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Santos ATD, Kumar S, Albuquerque JVDS, Arcce IML, Chaves OA, Cruz GS, Carretero VJ, Melo LM, Chaves MS, Guijo JMH, Freitas VJDF, Rádis-Baptista G. The anti-infective crotalicidin peptide analog RhoB-Ctn[1-9] is harmless to bovine oocytes and able to induce parthenogenesis in vitro. Toxicon 2023; 234:107274. [PMID: 37657514 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Crotalicidin is a cathelicidin-related anti-infective (antimicrobial) peptide expressed in the venom glands of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Congener peptides of crotalicidin, named vipericidins, are found in other pit vipers inhabiting South America. Crotalicidin is active against bacteria and pathogenic yeasts and has anti-proliferative activity for some cancer cells. The structural dissection of crotalicidin produced fragments (e.g., Ctn [15-34]) with multiple biological functionalities that mimic the native peptide. Another structural characteristic of crotalidicin and congeners is a unique repetitive stretch of amino acid sequences in tandem embedded in their primary structures. One of the encrypted vipericidn peptides (Ctn [1-9]) was synthesized, and the analog covalently conjugated with rhodamine B (RhoB-Ctn [1-9]) displayed considerable antimicrobial activity and selective cytotoxicity. Methods to evaluate antimicrobial peptides' toxicity include lysis of red blood cells (hemolysis) in vitro and cytotoxicity of healthy cultured cells (e.g., fibroblasts). Here, as a non-conventional model of toxicity, the bovine oocytes were exposed to two standardized concentrations of RhoB-Ctn [1-9], and embryo viability and development at its first stage of cleavage (division of cells) and blastocyst formation were evaluated. Oocytes treated with peptide at 10 and 40 μM induced cleavage rates of 44.94% and 51.53%, resulting in the formation of blastocysts of 7.07% and 11.73%, respectively. Light sheet microscopy and in silico prediction analysis indicated that RhoB-Ctn [1-9] peptide interacts with zona pellucida and internalizes into bovine oocytes and developing embryos. The ADMET prediction estimated good bioavailability of RhoB-Ctn [1-9]. In conclusion, the peptide appeared harmless to bovine oocytes and, remarkably, activated the parthenogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Teixeira Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Dentistry, And Nursing, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Satish Kumar
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Victor da Silva Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Irving Mitchell Laines Arcce
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Otávio Augusto Chaves
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; CQC-IMS, Departament of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga S/n, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Silva Cruz
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Dentistry, And Nursing, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Victoria Jimenez Carretero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciana Magalhães Melo
- Molecular Genetics Research Unit, University Center Fametro (UNIFAMETRO), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maiana Silva Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jesus Miguel Hernandez Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Di Ianni F, Albarella S, Vetere A, Torcello M, Ablondi M, Pugliano M, Di Mauro S, Parma P, Ciotola F. Demonstration of Parthenogenetic Reproduction in a Pet Ball Python ( Python regius) through Analysis of Early-Stage Embryos. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1744. [PMID: 37761884 PMCID: PMC10531270 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is an asexual form of reproduction, normally present in various animal and plant species, in which an embryo is generated from a single gamete. Currently, there are some species for which parthenogenesis is supposed but not confirmed, and the mechanisms that activate it are not well understood. A 10-year-old, wild-caught female ball python (Python regius) laid four eggs without any prior contact with a male. The eggs were not incubated and, after 3 days, were submitted to the University of Parma for analysis due to the suspicion of potential embryo presence. Examination of the egg content revealed residual blood vessels and a small red spot, indicative of an early-stage embryo. DNA was extracted from the three deceased embryos and from the mother's blood, five microsatellites were analyzed to ascertain the origin of the embryos. The captive history data, together with the genetic microsatellite analysis approach, demonstrated the parthenogenetic origin of all three embryos. The embryos were homozygous for each of the maternal microsatellites, suggesting a terminal fusion automixis mode of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Ianni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vetere
- Department of Veterinary Science, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Torcello
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Dott. Di Mauro, Via Parini 8, 24043 Caravaggio, Italy
| | - Michela Ablondi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Mariagiulia Pugliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Susanna Di Mauro
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Dott. Di Mauro, Via Parini 8, 24043 Caravaggio, Italy
| | - Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Crasta DN, Adiga SK, Kannan N, Kalthur G. Artificial Activation of Murine Oocytes Using Strontium to Derive Haploid and Diploid Parthenotes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2429:15-26. [PMID: 35507152 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1979-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is a common reproductive strategy among lower animals that involves the development of an embryo from an oocyte, without any contribution from spermatozoon. This phenomenon does not occur naturally in placental mammals. However, the mammalian oocytes can be artificially activated in vitro using mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimuli which can develop up to the blastocyst stage. In this chapter, we describe the protocol for generating haploid and diploid parthenotes from mouse oocytes using strontium as the activating agent under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Norma Crasta
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Satish Kumar Adiga
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Luo X, Yang J, Zhu Z, Huang L, Ali A, Javed HH, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Yin L, Xu P, Liang X, Li Y, Wang J, Zou Q, Gong W, Shi H, Tao L, Kang Z, Tang R, Liu H, Fu S. Genetic characteristics and ploidy trigger the high inducibility of double haploid (DH) inducer in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:538. [PMID: 34784885 PMCID: PMC8594162 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our recently reported doubled haploid (DH) induction lines e.g., Y3380 and Y3560 are allo-octoploid (AAAACCCC, 2n = 8× ≈ 76), which can induce the maternal parent to produce DH individuals. Whether this induction process is related to the production of aneuploid gametes form male parent and genetic characteristics of the male parent has not been reported yet. RESULTS Somatic chromosome counts of DH inducer parents, female wax-less parent (W1A) and their F1 hybrid individuals revealed the reliability of flow cytometry analysis. Y3560 has normal chromosome behavior in metaphase I and anaphase I, but chromosome division was not synchronized in the tetrad period. Individual phenotypic identification and flow cytometric fluorescence measurement of F1 individual and parents revealed that DH individuals can be distinguished on the basis of waxiness trait. The results of phenotypic identification and flow cytometry can identify the homozygotes or heterozygotes of F1 generation individuals. The data of SNP genotyping coupled with phenotypic waxiness trait revealed that the genetic distance between W1A and F1 homozygotes were smaller as compared to their heterozygotes. It was found that compared with allo-octoploids, aneuploidy from allo-octoploid segregation did not significantly increase the DH induction rate, but reduced male infiltration rate and heterozygous site rate of induced F1 generation. The ploidy, SNP genotyping and flow cytometry results cumulatively shows that DH induction is attributed to the key genes regulation from the parents of Y3560 and Y3380, which significantly increase the induction efficiency as compared to ploidy. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, we hypothesize that genetic characteristics and aneuploidy play an important role in the induction of DH individuals in Brassca napus, and the induction process has been explored. It provides an important insight for us to locate and clone the genes that regulate the inducibility in the later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Agricultural College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liangjun Huang
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Agricultural College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Asif Ali
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hafiz Hassan Javed
- Agricultural College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Agricultural College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Agricultural College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liqin Yin
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peizhou Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xingyu Liang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jisheng Wang
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiong Zou
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wanzhuo Gong
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Haoran Shi
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lanrong Tao
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zeming Kang
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hailan Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Shaohong Fu
- Institute of Crop Research, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Chengdu Research Branch, National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Soler N, Bautista-Llàcer R, Escrich L, Oller A, Grau N, Tena R, Insua MF, Ferrer P, Escribà MJ, Vendrell X. Rescuing monopronucleated-derived human blastocysts: a model to study chromosomal topography and fingerprinting. Fertil Steril 2021; 116:583-596. [PMID: 33926715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the percentage of monopronuclear-derived blastocysts (MNBs) that are potentially useful for reproductive purposes using classic and state-of-the-art chromosome analysis approaches, and to study chromosomal distribution in the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) for intertissue/intratissue concordance comparison. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING Single-center in vitro fertilization clinic and reproductive genetics laboratory. PATIENT(S) A total of 1,128 monopronuclear zygotes were obtained between June 2016 and December 2018. INTERVENTION(S) MNBs were whole-fixed or biopsied to obtain a portion of ICM and 2 TE portions (TE1 and TE2) and were subsequently analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, new whole-genome sequencing, and fingerprinting by single-nucleotide polymorphism array-based techniques (a-SNP). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We assessed MNB rate, ploidy rate, and chromosomal constitution by new whole-genome sequencing, and parental composition by comparative a-SNP, performed in a "trio"-format (embryo/parents). The 24-chromosome distribution was compared between the TE and the ICM and within the TE. RESULT(S) A total of 18.4% of monopronuclear zygotes progressed to blastocysts; 77.6% of MNBs were diploid; 20% of MNBs were male and euploid, which might be reproductively useful. Seventy-five percent of MNBs were biparental and half of them were euploid, indicating that 40% might be reproductively useful. Intratissue concordance (TE1/TE2) was established for 93.3% and 73.3% for chromosome matching. Intertissue concordance (TE/ICM) was established for 78.8%, but 57.6% for chromosome matching. When segmental aneuploidy was not considered, intratissue concordance and chromosome matching increased to 100% and 80%, respectively, and intertissue concordance and chromosome matching increased to 84.8% and 75.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION(S) The a-SNP-trio strategy provides information about ploidy, euploidy, and parental origin in a single biopsy. This approach enabled us to identify 40% of MNBs with reproductive potential, which can have a significant effect in the clinical setting. Additionally, segmental aneuploidy is relevant for mismatched preimplantation genetic testing of aneuploidies, both within and between MNB tissues. Repeat biopsy might clarify whether segmental aneuploidy is a prone genetic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Soler
- IVF Laboratory, IVI-RMA-València, Valencia, Spain; IVI Foundation, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Andrea Oller
- Reproductive Genetics Unit, Sistemas Genómicos, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Grau
- IVF Laboratory, IVI-RMA-València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Tena
- Citogenomics Unit, Sistemas Genómicos, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Ferrer
- Citogenomics Unit, Sistemas Genómicos, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María-José Escribà
- IVF Laboratory, IVI-RMA-València, Valencia, Spain; IVI Foundation, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Xavier Vendrell
- Reproductive Genetics Unit, Sistemas Genómicos, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Chasing the Apomictic Factors in the Ranunculus auricomus Complex: Exploring Gene Expression Patterns in Microdissected Sexual and Apomictic Ovules. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070728. [PMID: 32630035 PMCID: PMC7397075 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apomixis, the asexual reproduction via seeds, is associated to polyploidy and hybridization. To identify possible signatures of apomixis, and possible candidate genes underlying the shift from sex to apomixis, microarray-based gene expression patterns of live microdissected ovules at four different developmental stages were compared between apomictic and sexual individuals of the Ranunculus auricomus complex. Following predictions from previous work on mechanisms underlying apomixis penetrance and expressivity in the genus, gene expression patterns were classified into three categories based on their relative expression in apomicts compared to their sexual parental ancestors. We found evidence of misregulation and differential gene expression between apomicts and sexuals, with the highest number of differences detected during meiosis progression and emergence of aposporous initial (AI) cells, a key developmental stage in the ovule of apomicts where a decision between divergent reproductive pathways takes place. While most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) could not be annotated, gene expression was classified into transgressive, parent of origin and ploidy effects. Genes related to gametogenesis and meiosis demonstrated patterns reflective of transgressive and genome dosage effects, which support the hypothesis of a dominant factor controlling apomixis in Ranunculus and modulated by secondary modifiers. Three genes with probable functions in sporogenesis and gametogenesis development are identified and characterized for future studies.
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Carella M, Agell G, Uriz MJ. Asexual reproduction and heterozygote selection in an Antarctic demosponge (Stylocordyla chupachus, Suberitida). Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Fast cheater migration stabilizes coexistence in a public goods dilemma on networks. Theor Popul Biol 2018; 121:12-25. [PMID: 29627266 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Through the lens of game theory, cooperation is frequently considered an unsustainable strategy: if an entire population is cooperating, each individual can increase its overall fitness by choosing not to cooperate, thereby still receiving all the benefit of its cooperating neighbors while no longer expending its own energy. Observable cooperation in naturally-occurring public goods games is consequently of great interest, as such systems offer insight into both the emergence and sustainability of cooperation. Here we consider a population that obeys a public goods game on a network of discrete regions (that we call colonies), between any two of which individuals are free to migrate. We construct a system of piecewise-smooth ordinary differential equations that couple the within-colony population dynamics and the between-colony migratory dynamics. Through a combination of analytical and numerical methods, we show that if the workers within the population migrate sufficiently fast relative to the cheaters, the network loses stability first through a Hopf bifurcation, then a torus bifurcation, after which one or more colonies collapse. Our results indicate that fast moving cheaters can act to stabilize worker-cheatercoexistence within network that would otherwise collapse. We end with a comparison of our results with the dynamics observed in colonies of the ant species Pristomyrmex punctatus, and argue that they qualitatively agree.
