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Russi M, Marson D, Fermeglia A, Aulic S, Fermeglia M, Laurini E, Pricl S. The fellowship of the RING: BRCA1, its partner BARD1 and their liaison in DNA repair and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108009. [PMID: 34619284 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and its partner - the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) - are key players in a plethora of fundamental biological functions including, among others, DNA repair, replication fork protection, cell cycle progression, telomere maintenance, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, mutations in their encoding genes transform them into dangerous threats, and substantially increase the risk of developing cancer and other malignancies during the lifetime of the affected individuals. Understanding how BRCA1 and BARD1 perform their biological activities therefore not only provides a powerful mean to prevent such fatal occurrences but can also pave the way to the development of new targeted therapeutics. Thus, through this review work we aim at presenting the major efforts focused on the functional characterization and structural insights of BRCA1 and BARD1, per se and in combination with all their principal mediators and regulators, and on the multifaceted roles these proteins play in the maintenance of human genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russi
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alice Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suzana Aulic
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Alenezi WM, Fierheller CT, Recio N, Tonin PN. Literature Review of BARD1 as a Cancer Predisposing Gene with a Focus on Breast and Ovarian Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E856. [PMID: 32726901 PMCID: PMC7464855 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of BRCA1 and BRCA2 over 20 years ago, it became apparent that not all hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome families were explained by germline variants in these cancer predisposing genes, suggesting that other such genes have yet to be discovered. BRCA1-associated ring domain (BARD1), a direct interacting partner of BRCA1, was one of the earliest candidates investigated. Sequencing analyses revealed that potentially pathogenic BARD1 variants likely conferred a low-moderate risk to hereditary breast cancer, but this association is inconsistent. Here, we review studies of BARD1 as a cancer predisposing gene and illustrate the challenge of discovering additional cancer risk genes for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer. We selected peer reviewed research articles that focused on three themes: (i) sequence analyses of BARD1 to identify potentially pathogenic germline variants in adult hereditary cancer syndromes; (ii) biological assays of BARD1 variants to assess their effect on protein function; and (iii) association studies of BARD1 variants in family-based and case-control study groups to assess cancer risk. In conclusion, BARD1 is likely to be a low-moderate penetrance breast cancer risk gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wejdan M. Alenezi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (W.M.A.); (C.T.F.); (N.R.)
- Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caitlin T. Fierheller
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (W.M.A.); (C.T.F.); (N.R.)
- Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Neil Recio
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (W.M.A.); (C.T.F.); (N.R.)
- Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Patricia N. Tonin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (W.M.A.); (C.T.F.); (N.R.)
- Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
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Toh MR, Chong ST, Chan SH, Low CE, Ishak NDB, Lim JQ, Courtney E, Ngeow J. Functional analysis of clinical BARD1 germline variants. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a004093. [PMID: 31371347 PMCID: PMC6672023 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a004093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 account for one-third of familial breast cancers. The majority of BRCA1 function requires heterodimerization with BARD1. In contrast to BRCA1, BARD1 is a low-penetrance gene with an unclear clinical relevance, partly because of limited functional evidence. Using patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells, we functionally characterized two pathogenic variants (c.1833dupT, c.2099delG) and three variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) (c.73G>C, c.1217G>A, c.1918C>A). Three of these patients had breast cancers, whereas the remaining had colorectal cancers (n = 3). Both patients with pathogenic variants (c.1833dupT, c.2099delG) developed breast cancers with aggressive disease phenotypes such as triple-negative breast cancer and high cancer grades. As BARD1 encompasses multiple functional domains, including those of apoptosis and homologous recombination repair, we hypothesized that the function being impaired would correspond with the domain where the variant was located. Variants c.1918C>A, c.1833dupT, c.1217G>A, and c.2099delG, located within and proximal to apoptotic domains of ankyrin and BRCT, were associated with impaired apoptosis. Conversely, apoptosis function was preserved in c.73G>C, which was distant from the ankyrin domain. All variants displayed normal BRCA1 heterodimerization and RAD51 colocalization, consistent with their location being distal to BRCA1—and RAD51-binding domains. In view of deficient apoptosis, VUSs (c.1217G>A and c.1918C>A) may be pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. In summary, functional analysis of BARD1 VUSs requires a combination of assays and, more importantly, the use of appropriate functional assays with consideration to the variant's location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ren Toh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Siao Ting Chong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Sock Hoai Chan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Chen Ee Low
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | | | - Jing Quan Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Eliza Courtney
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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BARD1 is A Low/Moderate Breast Cancer Risk Gene: Evidence Based on An Association Study of the Central European p.Q564X Recurrent Mutation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060740. [PMID: 31142030 PMCID: PMC6627038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to several well-established breast cancer (BC) susceptibility genes, the contribution of other candidate genes to BC risk remains mostly undefined. BARD1 is a potentially predisposing BC gene, however, the rarity of its mutations and an insufficient family/study size have hampered corroboration and estimation of the associated cancer risks. To clarify the role of BARD1 mutations in BC predisposition, a comprehensive case-control association study of a recurring nonsense mutation c.1690C>T (p.Q564X) was performed, comprising ~14,000 unselected BC patients and ~5900 controls from Polish and Belarusian populations. For comparisons, two BARD1 variants of unknown significance were also genotyped. We detected the highest number of BARD1 variants in BC cases in any individual BARD1-specific study, including 38 p.Q564X mutations. The p.Q564X was associated with a moderately increased risk of BC (OR = 2.30, p = 0.04). The estimated risk was even higher for triple-negative BC and bilateral BC. As expected, the two tested variants of unknown significance did not show significant associations with BC risk. Our study provides substantial evidence for the association of a deleterious BARD1 mutation with BC as a low/moderate risk allele. The p.Q564X was shown to be a Central European recurrent mutation with potential relevance for future genetic testing.
