Disorders and roles of tsRNA, snoRNA, snRNA and piRNA in cancer

GP-HTNLoc: A graph prototype head-tail network-based model for multi-label subcellular localization prediction of ncRNAs

Numerous research results demonstrated that understanding the subcellular localization of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is pivotal in elucidating their roles and regulatory mechanisms in cells. Despite the existence of over ten computational models dedicated to predicting the subcellular localization of ncRNAs, a majority of these models are designed solely for single-label prediction. In reality, ncRNAs often exhibit localization across multiple subcellular compartments. Furthermore, the existing multi-label localization prediction models are insufficient in addressing the challenges posed by the scarcity of training samples and class imbalance in ncRNA dataset. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel multi-label localization prediction model for ncRNAs, named GP-HTNLoc. To mitigate class imbalance, GP-HTNLoc adopts separate training approaches for head and tail location labels. Additionally, GP-HTNLoc introduces a pioneering graph prototype module to enhance its performance in small-sample, multi-label scenarios. The experimental results based on 10-fold cross-validation on benchmark datasets demonstrate that GP-HTNLoc achieves competitive predictive performance. The average results from 10 rounds of testing on an independent dataset show that GP-HTNLoc outperforms the best existing models on the human lncRNA, human snoRNA, and human miRNA subsets, with average precision improvements of 31.5%, 14.2%, and 5.6%, respectively, reaching 0.685, 0.632, and 0.704. A user-friendly online GP-HTNLoc server is accessible at https://56s8y85390.goho.co.

Exploring the regulatory role of tsRNAs in the TNF signaling pathway: Implications for cancer and non-cancer diseases

Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a recently identified subclass of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), emerge through the cleavage of mature transfer RNA (tRNA) or tRNA precursors mediated by specific enzymes. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) protein, a signaling molecule produced by activated macrophages, plays a pivotal role in systemic inflammation. Its multifaceted functions include the capacity to eliminate or hinder tumor cells, enhance the phagocytic capabilities of neutrophils, confer resistance against infections, induce fever, and prompt the production of acute phase proteins. Notably, four TNF-related tsRNAs have been conclusively linked to distinct diseases. Examples include 5'tiRNA-Gly in skeletal muscle injury, tsRNA-21109 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), tRF-Leu-AAG-001 in endometriosis (EMs), and tsRNA-04002 in intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD). These tsRNAs exhibit the ability to suppress the expression of TNF-α. Additionally, KEGG analysis has identified seven tsRNAs potentially involved in modulating the TNF pathway, exerting their influence across a spectrum of non-cancerous diseases. Noteworthy instances include aberrant tiRNA-Ser-TGA-001 and tRF-Val-AAC-034 in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), irregular tRF-Ala-AGC-052 and tRF-Ala-TGC-027 in obesity, and deviant tiRNA-His-GTG-001, tRF-Ser-GCT-113, and tRF-Gln-TTG-035 in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D). This comprehensive review explores the biological functions and mechanisms of tsRNAs associated with the TNF signaling pathway in both cancer and other diseases, offering novel insights for future translational medical research.

Epigallocatechin gallate modulates ferroptosis through downregulation of tsRNA-13502 in non-small cell lung cancer

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulated cell death mechanism, holds significant promise as a therapeutic strategy in oncology. In the current study, we explored the regulatory effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a prominent polyphenol in green tea, on ferroptosis and its potential therapeutic implications for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Treatment of NSCLC cell lines with varying concentrations of EGCG resulted in a notable suppression of cell proliferation, as evidenced by a reduction in Ki67 immunofluorescence staining. Western blot analyses demonstrated that EGCG treatment led to a decrease in the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) while increasing the levels of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4). These molecular changes were accompanied by an increase in intracellular iron, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), alongside ultrastructural alterations characteristic of ferroptosis. Through small RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR, transfer RNA-derived small RNA 13502 (tsRNA-13502) was identified as a significant target of EGCG action, with its expression being upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumorous tissues. EGCG was found to modulate the ferroptosis pathway by downregulating tsRNA-13502 and altering the expression of key ferroptosis regulators (GPX4/SLC7A11 and ACSL4), thereby promoting the accumulation of iron, MDA, and ROS, and ultimately inducing ferroptosis in NSCLC cells. This study elucidates EGCG's multifaceted mechanisms of action, underscoring the modulation of ferroptosis as a viable therapeutic approach for enhancing NSCLC treatment outcomes.

A novel tRNA-derived fragment tRF-17-18VBY9M works as a potential diagnostic biomarker for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide. The low effectiveness of common biomarkers for the detection of early GC makes it essential to seek new biomarkers to improve diagnostic efficacy. tsRNAs (transfer RNA-derived small RNAs) are related to the growth of malignant tumors. In this article, we focused on whether tsRNAs may be employed as biomarkers for GC.

