, TRAPPC11, XYLT1 and XYLT2. Besides, it discusses novel phenotypes of known CDG (DHDDS-CDG, ALG9-CDG, EXT2-CDG, PIGA-CDG, PIGN-CDG), the elucidation of putative glycosyltransferase disorders as O-mannosylglycan synthesis disorders (TMEM5-CDG, ISPD-CDG, FKTN-CDG, FKRP-CDG), a novel CDG mechanism, advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment and finally an updated list of the 104 known CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Romain Péanne
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Epigenetic Regulation of the Biosynthesis & Enzymatic Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Implications for Tumorigenesis and Cancer Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071361. [PMID: 28672878 PMCID: PMC5535854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of heparan sulfate moieties of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are epigenetically regulated at many levels. As the exact composition of the heparan sulfate portion of the resulting HSPG molecules is critical to the broad spectrum of biological processes involved in oncogenesis, the epigenetic regulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis has far-reaching effects on many cellular activities related to cancer progression. Given the current focus on developing new anti-cancer therapeutics focused on epigenetic targets, it is important to understand the effects that these emerging therapeutics may have on the synthesis of HSPGs as alterations in HSPG composition may have profound and unanticipated effects. As an introduction, this review will briefly summarize the variety of important roles which HSPGs play in a wide-spectrum of cancer-related cellular and physiological functions and then describe the biosynthesis of the heparan sulfate chains of HSPGs, including how alterations observed in cancer cells serve as potential biomarkers. This review will then focus on detailing the multiple levels of epigenetic regulation of the enzymes in the heparan sulfate synthesis pathway with a particular focus on regulation by miRNA and effects of epigenetic therapies on HSPGs. We will also explore the use of lectins to detect differences in heparan sulfate composition and preview their potential diagnostic and prognostic use in the clinic.
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22
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Pogue R, Marques FA, Kopacek C, Rosa RCM, Dorfman LE, Mazzeu JF, Flores JAM, Zen PRG, Rosa RFM. Short stature, unusual face, delta phalanx, and abnormal vertebrae and ribs in a girl born to half-siblings. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1152-1158. [PMID: 28371255 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Delta phalanx is a rare abnormality typically associated with additional features. We describe a patient with a phenotype resembling Catel-Manzke syndrome, but with delta phalanx and abnormal vertebrae and ribs. The patient was the only child of half siblings born with a marked prenatal growth deficiency. At 10 years of age, she had a short stature, long face, long and tubular nose with small alae nasi, high palate, short and broad thorax, and short index fingers with radial deviation. There were hyperpigmentations following Blaschko's lines. Radiology showed a proximal delta phalanx in the index finger of hands, abnormal vertebrae, and fused and small ribs. GTG-Banding karyotype and microarray analysis yielded normal results. Exome sequencing identified 25 genes that harbored homozygous variants, but none of these is assumed to be a good candidate to explain (part of) the phenotype. The here described patient may have a new condition, possibly following an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, although due to the high degree of consanguinity a compound etiology of the phenotype by variants in various genes may be present as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pogue
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Marques
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade CEUMA, São Luis, MA, Brazil.,Department of Biomedicine, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kopacek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas (HMIPV), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosana C M Rosa
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza E Dorfman
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biomedicine, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Mazzeu
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - José A M Flores
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio (HCSA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo R G Zen
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Genetics, UFCSPA and Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (CHSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael F M Rosa
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Genetics, UFCSPA and Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (CHSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Genetics, HMIPV, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Oud MM, Tuijnenburg P, Hempel M, van Vlies N, Ren Z, Ferdinandusse S, Jansen MH, Santer R, Johannsen J, Bacchelli C, Alders M, Li R, Davies R, Dupuis L, Cale CM, Wanders RJA, Pals ST, Ocaka L, James C, Müller I, Lehmberg K, Strom T, Engels H, Williams HJ, Beales P, Roepman R, Dias P, Brunner HG, Cobben JM, Hall C, Hartley T, Le Quesne Stabej P, Mendoza-Londono R, Davies EG, de Sousa SB, Lessel D, Arts HH, Kuijpers TW. Mutations in EXTL3 Cause Neuro-immuno-skeletal Dysplasia Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:281-296. [PMID: 28132690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EXTL3 regulates the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), important for both skeletal development and hematopoiesis, through the formation of HS proteoglycans (HSPGs). By whole-exome sequencing, we identified homozygous missense mutations c.1382C>T, c.1537C>T, c.1970A>G, and c.2008T>G in EXTL3 in nine affected individuals from five unrelated families. Notably, we found the identical homozygous missense mutation c.1382C>T (p.Pro461Leu) in four affected individuals from two unrelated families. Affected individuals presented with variable skeletal abnormalities and neurodevelopmental defects. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with a complete absence of T cells was observed in three families. EXTL3 was most abundant in hematopoietic stem cells and early progenitor T cells, which is in line with a SCID phenotype at the level of early T cell development in the thymus. To provide further support for the hypothesis that mutations in EXTL3 cause a neuro-immuno-skeletal dysplasia syndrome, and to gain insight into the pathogenesis of the disorder, we analyzed the localization of EXTL3 in fibroblasts derived from affected individuals and determined glycosaminoglycan concentrations in these cells as well as in urine and blood. We observed abnormal glycosaminoglycan concentrations and increased concentrations of the non-sulfated chondroitin disaccharide D0a0 and the disaccharide D0a4 in serum and urine of all analyzed affected individuals. In summary, we show that biallelic mutations in EXTL3 disturb glycosaminoglycan synthesis and thus lead to a recognizable syndrome characterized by variable expression of skeletal, neurological, and immunological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld M Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul Tuijnenburg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, and Infectious disease, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Naomi van Vlies