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Weber-Lassalle N, Borde J, Weber-Lassalle K, Horváth J, Niederacher D, Arnold N, Kaulfuß S, Ernst C, Paul VG, Honisch E, Klaschik K, Volk AE, Kubisch C, Rapp S, Lichey N, Altmüller J, Lepkes L, Pohl-Rescigno E, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Larsen M, Richters L, Rhiem K, Wappenschmidt B, Engel C, Meindl A, Schmutzler RK, Hahnen E, Hauke J. Germline loss-of-function variants in the BARD1 gene are associated with early-onset familial breast cancer but not ovarian cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:55. [PMID: 31036035 PMCID: PMC6489184 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the BARD1 gene in breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) predisposition remains elusive, as published case-control investigations have revealed controversial results. We aimed to assess the role of deleterious BARD1 germline variants in BC/OC predisposition in a sample of 4920 BRCA1/2-negative female BC/OC index patients of the German Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (GC-HBOC). METHODS A total of 4469 female index patients with BC, 451 index patients with OC, and 2767 geographically matched female control individuals were screened for loss-of-function (LoF) mutations and potentially damaging rare missense variants in BARD1. All patients met the inclusion criteria of the GC-HBOC for germline testing and reported at least one relative with BC or OC. Additional control datasets (Exome Aggregation Consortium, ExAC; Fabulous Ladies Over Seventy, FLOSSIES) were included for the calculation of odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS We identified LoF variants in 23 of 4469 BC index patients (0.51%) and in 36 of 37,265 control individuals (0.10%), resulting in an OR of 5.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.17-9.04; P < 0.00001). BARD1-mutated BC index patients showed a significantly younger mean age at first diagnosis (AAD; 42.3 years, range 24-60 years) compared with the overall study sample (48.6 years, range 17-92 years; P = 0.00347). In the subgroup of BC index patients with an AAD < 40 years, an OR of 12.04 (95% CI = 5.78-25.08; P < 0.00001) was observed. An OR of 7.43 (95% CI = 4.26-12.98; P < 0.00001) was observed when stratified for an AAD < 50 years. LoF variants in BARD1 were not significantly associated with BC in the subgroup of index patients with an AAD ≥ 50 years (OR = 2.29; 95% CI = 0.82-6.45; P = 0.11217). Overall, rare and predicted damaging BARD1 missense variants were significantly more prevalent in BC index patients compared with control individuals (OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.26-3.67; P = 0.00723). Neither LoF variants nor predicted damaging rare missense variants in BARD1 were identified in 451 familial index patients with OC. CONCLUSIONS Due to the significant association of germline LoF variants in BARD1 with early-onset BC, we suggest that intensified BC surveillance programs should be offered to women carrying pathogenic BARD1 gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Weber-Lassalle
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julika Borde
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konstantin Weber-Lassalle
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Judit Horváth
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Ernst
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Victoria G Paul
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ellen Honisch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristina Klaschik
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander E Volk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Rapp
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Lichey
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Louisa Lepkes
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Esther Pohl-Rescigno
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirjam Larsen
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Richters
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,LIFE Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jan Hauke
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Asphaug L, Melberg HO. The Cost-Effectiveness of Multigene Panel Testing for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer in Norway. MDM Policy Pract 2019; 4:2381468318821103. [PMID: 30746499 PMCID: PMC6360477 DOI: 10.1177/2381468318821103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Expansion of routine genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer from conventional BRCA testing to a multigene test could improve diagnostic yield and increase the opportunity for cancer prevention in both identified carriers and their relatives. We use an economic decision model to assess whether the current knowledge on non-BRCA mutation prevalence, cancer risk, and patient preferences justifies switching to a multigene panel for testing of early-onset breast cancer patients. Methods. We evaluated routine testing by BRCA testing, a 7-gene panel, and a 14-gene panel using individual-level simulations of annual health state transitions over a lifetime perspective. Breast and ovarian cancer incidence is reduced and posttreatment survival is improved when high-risk mutations are detected and risk-reducing treatment offered. Most model inputs were synthesized from published literature. Intermediate health outcomes included breast and ovarian cancer incidence rates, along with organ-specific cancer mortality. Cost-effectiveness outcomes were health sector costs and quality-adjusted life years. Results. Intermediate health outcomes improved by testing with multigene panels. At a cost-effectiveness threshold of $77,000, a 7-gene panel test with five non-BRCA genes was the optimal strategy with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $53,310 per quality-adjusted life year compared to BRCA-only testing. Limitations. Unable to stratify carriers to specific mutations within genes, we can only make predictions on the gene level, with combined risk estimates for known variants. As mutation prevalence is the absolute upper bound of returns to more expansive testing, the rarity of modelled mutations makes analysis outcomes sensitive to model implementation. Conclusions. A 7-gene panel to diagnose hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in early-onset breast cancer patients can be a cost-effective alternative to current BRCA-only testing in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Asphaug