METHODS

tRF-17-18VBY9M was screened in the tsRFun database as a research object. The methodological efficacy of tRF-17-18VBY9M was evaluated using Sanger sequencing, agarose gel electrophoresis assays, and gradient dilution. The χ2 test was applied to assess the interaction between tRF-17-18VBY9M expression and clinicopathologic characteristics. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized to investigate the clinical efficiency of tRF-17-18VBY9M in GC.

RESULTS

The Chi-square test demonstrated that high-expressed tRF-17-18VBY9M was closely associated with the T stage, tumor node metastasis stage (TNM), lymph node metastasis, and neurological/vascular invasion. ROC curve analysis revealed that the diagnostic value of tRF-17-18VBY9M in GC was superior to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199), and carbohydrate antigen 724 (CA724).

CONCLUSION

tRF-17-18VBY9M is up-regulated in both GC sera and tissues. Differential tRF-17-18VBY9M expression distinguishes GC patients from healthy donors and gastritis patients, which suggests tRF-17-18VBY9M could act as a diagnostic biomarker in GC.

A Comprehensive Review on Circulating cfRNA in Plasma: Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Beyond

Circulating cfRNA in plasma has emerged as a fascinating area of research with potential applications in disease diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized medicine. Circulating RNA sequencing technology allows for the non-invasive collection of important information about the expression of target genes, eliminating the need for biopsies. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of the current knowledge and advancements in the study of plasma cfRNA, focusing on its diverse landscape and biological functions, detection methods, its diagnostic and prognostic potential in various diseases, challenges, and future perspectives.

Noncoding RNAs: the crucial role of programmed cell death in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the most common skeletal disease characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone remodeling. Osteoporosis can lead to bone loss and bone microstructural deterioration. This increases the risk of bone fragility and fracture, severely reducing patients' mobility and quality of life. However, the specific molecular mechanisms involved in the development of osteoporosis remain unclear. Increasing evidence suggests that multiple noncoding RNAs show differential expression in the osteoporosis state. Meanwhile, noncoding RNAs have been associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Noncoding RNAs are an important class of factors at the level of gene regulation and are mainly involved in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death. Programmed cell death is a genetically-regulated form of cell death involved in regulating the homeostasis of the internal environment. Noncoding RNA plays an important role in the programmed cell death process. The exploration of the noncoding RNA-programmed cell death axis has become an interesting area of research and has been shown to play a role in many diseases such as osteoporosis. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the mechanism of noncoding RNA-mediated programmed cell death on bone homeostasis imbalance leading to osteoporosis. And we provide a deeper understanding of the role played by the noncoding RNA-programmed cell death axis at the gene regulatory level of osteoporosis. We hope to provide a unique opportunity to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis.

Clinical value assessment for serum hsa_tsr013526 in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma

Gastric carcinoma (GC) is a malignant tumor that is detrimental to human health. Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs are a newly identified class of noncoding small RNAs with specific biological functions that are aberrantly expressed in cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of hsa_tsr013526 as a biomarker for GC. Quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression level of hsa_tsr013526. The molecular characteristics of hsa_tsr013526 were verified by agarose gel electrophoresis, Sanger sequencing, and separation of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA fractions. By testing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the diagnostic efficiency of GC using hsa_tsr013526 was determined. Finally, we predicted the downstream of hsa_tsr013526 using functional assays and bioinformatics analysis. Serum expression of hsa_tsr013526 was higher in GC patients than in healthy donors. Serum expression showed differential changes in GC patients, gastritis patients, and healthy donors. Chi-squared tests showed that high expression of hsa_tsr013526 was significantly correlated with T stage, lymphatic metastasis, and tumor node metastasis stage. ROC curve analysis indicated that GC patients could be discriminated from healthy donors or gastritis patients based on their serum levels of hsa_tsr013526. Furthermore, hsa_tsr013526 expression was significantly reduced in postoperative GC patients (p = .0016). High expression of hsa_tsr013526 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Serum hsa_tsr013526 was stable and specific, and could be used for dynamic monitoring of GC patients. Therefore, hsa_tsr013526 may be a new biomarker for the diagnosis and postoperative monitoring of GC patients.

snRNAs from Radical Prostatectomy Specimens Have the Potential to Serve as Prognostic Factors for Clinical Recurrence after Biochemical Recurrence in Patients with High-Risk Prostate Cancer