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Ramachandran R, McDaniel CD. Parthenogenesis in birds: a review. Reproduction 2018; 155:R245-R257. [PMID: 29559496 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Parthenogenesis or 'virgin birth' is embryonic development in unfertilized eggs. It is a routine means of reproduction in many invertebrates. However, even though parthenogenesis occurs naturally in even more advanced vertebrates, like birds, it is mostly abortive in nature. In fact, multiple limiting factors, such as delayed and unorganized development as well as unfavorable conditions developing within the unfertilized egg upon incubation, are associated with termination of progressive development of parthenogenetic embryos. In birds, diploid parthenogenesis is automictic and facultative producing only males. However, the mechanisms controlling parthenogenesis in birds are not clearly elucidated. Additionally, it appears from even very recent research that these mechanisms may hinder the normal fertilization process and subsequent embryonic development. For instance, virgin quail and turkey hens exhibiting parthenogenesis have reduced reproductive performance following mating. Also, genetic selection and environmental factors, such as live virus vaccinations, are known to trigger the process of parthenogenesis in birds. Therefore, parthenogenesis has a plausible negative impact on the poultry industry. Hence, a better understanding of parthenogenesis and the mechanisms that control it could benefit commercial poultry production. In this context, the aim of this review is to provide a complete overview of the process of parthenogenesis in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - C D McDaniel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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10
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Fyon F, Lenormand T. Cis-regulator runaway and divergence in asexuals. Evolution 2018; 72:426-439. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fyon
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD; Montpellier France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD; Montpellier France
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11
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Dubey S, Dufresnes C. An extinct vertebrate preserved by its living hybridogenetic descendant. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12768. [PMID: 28986535 PMCID: PMC5630569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridogenesis is a special mode of hybrid reproduction where one parental genome is eliminated and the other is transmitted clonally. We propose that this mechanism can perpetuate the genome of extinct species, based on new genetic data from Pelophylax water frogs. We characterized the genetic makeup of Italian hybridogenetic hybrids (P. kl. hispanicus and esculentus) and identified a new endemic lineage of Eastern-Mediterranean origin as one parental ancestor of P. kl. hispanicus. This taxon is nowadays extinct in the wild but its germline subsists through its hybridogenetic descendant, which can thus be considered as a "semi living fossil". Such rare situation calls for realistic efforts of de-extinction through selective breeding without genetic engineering, and fuels the topical controversy of reviving long extinct species. "Ghost" species hidden by taxa of hybrid origin may be more frequent than suspected in vertebrate groups that experienced a strong history of hybridization and semi-sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dubey
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Hintermann & Weber SA, Rue de l'Eglise-Catholique 9b, 1820, Montreux, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Dufresnes
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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Tarkhnishvili D, Murtskhvaladze M, Anderson CL. Coincidence of genotypes at two loci in two parthenogenetic rock lizards: how backcrosses might trigger adaptive speciation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Boucher S, Dutrillaux AM, Dutrillaux B. Parthenogenetic reproduction demonstrated in the diploid Spasalus puncticollis (Le Peletier & Serville 1825), n. stat., from the Antilles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Passalidae). C R Biol 2015; 338:738-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Socolov R, Ebner T, Gorduza V, Martiniuc V, Angioni S, Socolov D. Self-oocyte activation and parthenogenesis: an unusual outcome of a misconducted IVF cycle. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:529-30. [PMID: 26137987 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1062861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare cause of infertility is the lack of fertilisation with the spontaneous activation of oocytes, leading to parthenogenesis. We present such a case. The patient was a G1P0 38-year-old woman of African ethnicity, who requested an in vitro fertilisation (IVF) with donor sperm. She received a stimulation protocol of 75 IU of FSH/LH from day 3 of the cycle, which she interrupted after 2 d, and restarted with the same dosage for another 3 d from day 7, plus one administration of GnRH antagonist in day 10 of the cycle. With a follicle reaching 19 mm on day 11, estradiol of 325 ng/ml, ovulation was induced with hMG 5000 UI, and oocyte pick-up performed at 30 h. One oocyte was retrieved, and good-quality sperms were added to the insemination procedure. No fecundation occurred at 20 h, with the extruded oocyte separated from the granulosa wall. At 40 h and 64 h the aspect was of three cells, one cell with one nucleus, the others with high granulation and no visible nuclei. This case shows an unusual self-activation oocyte in a poorly managed IVF cycle. The patient will be further evaluated, to decide if a better managed stimulation protocol would prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Socolov
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr.T.Popa , Iasi , Romania
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The persistence of facultative parthenogenesis in Drosophila albomicans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113275. [PMID: 25415200 PMCID: PMC4240631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis has evolved independently in more than 10 Drosophila species. Most cases are tychoparthenogenesis, which is occasional or accidental parthenogenesis in normally bisexual species with a low hatching rate of eggs produced by virgin females; this form is presumed to be an early stage of parthenogenesis. To address how parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction coexist in Drosophila populations, we investigated several reproductive traits, including the fertility, parthenogenetic capability, diploidization mechanisms, and mating propensity of parthenogenetic D. albomicans. The fertility of mated parthenogenetic females was significantly higher than that of virgin females. The mated females could still produce parthenogenetic offspring but predominantly produced offspring by sexual reproduction. Both mated parthenogenetic females and their parthenogenetic-sexual descendants were capable of parthenogenesis. The alleles responsible for parthenogenesis can be propagated through both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction. As diploidy is restored predominantly by gamete duplication, heterozygosity would be very low in parthenogenetic individuals. Hence, genetic variation in parthenogenetic genomes would result from sexual reproduction. The mating propensity of females after more than 20 years of isolation from males was decreased. If mutations reducing mating propensities could occur under male-limited conditions in natural populations, decreased mating propensity might accelerate tychoparthenogenesis through a positive feedback mechanism. This process provides an opportunity for the evolution of obligate parthenogenesis. Therefore, the persistence of facultative parthenogenesis may be an adaptive reproductive strategy in Drosophila when a few founders colonize a new niche or when small populations are distributed at the edge of a species' range, consistent with models of geographical parthenogenesis.