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Olav Melberg
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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A review of radiation genomics: integrating patient radiation response with genomics for personalised and targeted radiation therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIOTHERAPY IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s1460396918000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe success of radiation therapy for cancer patients is dependent on the ability to deliver a total tumouricidal radiation dose capable of eradicating all cancer cells within the clinical target volume, however, the radiation dose tolerance of the surrounding healthy tissues becomes the main dose-limiting factor. The normal tissue adverse effects following radiotherapy are common and significantly impact the quality of life of patients. The likelihood of developing these adverse effects following radiotherapy cannot be predicted based only on the radiation treatment parameters. However, there is evidence to suggest that some common genetic variants are associated with radiotherapy response and the risk of developing adverse effects. Radiation genomics is a field that has evolved in recent years investigating the association between patient genomic data and the response to radiation therapy. This field aims to identify genetic markers that are linked to individual radiosensitivity with the potential to predict the risk of developing adverse effects due to radiotherapy using patient genomic information. It also aims to determine the relative radioresponse of patients using their genetic information for the potential prediction of patient radiation treatment response.Methods and materialsThis paper reports on a review of recent studies in the field of radiation genomics investigating the association between genomic data and patients response to radiation therapy, including the investigation of the role of genetic variants on an individual’s predisposition to enhanced radiotherapy radiosensitivity or radioresponse.ConclusionThe potential for early prediction of treatment response and patient outcome is critical in cancer patients to make decisions regarding continuation, escalation, discontinuation, and/or change in treatment options to maximise patient survival while minimising adverse effects and maintaining patients’ quality of life.
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Jara L, Morales S, de Mayo T, Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Carrasco V, Godoy R. Mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2 and other breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes in Central and South American populations. Biol Res 2017; 50:35. [PMID: 28985766 PMCID: PMC6389095 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. A major advance in the understanding of the genetic etiology of BC was the discovery of BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes, which are considered high-penetrance BC genes. In non-carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations, disease susceptibility may be explained of a small number of mutations in BRCA1/2 and a much higher proportion of mutations in ethnicity-specific moderate- and/or low-penetrance genes. In Central and South American populations, studied have focused on analyzing the distribution and prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations and other susceptibility genes that are scarce in Latin America as compared to North America, Europe, Australia, and Israel. Thus, the aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding pathogenic BRCA variants and other BC susceptibility genes. We conducted a comprehensive review of 47 studies from 12 countries in Central and South America published between 2002 and 2017 reporting the prevalence and/or spectrum of mutations and pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 and other BC susceptibility genes. The studies on BRCA1/2 mutations screened a total of 5956 individuals, and studies on susceptibility genes analyzed a combined sample size of 11,578 individuals. To date, a total of 190 different BRCA1/2 pathogenic mutations in Central and South American populations have been reported in the literature. Pathogenic mutations or variants that increase BC risk have been reported in the following genes or genomic regions: ATM, BARD1, CHECK2, FGFR2, GSTM1, MAP3K1, MTHFR, PALB2, RAD51, TOX3, TP53, XRCC1, and 2q35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Jara
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Programa de Genética, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastian Morales
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas de Mayo
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Genetics and Genomics Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Alemana Universidad del desarrollo, Avenida Las Condes, 12438 Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Programa de Genética, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Gonzalez-Hormazabal
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Carrasco
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul Godoy
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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New concepts on BARD1: Regulator of BRCA pathways and beyond. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 72:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Grignol VP, Agnese DM. Breast Cancer Genetics for the Surgeon: An Update on Causes and Testing Options. J Am Coll Surg 2016; 222:906-14. [PMID: 26968323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie P Grignol
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Doreen M Agnese