In patients with high-risk prostate cancer (HRPC) after radical prostatectomy (RP), biochemical recurrence (BCR) increases the risk of distant metastasis. Accordingly, additional prognostic biomarkers are required to identify the subpopulation of patients with HRPC who develop clinical recurrence (CR) after BCR. The objective of this study was to identify biomarkers in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) RP samples that are prognostic for CR in patients with HRPC who experience BCR after RP (post-RP BCR). First, we performed a preliminary RNA sequencing analysis to comprehensively profile RNA expression in FFPE RP samples obtained from patients with HRPC who developed CR after post-RP BCR and found that many snRNAs were very abundant in preserved FFPE samples. Subsequently, we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to compare the expression levels of highly abundant snRNAs in FFPE RP samples from patients with HRPC with and without CR after post-RP BCR (21 CR patients and 46 non-CR patients who had more than 5 years of follow-up after BCR). The qPCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of snRNA RNU1-1/1-2 and RNU4-1 were significantly higher in patients with CR than in patients without CR. These snRNAs were significantly correlated with clinical recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with HRPC who experienced post-RP BCR. Furthermore, snRNA RNU1-1/1-2 could serve as an independent prognostic factor for clinical RFS in post-RP BCR of HRPC cases where known prognostic factors (e.g., Gleason score) cannot distinguish between CR and non-CR patients. Our findings provide new insights into the involvement of snRNAs in prostate cancer progression.

tRNA-derived small RNAs in human cancers: roles, mechanisms, and clinical application

Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a new type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by the specific cleavage of precursor or mature tRNAs. tsRNAs are involved in various basic biological processes such as epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translation regulation, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of various human diseases, including cancers. Recent studies have shown that tsRNAs play an important role in tumorigenesis by regulating biological behaviors such as malignant proliferation, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, immune response, tumor resistance, and tumor metabolism reprogramming. These may be new potential targets for tumor treatment. Furthermore, tsRNAs can exist abundantly and stably in various bodily fluids (e.g., blood, serum, and urine) in the form of free or encapsulated extracellular vesicles, thereby affecting intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Meanwhile, their abnormal expression is closely related to the clinicopathological features of tumor patients, such as tumor staging, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis of tumor patients; thus, tsRNAs can be served as a novel type of liquid biopsy biomarker. This review summarizes the discovery, production, and expression of tsRNAs and analyzes their molecular mechanisms in tumor development and potential applications in tumor therapy, which may provide new strategies for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of tumors.

Small Non-Coding RNAs and Their Role in Locoregional Metastasis and Outcomes in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients

Deregulation of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) has been associated with the onset of metastasis. We evaluated the expression of sncRNAs in patients with early-stage breast cancer, performing RNA sequencing in 60 patients for whom tumor and sentinel lymph node (SLN) samples were available, and conducting differential expression, gene ontology, enrichment and survival analyses. Sequencing annotation classified most of the sncRNAs into small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs, 70%) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA, 13%). Our results showed no significant differences in sncRNA expression between tumor or SLNs obtained from the same patient. Differential expression analysis showed down-regulation (n = 21) sncRNAs and up-regulation (n = 2) sncRNAs in patients with locoregional metastasis. The expression of SNHG5, SNORD90, SCARNA2 and SNORD78 differentiated luminal A from luminal B tumors, whereas SNORD124 up-regulation was associated with luminal B HER2+ tumors. Discriminating analysis and receiver-operating curve analysis revealed a signature of six snoRNAs (SNORD93, SNORA16A, SNORD113-6, SNORA7A, SNORA57 and SNORA18A) that distinguished patients with locoregional metastasis and predicted patient outcome. Gene ontology and Reactome pathway analysis showed an enrichment of biological processes associated with translation initiation, protein targeting to specific cell locations, and positive regulation of Wnt and NOTCH signaling pathways, commonly involved in the promotion of metastases. Our results point to the potential of several sncRNAs as surrogate markers of lymph node metastases and patient outcome in early-stage breast cancer patients. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to understand the biological significance of the most significant sncRNAs and to validate our results in a larger cohort of patients.

LncRNA PWRN1 inhibits the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating PKM2 activity

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play vital roles in cancer development and progression. The lncRNA PWRN1 (PWRN1), acts as a tumor suppressor factor, which is low expressed in some cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of PWRN1, especially the regulatory relationship with RNA binding protein in HCC remain largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that PWRN1 was significantly down-regulated in HCC and correlated with better prognosis; furthermore, gain-of-function experiments showed that PWRN1 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells. We further found that PWRN1 up-regulated pyruvate kinase activity and thus hinders the proliferation of HCC in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was bound to it and maintained the high activity state of PKM2, thereby hindering PKM2 from entering the nucleus in the form of low-activity dimers, reducing the expression of c-Myc downstream gene LDHA, leading to a decrease in lactate levels, and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells. In addition, PWRN1 was found to inhibit aerobic glycolysis. Finally, TEPP-46, a pyruvate kinase activator, appeared to inhibit HCC proliferation by maintaining tetramer stability and increasing pyruvate kinase activity. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the biology hindering HCC proliferation and indicate that PWRN1 in combination with PKM2 activators might represent a novel therapeutic target for HCC.