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The chromosomal constitution of embryos arising from monopronuclear oocytes in programmes of assisted reproduction. Int J Reprod Med 2014; 2014:418198. [PMID: 25763399 PMCID: PMC4334058 DOI: 10.1155/2014/418198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of oocytes showing only one pronucleus during assisted reproduction is associated with uncertainty. A compilation of data on the genetic constitution of different developmental stages shows that affected oocytes are able to develop into haploid, diploid, and mosaic embryos with more or less complex chromosomal compositions. In the majority of cases (~80%), haploidy appears to be caused by gynogenesis, whereas parthenogenesis or androgenesis is less common. Most of the diploid embryos result from a fertilization event involving asynchronous formation of the two pronuclei or pronuclear fusion at a very early stage. Uniparental diploidy may sometimes occur if one pronucleus fails to develop and the other pronucleus already contains a diploid genome or alternatively a haploid genome undergoes endoreduplication. In general, the chance of obtaining a biparental diploid embryo appears higher after conventional in vitro fertilization than after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. If a transfer of embryos obtained from monopronuclear oocytes is envisaged, it should be tried to culture them up to the blastocyst since most haploid embryos are not able to reach this stage. Comprehensive counselling of patients on potential risks is advisable before transfer and a preimplantation genetic diagnosis could be offered if available.
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Pellino M, Hojsgaard D, Schmutzer T, Scholz U, Hörandl E, Vogel H, Sharbel TF. Asexual genome evolution in the apomicticRanunculus auricomuscomplex: examining the effects of hybridization and mutation accumulation. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5908-21. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pellino
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK); D-06466 Gatersleben Germany
| | - Diego Hojsgaard
- Department of Systematic Botany; Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences; Georg-August-University of Goettingen; Untere Karspuele 2 D-37073 Goettingen Germany
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK); D-06466 Gatersleben Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK); D-06466 Gatersleben Germany
| | - Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematic Botany; Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences; Georg-August-University of Goettingen; Untere Karspuele 2 D-37073 Goettingen Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Timothy F. Sharbel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK); D-06466 Gatersleben Germany
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Effects of no mating on the female adults and embryonic development of Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Joint Space Use in a Parthenogenetic Armenian Rock Lizard (Darevskia armeniaca) Suggests Weak Competition among Monoclonal Females. J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/11-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cocco J, Butnariu A, Bessa E, Pasini A. Sex produces as numerous and long-lived offspring as parthenogenesis in a new parthenogenetic insect. CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sex is a costly form of reproduction compared with parthenogenesis, but sex persists because of the more resistant and competitive descendants that it produces. We obtained thelytokous offspring from unmated female Doru lineare (Eschscholtz, 1822) earwigs, a species of insect in which parthenogenesis has never before been reported, and found that their number and survival rate did not differ from offspring of mated females. Current hypotheses support advantages of sex or parthenogenesis, but never equilibrium between them like the one reported in this paper. We suggest that parthenogenesis is how females multiply their entire genome and renew themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cocco
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil
| | - A.R. Butnariu
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Agrícolas, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - E. Bessa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A. Pasini
- Centro de Ciências Agrícolas, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Fundamental paradox of survival determinism: the ur-etiology disease paradigm. Theory Biosci 2012; 132:65-71. [PMID: 23129566 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-012-0169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Following a common practice in medicine, biomedical researches tend to view various disease conditions as direct results of preceding, disease-causing events. Such events are commonly those that could have been previously detected and which have given the history of studies of particular diseases, been previously recognized as playing an important role in an onset and/or progression of the disease in question. Although such practice is justified from the very principles of experimental investigation and scientific observation, it comes short of finding the fundamental causes behind these disease conditions. This manuscript proposes a different view to the origin of some types of diseases as well as some other biological phenomena. Namely, the focus of the concept relates to a notion of survival determinism, proposed to have been in the very core of evolution of primordial organisms. Thereby, as various disease models are discussed in the light of the proposed mechanisms for adaptation, they could be seen as relicts of the early evolutionary history of life on Earth.