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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Zhang R, Zou Y, Zhu J, Zeng X, Yang T, Wang F, He J, Xia H. The Association between GWAS-identified BARD1 Gene SNPs and Neuroblastoma Susceptibility in a Southern Chinese Population. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:133-8. [PMID: 26941572 PMCID: PMC4764780 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) has found that some common variations in the BARD1 gene were associated with neuroblastoma susceptibility especially for high-risk subjects, and the associations have been validated in Caucasians and African-Americans. However, the associations between BARD1 gene polymorphisms and neuroblastoma susceptibility have not been studied among Asians, not to mention Chinese subjects. In the present study, we investigated the association of three BARD1 polymorphisms (rs7585356 G>A, rs6435862 T>G and rs3768716 A>G) with neuroblastoma susceptibility in 201 neuroblastoma patients and 531 controls using TaqMan methodology. Overall, none of these polymorphisms was significantly associated with neuroblastoma susceptibility. However, stratified analysis showed a more profound association between neuroblastoma risk and rs6435862 TG/GG variant genotypes among older children (adjusted OR=1.55, 95% CI=1.04-2.31), and children with adrenal gland-originated disease (adjusted OR=2.94, 95% CI=1.40-6.18), or with ISSN clinical stages III+IV disease (adjusted OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.09-2.84). Similar results were observed for the variant genotypes of rs3768716 A>G polymorphism among these three subgroups. Our results suggest that the BARD1 rs6435862 T>G and rs3768716 A>G polymorphisms may contribute to increased susceptibility to neuroblastoma, especially for the subjects at age ≥12 months, with adrenal gland-originated or with late clinical stage neuroblastoma. These findings need further validation by prospective studies with larger sample size with subjects enrolled from multicenter, involving different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Zhang
- 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zou
- 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- 2. Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinhao Zeng
- 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyou Yang
- 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing He
- 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Huimin Xia, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China, Tel.: (+86-020) 38076001, Fax: (+86-020) 38076020; E-mail: ; or Jing He, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China, Tel./Fax: (+86-020) 38076560, E-mail:
| | - Huimin Xia
- 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Huimin Xia, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China, Tel.: (+86-020) 38076001, Fax: (+86-020) 38076020; E-mail: ; or Jing He, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China, Tel./Fax: (+86-020) 38076560, E-mail:
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12
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Kurian AW, Antoniou AC, Domchek SM. Refining Breast Cancer Risk Stratification: Additional Genes, Additional Information. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016; 35:44-56. [PMID: 27249685 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_158817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomic technology have enabled far more rapid, less expensive sequencing of multiple genes than was possible only a few years ago. Advances in bioinformatics also facilitate the interpretation of large amounts of genomic data. New strategies for cancer genetic risk assessment include multiplex sequencing panels of 5 to more than 100 genes (in which rare mutations are often associated with at least two times the average risk of developing breast cancer) and panels of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), combinations of which are generally associated with more modest cancer risks (more than twofold). Although these new multiple-gene panel tests are used in oncology practice, questions remain about the clinical validity and the clinical utility of their results. To translate this increasingly complex genetic information for clinical use, cancer risk prediction tools are under development that consider the joint effects of all susceptibility genes, together with other established breast cancer risk factors. Risk-adapted screening and prevention protocols are underway, with ongoing refinement as genetic knowledge grows. Priority areas for future research include the clinical validity and clinical utility of emerging genetic tests; the accuracy of developing cancer risk prediction models; and the long-term outcomes of risk-adapted screening and prevention protocols, in terms of patients' experiences and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison W Kurian
- From the Departments of Medicine and of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Basser Research Center and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- From the Departments of Medicine and of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Basser Research Center and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan M Domchek
- From the Departments of Medicine and of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Basser Research Center and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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13
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Slavin TP, Niell-Swiller M, Solomon I, Nehoray B, Rybak C, Blazer KR, Weitzel JN. Clinical Application of Multigene Panels: Challenges of Next-Generation Counseling and Cancer Risk Management. Front Oncol 2015; 5:208. [PMID: 26484312 PMCID: PMC4586434 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multigene panels can be a cost- and time-effective alternative to sequentially testing multiple genes, especially with a mixed family cancer phenotype. However, moving beyond our single-gene testing paradigm has unveiled many new challenges to the clinician. The purpose of this article is to familiarize the reader with some of the challenges, as well as potential opportunities, of expanded hereditary cancer panel testing. Methods We include results from 348 commercial multigene panel tests ordered from January 1, 2014, through October 1, 2014, by clinicians associated with the City of Hope’s Clinical Cancer Genetics Community of Practice. We also discuss specific challenging cases that arose during this period involving abnormalities in the genes: CDH1, TP53, PMS2, PALB2, CHEK2, NBN, and RAD51C. Results If