YRNA and tRNA fragments can differentiate benign from malignant canine mammary gland tumors

Mammary gland tumors (MGT) are the most common tumors in sexually intact female dogs. The functional regulation of miRNAs, a type of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), in canine MGT has been extensively investigated. However, the expression of other ncRNAs, such as YRNAs and transfer RNA-derived fragments (tRFs) in canine MGT is unknown. We investigated ncRNAs other than miRNAs from our small RNA project (PRJNA716131) in different canine MGT histologic subtypes. This study included benign tumors (benign mixed tumor, complex adenoma) and malignant tumors (carcinoma in benign tumor and carcinoma with metastasis) samples. Aberrantly expressed ncRNAs were examined by comparisons among MGT subtypes. The relative expression trends were validated in canine MGT tissues, plasma, extracellular vesicles, and MGT cell lines using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Three aberrantly expressed ncRNAs were identified by comparisons among MGT subtypes. YRNA and tRNA-Gly-GCC distinguished benign mixed tumor from other MGT histologic subtypes, while tRNA-Val differentiated complex adenoma, carcinoma in benign tumors, and carcinoma with metastasis. The ROC curve of the three ncRNAs showed they might be potential biomarkers to discriminate malignant from benign MGT. YRNA and tRFs expression levels were decreased in metastatic compared with primary canine MGT cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of YRNA and tRFs in canine MGT. The three identified ncRNAs may be biomarkers for differentiating MGT histologic subtypes. Suggested Reviewers: Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporatio.

FindAdapt: A python package for fast and accurate adapter detection in small RNA sequencing

Adapter trimming is an essential step for analyzing small RNA sequencing data, where reads are generally longer than target RNAs ranging from 18 to 30 bp. Most adapter trimming tools require adapter information as input. However, adapter information is hard to access, specified incorrectly, or not provided with publicly available datasets, hampering their reproducibility and reusability. Manual identification of adapter patterns from raw reads is labor-intensive and error-prone. Moreover, the use of randomized adapters to reduce ligation biases during library preparation makes adapter detection even more challenging. Here, we present FindAdapt, a Python package for fast and accurate detection of adapter patterns without relying on prior information. We demonstrated that FindAdapt was far superior to existing approaches. It identified adapters successfully in 180 simulation datasets with diverse read structures and 3,184 real datasets covering a variety of commercial and customized small RNA library preparation kits. FindAdapt is stand-alone software that can be easily integrated into small RNA sequencing analysis pipelines.

The emerging role of noncoding RNAs in the EGFR signaling pathway in lung cancer

Noncoding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) have surfaced as essential orchestrators within the intricate system of neoplastic biology. Specifically, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling cascade shows a central role in the etiological underpinnings of pulmonary carcinoma. Pulmonary malignancy persists as a preeminent contributor to worldwide mortality attributable to malignant neoplasms, with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) emerging as the most predominant histopathological subcategory. EGFR is a key driver of NSCLC, and its dysregulation is frequently associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Over the past decade, researchers have unveiled a complex network of ncRNAs, encompassing microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, which intricately regulate EGFR signalling. MicroRNAs, as versatile post-transcriptional regulators, have been shown to target various components of the EGFR pathway, influencing cancer cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Additionally, ncRNAs have emerged as critical modulators of EGFR signalling, with their potential to act as scaffolds, decoys, or guides for EGFR-related proteins. Circular RNAs, a relatively recent addition to the ncRNA family, have also been implicated in EGFR signalling regulation. The clinical implications of ncRNAs in EGFR-driven lung cancer are substantial. These molecules exhibit diagnostic potential as robust biomarkers for early cancer detection and personalized treatment. Furthermore, their predictive value extends to predicting disease progression and therapeutic outcomes. Targeting ncRNAs in the EGFR pathway represents a novel therapeutic approach with promising results in preclinical and early clinical studies. This review explores the increasing evidence supporting the significant role of ncRNAs in modulating EGFR signalling in lung cancer, shedding light on their potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications.

Applications of engineered exosomes in drugging noncoding RNAs for cancer therapy

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are engaged in key cell biological and pathological events, and their expression alteration is connected to cancer progression both directly and indirectly. A huge number of studies have mentioned the significant role of ncRNAs in cancer prevention and therapy that make them an interesting subject for cancer therapy. However, there are several limitations, including delivery, uptake, and short half-life, in the application of ncRNAs in cancer treatment. Exosomes are introduced as promising options for the delivery of ncRNAs to the target cells. In this review, we will briefly discuss the application and barriers of ncRNAs. After that we will focus on exosome-based ncRNAs delivery and their advantages as well as the latest achievements in drugging ncRNAs with exosomes.