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22
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Kaneda M. Genomic imprinting in mammals—Epigenetic parental memories. Differentiation 2011; 82:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Ontological hypothesis of the cancer etiology: discord between cells' survival determinism and their disposition to biological altruism. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:389-400. [PMID: 21684694 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, scientific community has implicitly viewed cancer as a number of different diseases with the same underlying phenotype. Such a view was justified for the fact that some of the genetic and phenotypic similarities, observed in different types of tumors, were perpetuated via some distinct mechanisms. Nevertheless, this manuscript aims to interpret all of these differences in a context of the same underlying cause. To do so, the epigenetic and genetic alterations observed in cancers are initially interpreted in the context of their advantage for the evolution of the early eukaryotic organisms. Subsequently, the proposed premises are further discussed with respect to their propagation in the subsequent generations of the new eukaryotic species, as well as their role in the development of the higher organisms. In the subsequent section, the role of the proposed mechanism is discussed in the context of cancer, which is proposed to originate due to the analogous underlying mechanisms. Finally, the proposed mechanism is briefly discussed in parallel with some other contemporary theories of carcinogenesis, aiming to further support its validity. Thereby, the model presents an alternative interpretation of multiple cancer-related biomedical phenomena from the aspect of a proposed evolutionary mechanism.
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Fulka H, Hirose M, Inoue K, Ogonuki N, Wakisaka N, Matoba S, Ogura A, Mosko T, Kott T, Fulka J. Production of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Maturing Oocytes by Direct Conversion of Meiosis into Mitosis. Stem Cells 2011; 29:517-27. [PMID: 21425414 DOI: 10.1002/stem.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fulka
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Combelles CMH, Kearns WG, Fox JH, Racowsky C. Cellular and genetic analysis of oocytes and embryos in a human case of spontaneous oocyte activation. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:545-52. [PMID: 21224285 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusual and consistent defects in infertility patients merit attention as these may indicate an underlying genetic abnormality, in turn necessitating tailored management strategies. We describe a case of repeated early pregnancy loss from in vivo conceptions, followed by cancelled embryo transfers after one IVF and one ICSI/PGD cycle. Following the unexpected presence of cleaved embryos at the fertilization check in the first IVF attempt, oocytes and embryos were subsequently analyzed in an ICSI/PGD case. Part of the oocyte cohort was fixed at retrieval for a cellular evaluation of microtubules, microfilaments and chromatin. The remaining oocytes were injected with sperm, and resultant embryos were biopsied for genetic analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray for 23 chromosome pairs, as well as with PCR for sex chromosomes. The presence of interphase microtubule networks and pronuclear structures indicated that oocytes were spontaneously activated by the time of retrieval. FISH revealed aneuploidy in all seven blastomeres analyzed, with all but two lacking Y chromosomes. Microarray SNP analysis showed an exclusively maternal origin of all blastomeres analyzed, which was further confirmed by PCR. From our multi-faceted analyses, we conclude that spontaneous activation, or parthenogenesis, was probably the pathology underlying our patient's recurrent inability to maintain a normal pregnancy. Such analyses may prove beneficial not only in diagnosing case-specific aberrations for other patients with similar or related failures, but also for furthering our general understanding of oocyte activation.