historically high risk genes only were included in the panels (BRCA1, BRCA2, MSH6, PMS2, TP53, APC, CDH1), the results would have been positive only 6.2% of the time, instead of 17%. Results returned with variants of uncertain significance (VUS) 42% of the time. Conclusion These figures and cases stress the importance of adequate pre-test counseling in anticipation of higher percentages of positive, VUS, unexpected, and ambiguous test results. Test result ambiguity can be limited by the use of phenotype-specific panels; if found, multiple resources (the literature, reference laboratory, colleagues, national experts, and research efforts) can be accessed to better clarify counseling and management for the patient and family. For pathogenic variants in low and moderate risk genes, empiric risk modeling based on the patient’s personal and family history of cancer may supersede gene-specific risk. Commercial laboratory and patient contributions to public databases and research efforts will be needed to better classify variants and reduce clinical ambiguity of multigene panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paul Slavin
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope , Duarte, CA , USA
| | - Mariana Niell-Swiller
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope , Duarte, CA , USA
| | - Ilana Solomon
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope , Duarte, CA , USA
| | - Bita Nehoray
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope , Duarte, CA , USA
| | - Christina Rybak
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope , Duarte, CA , USA
| | - Kathleen R Blazer
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope , Duarte, CA , USA
| | - Jeffrey N Weitzel
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope , Duarte, CA , USA
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Choudhary RK, Vikrant, Siddiqui QM, Thapa PS, Raikundalia S, Gadewal N, Kumar NS, Hosur M, Varma AK. Multimodal approach to explore the pathogenicity of BARD1, ARG 658 CYS, and ILE 738 VAL mutants. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1533-44. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1082149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Choudhary
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikrant
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India
| | - Quadir M. Siddiqui
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj S. Thapa
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sweta Raikundalia
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikhil Gadewal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl 796 004, Mizoram, India
| | - M.V. Hosur
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok K. Varma
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, Maharashtra, India
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15
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A Novel WRN Frameshift Mutation Identified by Multiplex Genetic Testing in a Family with Multiple Cases of Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133020. [PMID: 26241669 PMCID: PMC4524609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technology allows simultaneous analysis of multiple susceptibility genes for clinical cancer genetics. In this study, multiplex genetic testing was conducted in a Chinese family with multiple cases of cancer to determine the variations in cancer predisposition genes. The family comprises a mother and her five daughters, of whom the mother and the eldest daughter have cancer and the secondary daughter died of cancer. We conducted multiplex genetic testing of 90 cancer susceptibility genes using the peripheral blood DNA of the mother and all five daughters. WRN frameshift mutation is considered a potential pathogenic variation according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics. A novel WRN frameshift mutation (p.N1370Tfs*23) was identified in the three cancer patients and in the youngest unaffected daughter. Other rare non-synonymous germline mutations were also detected in DICER and ELAC2. Functional mutations in WRN cause Werner syndrome, a human autosomal recessive disease characterized by premature aging and associated with genetic instability and increased cancer risk. Our results suggest that the WRN frameshift mutation is important in the surveillance of other members of this family, especially the youngest daughter, but the pathogenicity of the novel WRN frameshift mutation needs to be investigated further. Given its extensive use in clinical genetic screening, multiplex genetic testing is a promising tool in clinical cancer surveillance.
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16
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Analysis of large mutations in BARD1 in patients with breast and/or ovarian cancer: the Polish population as an example. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10424. [PMID: 25994375 PMCID: PMC4439969 DOI: 10.1038/srep10424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Only approximately 50% of all familial breast cancers can be explained by known genetic factors, including mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. One of the most extensively studied candidates for breast and/or ovarian cancer susceptibility is BARD1. Although it was suggested that large mutations may contribute substantially to the deleterious variants of BARD1, no systematic study of the large mutations in BARD1 has been performed. To further elucidate the role of large mutations in BARD1, we designed a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay and performed an analysis of 504 women with a familial breast and/or ovarian cancer and 313 patients with ovarian cancer. The investigation did not reveal any large mutations in the BARD1 gene. Although the analysis was not focused on identification of small mutations, we detected seven deleterious or potentially deleterious point mutations, which contribute substantially to the total number of BARD1 mutations detected so far. In conclusion, although we cannot exclude the presence of large mutations in BARD1, our study indicates that such mutations do not contribute substantially to the risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer. However, it has to be noted that our results may be specific to the Polish population.