Expression signature of ten small nuclear RNAs serves as novel biomarker for prognosis prediction of acute myeloid leukemia

This study aimed to screen for small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) associated with the prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) whole-transcriptome sequencing dataset. A total of 130 AML patients from TCGA cohort with complete prognostic information and transcriptome data were enrolled in the current study. Comprehensive survival and functional enrichment analyses were performed to explore the prognostic value and potential biological functions of prognostic snRNAs in AML patients. In the current study, we screened 72 snRNAs that were notably associated with the clinical outcome of AML and developed an expression signature consist of ten snRNAs, that can be accurately applied to assess the overall survival of AML patients. Functional mechanism analysis revealed that this expression signature may be strongly linked to some classical tumor-associated pathways, such as Notch and Wnt pathways, as well as being closely related to B and T cell receptor pathways. Furthermore, we screened six compounds (chicago sky blue 6 B, 5230742, clorsulon, nefopam, nicardipine, and streptomycin) that may serve as targeted therapeutic drugs for AML using connectivity maps. Tumor immunoassays indicated significant differences in the immune microenvironment of the bone marrow tissue between high-risk and low-risk AML patients. Immune infiltration analysis also revealed significant differences in the abundance of multiple immune cells in the bone marrow of the two groups of AML patients groups. In conclusion, our results revealed a novel prognostic expression signature of AML consisting of ten snRNAs, and we conducted a preliminary exploration of its potential biological functions and tumor immunity.

Emerging roles of interactions between ncRNAs and other epigenetic modifications in breast cancer

Up till the present moment, breast cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Although the treatment methods and protocols for breast cancer are constantly improving, the long-term prognosis of patients is still not optimistic due to the complex heterogeneity of the disease, multi-organ metastasis, chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. As a newly discovered class of non-coding RNAs, ncRNAs play an important role in various cancers. Especially in breast cancer, lncRNAs have received extensive attention and have been confirmed to regulate cancer progression through a variety of pathways. Meanwhile, the study of epigenetic modification, including DNA methylation, RNA methylation and histone modification, has developed rapidly in recent years, which has greatly promoted the attention to the important role of non-coding RNAs in breast cancer. In this review, we carefully and comprehensively describe the interactions between several major classes of epigenetic modifications and ncRNAs, as well as their different subsequent biological effects, and discuss their potential for practical clinical applications.

RNA-Based Liquid Biopsy in Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a prevalent and diverse group of malignancies with substantial morbidity and mortality rates. Early detection and monitoring of HNC are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Liquid biopsy, a non-invasive diagnostic approach, has emerged as a promising tool for cancer detection and monitoring. In this article, we review the application of RNA-based liquid biopsy in HNC. Various types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), circular RNA (circRNA) and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), are explored as potential biomarkers in HNC liquid-based diagnostics. The roles of RNAs in HNC diagnosis, metastasis, tumor resistance to radio and chemotherapy, and overall prognosis are discussed. RNA-based liquid biopsy holds great promise for the early detection, prognosis, and personalized treatment of HNC. Further research and validation are necessary to translate these findings into clinical practice and improve patient outcomes.

Emerging roles of noncoding RNAs in human cancers

Studies have found that RNA encoding proteins only account for a small part of the total number, most RNA is non-coding RNA, and non-coding RNA may affect the occurrence and development of human cancers by affecting gene expression, therefore play an important role in human pathology. At present, ncRNAs studied include miRNA, circRNA, lncRNA, piRNA, and snoRNA, etc. After decades of research, the basic role of these ncRNAs in many cancers has been clear. As far as we know, the role of miRNAs in cancer is one of the hottest research directions, however, it is also found that the imbalance of ncRNAs will affect the occurrence of gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, meanwhile, it may also affect the prognosis of these cancers. Therefore, the study of ncRNAs in cancers may help to find new cancer diagnostic and treatment methods. Here, we reviewed the biosynthesis and characteristics of miRNA, cricRNA, and lncRNA etc., their roles in human cancers, as well as the mechanism through which these ncRNAs affect human cancers.

Identification of tRNA-derived RNAs in adipose tissue from overweight type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their potential biological functions

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)causes a huge public health burden worldwide, especially for those who are overweight or obese, the pain is often greater. And search for effective targets in overweight T2DM could help improve patient quality of life and prognosis. tRNA-derived RNAs (tsRNAs) are multifunctional regulators that are currently receiving much attention, but there is still a lack of knowledge about tsRNAs in overweight T2DM.