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zemin Ren
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Machiel H Jansen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, and Infectious disease, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Santer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessika Johannsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Marielle Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Rosalind Davies
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Catherine M Cale
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven T Pals
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Ocaka
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Chela James
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Ingo Müller
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hywel J Williams
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Phil Beales
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Dias
- Serviςo de Genética, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, 1640-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Maarten Cobben
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center University Hospital, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, St. George's University Hospital, SW19 0ER London, UK
| | - Christine Hall
- Emerita, Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Taila Hartley
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8 L1, Canada
| | - Polona Le Quesne Stabej
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - E Graham Davies
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK; Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Sérgio B de Sousa
- COSgene, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK; Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heleen H Arts
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON L8S 4J9, Canada
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Badalato L, Farhan SMK, Dilliott AA, Bulman DE, Hegele RA, Goobie SL. KMT2D p.Gln3575His segregating in a family with autosomal dominant choanal atresia strengthens the Kabuki/CHARGE connection. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:183-189. [PMID: 27991736 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Choanal atresia is rarely reported in Kabuki syndrome, but is a common feature of CHARGE syndrome. Otherwise, the two conditions have a number of overlapping features, and the molecular links between them have recently been elucidated. Here, we report a case of a mother and her two children who presented with congenital choanal atresia. We performed whole exome sequencing on DNA from the mother and her two unaffected parents, and identified a de novo, novel variant in KMT2D. KMT2D p.Gln3575His segregated with disease status in the family, and is associated with a unique and conserved phenotype in the affected family members, with features overlapping with Kabuki and CHARGE syndromes. Our findings further support the potential etiological link between these two classically distinct conditions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Badalato
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sali M K Farhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison A Dilliott
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dennis E Bulman
- Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharan L Goobie
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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25
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Heddar A, Fermey P, Coutant S, Angot E, Sabourin JC, Michelin P, Parodi N, Charbonnier F, Vezain M, Bougeard G, Baert-Desurmont S, Frébourg T, Tournier I. Familial solitary chondrosarcoma resulting from germline EXT2 mutation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:128-134. [PMID: 27636706 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations of EXT2, encoding Exostosin Glycosyltransferase 2, are associated with multiple osteochondromas (MO), an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the development of multiple peripheral cartilaginous benign tumors with a weak risk of malignant transformation. We report here a family with a remarkable clinical presentation characterized by the development of isolated chondrosarcomas, mostly located in ribs. Comparative analysis of exomes from two third-degree affected relatives led us to identify a single common disruptive variation, corresponding to a stop mutation (c.237G > A, p.Trp79*; (NM_000401.3); c.138G > A, p.Trp46*; (NM_207122.1)) within exon 2 of the EXT2 gene. Interestingly, no obvious sign of MO was detected in affected members by radiological examination. This report shows that germline mutations of EXT2 can result, not only in the development of multiple benign osteochondromas, but also in the development of isolated malignant cartilaginous tumors including central tumors, and that the presence of germline EXT2 mutation should be considered in patients suspected to have an inherited predisposition to chondrosarcoma, even in the absence of MO. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Heddar
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Fermey
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Coutant
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Emilie Angot
- Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Paul Michelin
- Department of Radiology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Parodi
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Françoise Charbonnier
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Myriam Vezain
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Gaëlle Bougeard
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphanie Baert-Desurmont
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frébourg
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Tournier
- Inserm U1079, Faculty of Medicine, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ and Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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