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17
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Tavtigian SV, Chenevix-Trench G. Growing recognition of the role for rare missense substitutions in breast cancer susceptibility. Biomark Med 2014; 8:589-603. [PMID: 24796624 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer susceptibility genes function as tumor suppressors; accordingly, the focus of mutation screening in breast cancer families has been to identify protein-truncating mutations. However, it is now clear that, for some breast cancer susceptibility genes, a significant proportion of the burden of disease comes from rare missense substitutions. Among genes that have been extensively evaluated, BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and BRIP1 stand as examples where the majority of mutations lead to protein truncation;TP53 provides a counter example, where the majority of pathogenic variants are missense substitutions. In ATM and CHEK2, missense substitutions are probably equally or more important in terms of their frequency and attributable risk. Therefore, ongoing efforts to identify new susceptibility genes should not ignore missense variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean V Tavtigian
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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18
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Liu H, Zhang H, Sun X, He Y, Li J, Guo X. A cross-sectional study of associations between nonsynonymous mutations of the BARD1 gene and breast cancer in Han Chinese women. Asia Pac J Public Health 2014; 25:8S-14S. [PMID: 23966609 DOI: 10.1177/1010539513497220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The PCR-PIRA and PCR-RFLP techniques were used for BARD1 genotyping. Correlations between gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility to breast cancer were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS showed that compared with the wild type of 378 Arg/Arg of BRAD1, the homozygotic type of 378 Ser/Ser with Arg378Ser site mutation had a protective effect (adjusted odds ratio: 0.628, 95% confidence interval: 0.306-1.145). Compared with individuals carrying the wild type of 24Pro/Pro, the disease risk of individuals with the heterozygous type of 24 Pro/Ser decreased by 30.6% and that with the mutational homozygotic type of 24 Ser/Ser decreased by 43.8%. SNP sites rs2229571 and rs1048108 of BARD1 are associated with a lower risk of breast cancer but not rs2070094.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Breast Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
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19
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The BARD1 Cys557Ser variant and risk of familial breast cancer in a South-American population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8091-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Lack of association between BARD1 Cys557Ser variant and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 11,870 cases and 7,687 controls. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1463-8. [PMID: 21809034 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The BRCA1-associated RING domain (BARD1) gene has been identified as a high-penetrance gene for breast cancer, whose germline and somatic mutations were reported in both non-BRCA1/2 hereditary site-specific and sporadic breast cancer cases. Some association studies suggested that the BRAD1 Cys557Ser variant might be associated with increased risk of breast cancer, but the results remain conflicting rather than conclusive. In order to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, this meta-analysis was performed. METHODS Eligible studies were identified by searching several databases for relevant reports published before March 2011. In total, 14 studies (11,870 cases and 7,687 controls) were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for breast cancer risk associated with Cys557Ser carrier was estimated. RESULTS The carrier frequency of the Cys557Ser mutation was 3.85% (457/11,870) in patients with breast cancer and 3.29% (253/7,687) in healthy controls. When all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis, there was no evidence for significant association between Cys557Ser mutation and breast cancer risk (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.94-1.34). In the subgroup analyses by design of experiment and family history with BRCA1/2 status (unselected cases, family history with non-BRCA1/2 cases, and family history with BRCA1/2-positive cases), no significant associations were found in any subgroup of population. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis strongly suggests that BARD1 Cys557Ser mutation is not associated with increased breast cancer risk.
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Rebbeck TR, Mitra N, Domchek SM, Wan F, Friebel TM, Tran TV, Singer CF, Tea MKM, Blum JL, Tung N, Olopade OI, Weitzel JN, Lynch HT, Snyder CL, Garber JE, Antoniou AC, Peock S, Evans DG, Paterson J, Kennedy MJ, Donaldson A, Dorkins H, Easton DF, Rubinstein WS, Daly MB, Isaacs C, Nevanlinna H, Couch FJ, Andrulis IL, Freidman E, Laitman Y, Ganz PA, Tomlinson GE, Neuhausen SL, Narod SA, Phelan CM, Greenberg R, Nathanson KL. Modification of BRCA1-Associated Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk by BRCA1-Interacting Genes. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5792-805. [PMID: 21799032 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inherited BRCA1 mutations confer elevated cancer risk. Recent studies have identified genes that encode proteins that interact with BRCA1 as modifiers of BRCA1-associated breast cancer. We evaluated a comprehensive set of genes that encode most known BRCA1 interactors to evaluate the role of these genes as modifiers of cancer risk. A cohort of 2,825 BRCA1 mutation carriers was used to evaluate the association of haplotypes at ATM, BRCC36, BRCC45 (BRE), BRIP1 (BACH1/FANCJ), CTIP, ABRA1 (FAM175A), MERIT40, MRE11A, NBS1, PALB2 (FANCN), RAD50, RAD51, RAP80, and TOPBP1, and was associated with time to breast and ovarian cancer diagnosis. Statistically significant false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted P values for overall association of haplotypes (P(FDR)) with breast cancer were identified at ATM (P(FDR) = 0.029), BRCC45 (P(FDR) = 0.019), BRIP1 (P(FDR) = 0.008), CTIP (P(FDR) = 0.017), MERIT40 (P(FDR) = 0.019), NBS1 (P(FDR) = 0.003), RAD50 (P(FDR) = 0.014), and TOPBP1 (P(FDR) = 0.011). Haplotypes at ABRA1 (P(FDR) = 0.007), BRCC45 (P(FDR) = 0.016 and P(FDR) = 0.005 in two haplotype blocks), and RAP80 (P(FDR) < 0.001) were associated with ovarian cancer risk. Overall, the data suggest that genomic variation at multiple loci that encode proteins that interact biologically with BRCA1 are associated with modified breast cancer and ovarian cancer risk in women who carry BRCA1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rebbeck