Methods

T2DM patients with BMI ≥ 25 (Overweight group) and BMI< 25 (Control group) were subjected to tsRNA sequencing; differentially expressed tsRNAs in the two groups were analyzed and their expression was verified using qRT-PCR. The biological function of downstream target genes was also evaluated by enrichment analysis.

Results

qRT-PCR evaluation identified a tsRNA with up-regulated expression (tRF-1-28-Glu-TTC-3-M2) and a tsRNA with down-regulated expression (tRF-1-31-His-GTG-1), both of which may be involved in metabolic and energy-related processes.

Conclusion

Dysregulation of tsRNA expression in overweight patients with T2DM suggests a potential role for tsRNA in the development of T2DM.

The diagnostic and prognostic value of tsRNAs in gastric cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Recent studies have shown that tsRNAs play important roles in GC and that changes in the expression levels of tsRNAs can be used for GC diagnosis and treatment response prediction.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the correlation between tsRNA expression and prognosis and other clinicopathologic features of GC patients. The sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic value of tsRNAs.

RESULTS

The results showed that patients with tsRNA upregulation had a poor prognosis (HR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.85-3.34), while patients with tsRNA downregulation had a favorable prognosis (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31-0.98). In addition, tsRNA expression was significantly correlated with various clinicopathological features in patients with GC. Finally, in diagnostic studies, GC-related tsRNAs could differentiate healthy controls (AUC = 0.81, DOR = 7.74) from patients with inflammation (AUC = 0.74, DOR = 4.44).

CONCLUSIONS

tsRNAs have potential clinical application in GC diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. It is necessary to further assess and verify the practicability and feasibility of additional specific tsRNAs as GC markers in the future.

Global Profile of tRNA-Derived Small RNAs in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy Plasma and Identification of tRF-21-NB8PLML3E as a New Hypertrophy Marker

BACKGROUND

It remains unclear whether transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) play a role in pathological cardiac hypertrophy (PCH). We aimed to clarify the expression profile of tsRNAs and disclose their relationship with the clinical phenotype of PCH and the putative role.

METHODS

Small RNA sequencing was performed on the plasma of PCH patients and healthy volunteers. In the larger sample size and angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated H9c2 cells, the data were validated by real-time qPCR. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were examined in Ang II-stimulated H9c2 cells. The potential role of tsRNAs in the pathogenesis of PCH was explored by bioinformatics analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 4185 differentially expressed tsRNAs were identified, of which four and five tsRNAs were observed to be significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Of the five downregulated tsRNAs, four were verified to be significantly downregulated in the larger sample group, including tRF-30-3JVIJMRPFQ5D, tRF-16-R29P4PE, tRF-21-NB8PLML3E, and tRF-21-SWRYVMMV0, and the AUC values for diagnosis of concentric hypertrophy were 0.7893, 0.7825, 0.8475, and 0.8825, respectively. The four downregulated tsRNAs were negatively correlated with the left ventricular posterior wall dimensions in PCH patients (r = -0.4227; r = -0.4517; r = -0.5567; r = -0.4223). The levels of ANP and BNP, as well as cell size, were decreased in Ang II-stimulated H9c2 cells with 21-NB8PLML3E mimic transfection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the target genes of tRF-21-NB8PLML3E were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathway and involved in the regulation of ribosomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The plasma tRF-21-NB8PLML3E might be considered as a biomarker and offers early screening potential in patients with PCH.

The epigenetic regulatory mechanism of PIWI/piRNAs in human cancers

PIWI proteins have a strong correlation with PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which are significant in development and reproduction of organisms. Recently, emerging evidences have indicated that apart from the reproductive function, PIWI/piRNAs with abnormal expression, also involve greatly in varieties of human cancers. Moreover, human PIWI proteins are usually expressed only in germ cells and hardly in somatic cells, so the abnormal expression of PIWI proteins in different types of cancer offer a promising opportunity for precision medicine. In this review, we discussed current researches about the biogenesis of piRNA, its epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in human cancers, such as N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) methylation, histone modifications, DNA methylation and RNA interference, providing novel insights into the markers for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in human cancers.

Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) sequencing revealed a differential expression landscape of tsRNAs between glioblastoma and low-grade glioma

BACKGROUND

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most lethal brain cancer with a median survival rate of fewer than 15 months. Both clinical and biological features of GBMs are largely different from those of low-grade gliomas (LGs), but the reasons for this intratumoral heterogeneity are not entirely clear. Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) were derived from tRNA precursors and mature tRNA, referring to the specific cleavage of tRNAs by dicer and angiogenin (ANG) in particular cells or tissues or under certain conditions such as stress and hypoxia. With the characteristics of wide expression and high stability, tsRNAs could be used as favorable biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction of the tumor, viral infection, neurological as well as other systemic diseases. In this study, we have compared the differential expressed tsRNAs between GBMs and LGs, so as to investigate the possible pathogenic molecules and provide references for discovering novel nucleic acid drugs in future studies.