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26
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Sharbel TF, Voigt ML, Corral JM, Galla G, Kumlehn J, Klukas C, Schreiber F, Vogel H, Rotter B. Apomictic and sexual ovules of Boechera display heterochronic global gene expression patterns. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:655-71. [PMID: 20305122 PMCID: PMC2861462 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.072223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the transcriptomic profiles of microdissected live ovules at four developmental stages between a diploid sexual and diploid apomictic Boechera. We sequenced >2 million SuperSAGE tags and identified (1) heterochronic tags (n = 595) that demonstrated significantly different patterns of expression between sexual and apomictic ovules across all developmental stages, (2) stage-specific tags (n = 577) that were found in a single developmental stage and differentially expressed between the sexual and apomictic ovules, and (3) sex-specific (n = 237) and apomixis-specific (n = 1106) tags that were found in all four developmental stages but in only one reproductive mode. Most heterochronic and stage-specific tags were significantly downregulated during early apomictic ovule development, and 110 were associated with reproduction. By contrast, most late stage-specific tags were upregulated in the apomictic ovules, likely the result of increased gene copy number in apomictic (hexaploid) versus sexual (triploid) endosperm or of parthenogenesis. Finally, we show that apomixis-specific gene expression is characterized by a significant overrepresentation of transcription factor activity. We hypothesize that apomeiosis is associated with global downregulation at the megaspore mother cell stage. As the diploid apomict analyzed here is an ancient hybrid, these data are consistent with the postulated link between hybridization and asexuality and provide a hypothesis for multiple evolutionary origins of apomixis in the genus Boechera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Sharbel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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27
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Hore TA, Rapkins RW, Graves JAM. Construction and evolution of imprinted loci in mammals. Trends Genet 2007; 23:440-8. [PMID: 17683825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting first evolved in mammals around the time that humans last shared a common ancestor with marsupials and monotremes (180-210 million years ago). Recent comparisons of large imprinted domains in these divergent mammalian groups have shown that imprinting evolved haphazardly at various times in different lineages, perhaps driven by different selective forces. Surprisingly, some imprinted domains were formed relatively recently, using non-imprinted components acquired from unexpected genomic regions. Rearrangement and the insertion of retrogenes, small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, differential CpG methylation and control by non-coding RNA often accompanied the acquisition of imprinting. Here, we use comparisons between different mammalian groups to chart the course of evolution of two related epigenetic regulatory systems in mammals: genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Hore
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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28
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Heteroparental blastocyst production from microsurgically corrected tripronucleated human embryos. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:1601-7. [PMID: 17067583 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prove the efficiency of identification and removal of one of the surplus paternal pronuclei in dispermic IVF zygotes to obtain heteroparental blastocysts. DESIGN Experimental. SETTING One hundred fourteen tripronucleated (3PN) embryos from conventional IVF. PATIENT(S) After informed and signed consent, the patients from Instituto Valenciano Infertilidad (IVI), Valencia, donated their abnormally fertilized embryos. INTERVENTION(S) Seventy-two embryos were diploidized by microsurgical removal of the pronucleus located at the farthest position to the second polar body. Forty-two 3PN embryos served as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Survival and correction rate; in vitro development up to the blastocyst stage; X, Y, and 18 chromosome determination by triple fluorescent in situ hybridization and, inheritance analysis for 10 polymorphic repeat regions using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing. RESULT(S) Seventy-eight percent of 3PN zygotes (56/72) survived manipulation and eventually 51 zygotes had two pronuclei (71%). Forty-one percent of manipulated embryos progressed in vitro to the blastocyst stage (21/51). Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis performed on eight manipulated embryos confirmed their diploid state; all four controls were triploid. Heteroparental inheritances were also confirmed in four of six manipulated embryos. CONCLUSION(S) Heteroparental blastocysts can be derived from corrected dispermic zygotes.
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29
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Miyoshi N, Barton SC, Kaneda M, Hajkova P, Surani MA. The continuing quest to comprehend genomic imprinting. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 113:6-11. [PMID: 16575156 DOI: 10.1159/000090808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the phenomenon of genomic imprinting in mammals showed that the parental genomes are functionally non-equivalent. Considerable advances have occurred in the field over the past 20 years, which has resulted in the identification and functional analysis of a number of imprinted genes the expression of which is determined by their parental origin. These genes belong to many diverse categories and they have been shown to regulate growth, complex aspects of mammalian physiology and behavior. Many aspects of the mechanism of imprinting have also been elucidated. However, the reasons for the evolution of genomic imprinting remain enigmatic. Further research is needed to determine if there is any relationship between the apparently diverse functions of imprinted genes in mammals, and their role in human diseases. It also remains to be seen what common features exist amongst the diverse imprinting control elements. The mechanisms involved in the erasure and re-establishment of imprints should provide deeper insights into epigenetic mechanisms of wide general interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Miyoshi
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Swann K, Larman MG, Saunders CM, Lai FA. The cytosolic sperm factor that triggers Ca2+ oscillations and egg activation in mammals is a novel phospholipase C: PLCzeta. Reproduction 2004; 127:431-9. [PMID: 15047934 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When sperm activate eggs at fertilization the signal for activation involves increases in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. In mammals the Ca2+ changes at fertilization consist of intracellular Ca2+ oscillations that are driven by the generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). It is not established how sperm trigger the increases in InsP3 and Ca2+ at fertilization. One theory suggests that sperm initiate signals to activate the egg by introducing a specific factor into the egg cytoplasm after membrane fusion. This theory has been mainly based upon the observation that injecting a cytosolic sperm protein factor into eggs can trigger the same pattern of Ca2+ oscillations induced by the sperm. We have recently shown that this soluble sperm factor protein is a novel form of phospholipase C (PLC), and it is referred to as PLCzeta(zeta). We describe the evidence that led to the identification of PLCzeta and discuss the issues relating to its potential role in fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Swann
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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31
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic system of gene regulation in mammals. It determines the parent-of-origin-dependent expression of a small number of imprinted genes during development, i.e., the maternal allele is inactive while the paternal is active, or vice versa. Imprinting is imparted in the germ line and involves differential DNA methylation such that particular DNA regions become methylated in one sex of germ line but not in the other. Inheritance of these differential egg and sperm methylation states is then transmitted to somatic cells, where they lead to differential maternal and paternal allelic activity, or monoallelic expression. Increasing evidence indicates that the inherited and stable differential allelic methylation regulates monoallelic expression by influencing the activity of gene regulatory elements-for one allele the element is switched off by methylation, while for the other the element is left potentially active by the lack of methylation. An interesting feature of the germ line is that, despite the presence of genomic imprinting, either as imprints inherited from the zygote or as new imprints imparted according to germ cell sex, imprinted genes are biallelically expressed as if imprints were not present. One explanation for this observation is that imprints have no influence over the germ cell's transcriptional machinery, i.e., imprinting may be neutralized in the germ cell lineage. This phenomenon may have a common basis with other unique features of the germ line, such as totipotency, perhaps in some unique aspect of chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mann
- Section of Mammalian Development, Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010-3011, USA.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rougier
- Department of Anatomy, University of California-San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA.