- Abramson Cancer Center, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perleman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Spurdle AB, Marquart L, McGuffog L, Healey S, Sinilnikova O, Wan F, Chen X, Beesley J, Singer CF, Dressler AC, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Blum JL, Tung N, Weitzel J, Lynch H, Garber J, Easton DF, Peock S, Cook M, Oliver CT, Frost D, Conroy D, Evans DG, Lalloo F, Eeles R, Izatt L, Davidson R, Chu C, Eccles D, Selkirk CG, Daly M, Isaacs C, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Sinilnikova OM, Buecher B, Belotti M, Mazoyer S, Barjhoux L, Verny-Pierre C, Lasset C, Dreyfus H, Pujol P, Collonge-Rame MA, Rookus MA, Verhoef S, Kriege M, Hoogerbrugge N, Ausems MGEM, van Os TA, Wijnen J, Devilee P, Meijers-Heijboer HEJ, Blok MJ, Heikkinen T, Nevanlinna H, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Durocher F, Couch FJ, Lindor NM, Wang X, Thomassen M, Domchek S, Nathanson K, Caligo M, Jernström H, Liljegren A, Ehrencrona H, Karlsson P, Ganz PA, Olopade OI, Tomlinson G, Neuhausen S, Antoniou AC, Chenevix-Trench G, Rebbeck TR. Common genetic variation at BARD1 is not associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1032-8. [PMID: 21393566 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutations confer elevated breast cancer risk. Knowledge of factors that can improve breast cancer risk assessment in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers may improve personalized cancer prevention strategies. METHODS A cohort of 5,546 BRCA1 and 2,865 BRCA2 mutation carriers was used to evaluate risk of breast cancer associated with BARD1 Cys557Ser. In a second nonindependent cohort of 1,537 of BRCA1 and 839 BRCA2 mutation carriers, BARD1 haplotypes were also evaluated. RESULTS The BARD1 Cys557Ser variant was not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer from single SNP analysis, with a pooled effect estimate of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.71-1.15) in BRCA1 carriers and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.59-1.29) in BRCA2 carriers. Further analysis of haplotypes at BARD1 also revealed no evidence that additional common genetic variation not captured by Cys557Ser was associated with breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION Evidence to date does not support a role for BARD1 variation, including the Cy557Ser variant, as a modifier of risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. IMPACT Interactors of BRCA1/2 have been implicated as modifiers of BRCA1/2-associated cancer risk. Our finding that BARD1 does not contribute to this risk modification may focus research on other genes that do modify BRCA1/2-associated cancer risk.
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Sabatier R, Adélaïde J, Finetti P, Ferrari A, Huiart L, Sobol H, Chaffanet M, Birnbaum D, Bertucci F. BARD1 homozygous deletion, a possible alternative to BRCA1 mutation in basal breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 49:1143-51. [PMID: 20842729 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary breast cancers (BCs) are incompletely explained by BRCA genes abnormalities, as ∼70% of them are not associated with known genetic alterations. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of tumors provides an opportunity for identifying new BC susceptibility genes. By analyzing our database of high-resolution aCGH profiles of 330 BCs, we identified a case with homozygous deletion of the entire BARD1 gene. The BARD1-deleted case displayed a familial history of BC and other clinico-pathological features of BRCAness, and a 17% probability of BRCA1/2 mutation. Analysis of constitutional DNA showed a BARD1 germline heterozygous deletion without BRCA1/2 mutation. Gene expression analysis using DNA microarrays classified the tumor as basal-like, with very low BARD1 and ID4 expression, but high expression of BRCA1, RAD51, PARP1, CHEK1, and FANCA. The tumor displayed a BRCA1-mutated expression profile. This is the first report of a non-BRCA1/2-mutated BC with somatic homozygous and germ-line heterozygous deletion of the entire BARD1 gene. This observation suggests that BARD1 might be a BC susceptibility gene that follows the Knudson rule. Identification of BARD1 deletion could have clinical applications including screening for hereditary forms. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Sabatier
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM/UMR891, Marseille, France
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Abstract
Rare, high-penetrance genetic variations account for a small portion of genetic cancer syndromes. In contrast, most cancers develop from a combination of minor genetic influences and environmental factors. There are numerous publications on cancer susceptibility. In contrast, genetic studies in treatment response and outcome analyses are a rapidly emerging field. Approaches used in disease susceptibility can be adapted for genetic outcome studies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how candidate genes and genetic variations are selected to evaluate gene-outcome, gene-prognosis, and gene-treatment response relationships as applicable to the practicing oncologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Savas
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada.