METHODS

Fresh tumor tissues of patients that were diagnosed as GBMs (4 cases) and LGs (5 cases) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from 2019.05 to 2021.01 were collected. The tsRNAs' levels were analyzed and compared through high-throughput sequencing, candidate tsRNAs were chosen according to the expression level, and the expression of the candidate tsRNAs was validated through qPCR. Finally, the potential targets were imputed using the Miranda and TargetScan databases, and possible biological functions of the differentially expressed (DE) tsRNAs' targets were enriched based on GO and KEGG databases.

RESULTS

A total of 4 GBMs and 5 LGs patients were enrolled in the current study. High-throughput sequencing showed that 186 tsRNAs were expressed in two groups, over them, 43 tsRNAs were unique to GBMs, and 24 tsRNAs were unique to LGs. A total of 9 tsRNAs were selected as candidate tsRNAs according to the tsRNA expression level, among which 6 tsRNAs were highly expressed in GBMs and 3 tsRNAs were low expressed in GBMs. qPCR verification further demonstrated that 5 tsRNAs were significantly up-regulated and 1 tsRNA was significantly down-regulated in GBMs: tRF-1-32-chrM.Lys-TTT (p=0.00118), tiRNA-1-33-Gly-GCC-1 (p=0.00203), tiRNA-1-33-Gly-CCC-1 (p=0.00460), tRF-1-31-His-GTG-1 (p=0.00819), tiRNA-1-33-Gly-GCC-2-M3 (p=0.01032), and tiRNA-1-34-Lys-CTT-1-M2 (p=0.03569). Enrichment analysis of the qPCR verified DE tsRNAs showed that the 5 up-regulated tsRNAs seemed to be associated with axon guidance, pluripotent stem cells regulation, nucleotide excision repair, Hippo signaling pathway, and cancer-related pathways, while the down-regulated tsRNA (tRF-1-32-chrM.Lys-TTT) was associated with oocyte meiosis and renin secretion.

CONCLUSION

The tsRNAs were differentially expressed in tumor tissues between GBMs and LGs, especially tRF-1-32-chrM.Lys-TTT, tiRNA-1-33-Gly-GCC-1, tiRNA-1-33-Gly-CCC-1, tRF-1-31-His-GTG-1, tiRNA-1-33-Gly-GCC-2-M3, and tiRNA-1-34-Lys-CTT-1-M2. These tsRNAs seemed to be associated with nucleotide excision repair, Hippo signaling, and cancer-related pathways. This may be the main reason for the differences in clinical characteristics between GBMs and LGs, which may provide a certain theoretical basis for further functional research and development of related nucleic acid drugs.

CONCLUSION

The tsRNAs were differentially expressed in tumor tissues between GBMs and LGs, especially tRF-1-32-chrM.Lys-TTT, tiRNA-1-33-Gly-GCC-1, tiRNA-1-33-Gly-CCC-1, tRF-1-31-His-GTG-1, tiRNA-1-33-Gly-GCC-2-M3, and tiRNA-1-34-Lys-CTT-1-M2. These tsRNAs seemed to be associated with nucleotide excision repair, Hippo signaling, and cancer-related pathways. This may be the main reason for the differences in clinical characteristics between GBMs and LGs, which may provide a certain theoretical basis for further functional research and development of related nucleic acid drugs.

Epigenetic reprogramming in cancer: From diagnosis to treatment

Disruption of the epigenetic program of gene expression is a hallmark of cancer that initiates and propagates tumorigenesis. Altered DNA methylation, histone modifications and ncRNAs expression are a feature of cancer cells. The dynamic epigenetic changes during oncogenic transformation are related to tumor heterogeneity, unlimited self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation. This stem cell-like state or the aberrant reprogramming of cancer stem cells is the major challenge in treatment and drug resistance. Given the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications, the ability to restore the cancer epigenome through the inhibition of the epigenetic modifiers is a promising therapy for cancer treatment, either as a monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer therapies, including immunotherapies. Herein, we highlighted the main epigenetic alterations, their potential as a biomarker for early diagnosis and the epigenetic therapies approved for cancer treatment.

Small Non-Coding RNAs in Human Cancer

Small non-coding RNAs are widespread in the biological world and have been extensively explored over the past decades. Their fundamental roles in human health and disease are increasingly appreciated. Furthermore, a growing number of studies have investigated the functions of small non-coding RNAs in cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we provide an overview of the biogenesis of small non-coding RNAs with a focus on microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, and a new class of tRNA-derived small RNAs. We discuss their biological functions in human cancer and highlight their clinical application as molecular biomarkers or therapeutic targets.