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33
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Escribá MJ, García-Ximénez F. Electroactivation of rabbit oocytes in an hypotonic pulsing medium and parthenogenetic in vitro development without cytochalasin B-diploidizing pretreatment. Theriogenology 1999; 51:963-73. [PMID: 10729018 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(99)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the electroactivation frequencies, type of activation and in vitro development of rabbit oocytes. In Experiment 1, activation (8 pulses, 12 min apart, 60 microsec, 0.6 kVcm(-1)) was performed by altering osmolarity (190 vs. 320 mOsm kg(-1)) and Ca++ concentration (10, 60 or 100 microM) in mannitol pulsing media. More oocytes were activated in hypotonic pulsing medium, regardless of Ca++ concentration (96 to 100%). Both haploid and diploid parthenogenetic embryos developed to compacted morulae (57 to 92% and 63 to 100%, respectively) regardless of the activation treatment; however, the blastocyst rates were more variable (0 to 74% and 0 to 73%, respectively). In Experiment 2, the effects of pulse duration (30 or 60 microsec) and number of applied pulses (4, 8 or 12) under hypotonic conditions were studied. Activation frequencies were the lowest after four 30 microsec-pulses (58 vs. 88 to 100%, respectively). A lower haploid frequency was obtained when more than four 30 or 60 microsec-pulses were applied (from 67 to 25% and 83 to 0%, respectively). Increasing the number of 60-microsec pulses improved the compacted morula rate of haploid and diploid oocytes (47 to 83% and 57 to 96%, respectively). Overall, haploid development to morulae and blastocysts was lower than diploid development to these stages (69 and 25% vs. 74 and 44%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Escribá
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mittwoch
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, England
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35
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Tada T, Takagi N. Early development and X-chromosome inactivation in mouse parthenogenetic embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 1992; 31:20-7. [PMID: 1562323 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080310105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early development and X-chromosome inactivation were studied in ethanol-induced mouse parthenogenones. About 24% of oocytes transferred to 0.5-day pseudopregnant recipients successfully implanted. However, only 49%, 20%, and 16% of implanted parthenogenones survived 5, 6, and 7 days later, respectively. Abnormal development was evident in every parthenogenone as early as 5 days after activation with the degenerating polar trophectoderm. These embryos were destined to become either small disorganized embryos or embryonic ectoderm vesicles bounded by the visceral endoderm. Only 2 of 51 representative 6- to 8-day parthenogenones sectioned had morphology of the normal egg cylinder, although growth retardation was evident. Spontaneous LT/Sv parthenogenones shared similar morphological features. In late blastocysts, the frequency of cells with an apparently inactivated X chromosome was lower in parthenogenones than in fertilized embryos. The failure of X-inactivation in the trophectoderm seems to contribute to the defective development of parthenogenones.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tada
- Research Center for Molecular Genetics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Bilinski CA, Marmiroli N, Miller JJ. Apomixis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other eukaryotic micro-organisms. Adv Microb Physiol 1990; 30:23-52. [PMID: 2700540 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Bilinski
- Research Department, Labatt Brewing Company Limited, London, Ontario, Canada
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Cytological investigations on two species of allocreadiid trematodes with special reference to the occurrence of triploidy and parthenogenesis in Allocreadium fasciatusi. Int J Parasitol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(84)90082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Anderson E, Hoppe PC, Lee GS. The karyotype and ultrastructural characteristics of spontaneous preimplantation mouse parthenotes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120090409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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