Implications of m6A-associated snRNAs in the prognosis and immunotherapeutic responses of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent pathological type of liver cancer worldwide with high mortality and poor prognosis. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) can modify RNAs such as mRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, and tRNA, thereby playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of HCC. However, the role of m6A-associated small nuclear RNA (snRNA) in the prognostic value and immunotherapeutic response in HCC remains unclear.

Materials and methods

In this study, snRNA expression data, gene mutation data, and clinical data of HCC patients were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis to identify significant prognostic m6A-associated snRNAs, and then developed a multivariate Cox model based on the selected snRNAs. HCC patients were split into low- and high-risk groups based on the median risk score. We subsequently performed Kaplan-Meier curve analysis to estimate overall survival (OS) by clinicopathological characteristics and tumor mutational burden (TMB) status in low- and high-risk HCC patients. Finally, we compared the immunotherapeutic response as represented by tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores between the two risk groups.

Results

Eight m6A-associated snRNAs were selected as independent predictors to develop the risk model. Our results revealed that the OS of HCC patients in the high-risk group was significantly worse than that in the low-risk group on clinicopathologic characteristics, including age (≤65 years and >65 years), gender (male), grade (G I-II and G III-IV) and TNM staging (Stage I-II and Stage III-IV). In addition, the OS of low-TMB and low-risk group was longer than that of high-TMB and high-risk group. The TIDE score indicated that HCC patients in the high-risk group were more susceptible to immunotherapy.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that m6A-associated snRNAs may be useful biomarkers for the prognosis of HCC and that m6A-associated snRNA models can predict the effect of immunotherapy in HCC patients.

Transfer RNAs-derived small RNAs and their application potential in multiple diseases

The role of tRNAs is best known as adapter components of translational machinery. According to the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA is transcribed to RNA and in turn is translated into proteins, in which tRNA outstands by its role of the cellular courier. Recent studies have led to the revision of the canonical function of transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which indicates that tRNAs also serve as a source for short non-coding RNAs called tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs). tsRNAs play key roles in cellular processes by modulating complicated regulatory networks beyond translation and are widely involved in multiple diseases. Herein, the biogenesis and classification of tsRNAs were firstly clarified. tsRNAs are generated from pre-tRNAs or mature tRNAs and are classified into tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves (tiRNA). The tRFs include five types according to the incision loci: tRF-1, tRF-2, tRF-3, tRF-5 and i-tRF which contain 3′ tiRNA and 5′ tiRNA. The functions of tsRNAs and their regulation mechanisms involved in disease processes are systematically summarized as well. The mechanisms can elaborate on the specific regulation of tsRNAs. In conclusion, the current research suggests that tsRNAs are promising targets for modulating pathological processes, such as breast cancer, ischemic stroke, respiratory syncytial virus, osteoporosis and so on, and maintain vital clinical implications in diagnosis and therapeutics of various diseases.

Transfer RNA-Derived Small RNAs: Novel Regulators and Biomarkers of Cancers

Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are conventional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a length between18 and 40 nucleotides (nt) playing a crucial role in treating various human diseases including tumours. Nowadays, with the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies, it has been proven that certain tsRNAs are dysregulated in multiple tumour tissues as well as in the blood serum of cancer patients. Meanwhile, data retrieved from the literature show that tsRNAs are correlated with the regulation of the hallmarks of cancer, modification of tumour microenvironment, and modulation of drug resistance. On the other side, the emerging role of tsRNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis is promising. In this review, we focus on the specific characteristics and biological functions of tsRNAs with a focus on their impact on various tumours and discuss the possibility of tsRNAs as novel potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Emerging noncoding RNAs contained in extracellular vesicles: rising stars as biomarkers in lung cancer liquid biopsy

Lung cancer has a high morbidity and mortality rate, and affected patients have a poor prognosis and low survival. The therapeutic approaches for lung cancer treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are not completely effective, due to late diagnosis. Although the identification of genetic drivers has contributed to the improvement of lung cancer clinical management, the discovery of new diagnostic and prognostic tools remains a critical issue. Liquid biopsy (LB) represents a minimally invasive approach and practical alternative source to investigate tumor-derived alterations and to facilitate the selection of targeted therapies. LB allows for the testing of different analytes such as circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs), tumor-educated platelets, and cell-free nucleic acids including DNAs, RNAs, and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Several regulatory factors control the key cellular oncogenic pathways involved in cancers. ncRNAs have a wide range of regulatory effects in lung cancers. This review focuses on emerging regulatory ncRNAs, freely circulating in body fluids or shuttled by EVs, such as circular-RNAs, small nucleolar-RNAs, small nuclear-RNAs, and piwi-RNAs, as new biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and monitoring of therapeutic strategy of lung cancer treatment.