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Genetic sequence variations of BRCA1-interacting genes AURKA, BAP1, BARD1 and DHX9 in French Canadian Families with high risk of breast cancer. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:152-61. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The BARD1 Cys557Ser polymorphism and breast cancer risk: an Australian case-control and family analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 115:145-50. [PMID: 18481171 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BARD1 was first identified as a BRCA1-interacting protein with tumour-suppressor functions. Some association studies suggested that the BARD1 Cys557Ser variant might be associated with increased risk of breast cancer, but the evidence remains uncertain. We found that the BARD1 Cys557Ser variant was carried by 50 of 1,136 cases (4.4%) and 30 of 623 controls (5.0%) from the population-based Australian Breast Cancer Family Study, 14 of 324 (4.3%) cases from the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer (kConFab), and 30 of 760 controls (4.0%) from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study. Case-control comparisons showed no evidence that the variant frequency differed by case-control status (P >or= 0.3). Segregation analysis of 14 kConFab variant-carrying families containing 157 genotyped individuals provided no evidence of segregation with disease. We conclude that the BARD1 Cys557Ser variant is not associated with breast cancer risk.
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Fox D, Le Trong I, Rajagopal P, Brzovic PS, Stenkamp RE, Klevit RE. Crystal structure of the BARD1 ankyrin repeat domain and its functional consequences. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21179-86. [PMID: 18480049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802333200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BARD1 is the constitutive nuclear partner to the breast and ovarian cancer-specific tumor suppressor BRCA1. Together, they form a heterodimeric complex responsible for maintaining genomic stability through nuclear functions involving DNA damage signaling and repair, transcriptional regulation, and cell cycle control. We report the 2.0A structure of the BARD1 ankyrin repeat domain. The structure includes four ankyrin repeats with a non-canonical C-terminal capping ankyrin repeat and a well ordered extended loop preceding the first repeat. Conserved surface features show an acidic patch and an acidic pocket along the surface typically used by ankyrin repeat domains for binding cognate proteins. We also demonstrate that two reported mutations, N470S and V507M, in the ankyrin repeat domain do not result in observable structural defects. These results provide a structural basis for exploring the biological function of the ankyrin repeat domain and for modeling BARD1 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA
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Li L, Ryser S, Dizin E, Pils D, Krainer M, Jefford CE, Bertoni F, Zeillinger R, Irminger-Finger I. Oncogenic BARD1 isoforms expressed in gynecological cancers. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11876-85. [PMID: 18089818 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BARD1 is required for protein stability and tumor suppressor functions of BRCA1, which depend on the ubiquitin ligase activity of the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer. The NH(2)-terminal RING domains of both proteins act as interaction modules and form a ubiquitin ligase, which has functions in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint regulation, and mitosis. Interestingly, up-regulated expression of truncated BARD1 isoforms was found to be associated with poor prognosis in breast and ovarian cancers and, in a hormonally regulated fashion, in the human cytotrophoblast, a cell type with properties reminiscent of cancer cells. We therefore performed reverse transcription-PCR to determine the structure of BARD1 isoforms in cell lines derived from hormone-dependent and hormone-independent cancers. We found a specific combination of isoforms, generated by differential splicing and alternative transcription initiation, mostly lacking the BRCA1 interaction domain, in gynecologic but not hematologic cancer cell lines. To investigate the prevalence of BARD1 isoforms in tumors, we applied immunohistochemistry to ovarian cancers, using antibodies distinguishing full-length BARD1 and isoforms. Expression of NH(2) terminally truncated BARD1 was correlated with advanced stage of cancer, and expression of spliced isoforms was typical for clear cell carcinoma, the ovarian cancer with worst prognosis, suggesting a role of BARD1 isoforms in cancer progression. To challenge this hypothesis, we silenced BARD1 isoforms in ovarian cancer cells that lacked wild-type BARD1 by siRNA interference, which led to a complete proliferation arrest. Thus, BARD1 isoform expression is required for cancer cell proliferation, which is compatible with the notion that BARD1 isoforms act as cancer maintenance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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BARD1 variants are not associated with breast cancer risk in Australian familial breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:505-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Laufer M, Nandula SV, Modi AP, Wang S, Jasin M, Murty VVVS, Ludwig T, Baer R. Structural requirements for the BARD1 tumor suppressor in chromosomal stability and homology-directed DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34325-33. [PMID: 17848578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRCA1 tumor suppressor exists as a heterodimeric complex with BARD1, and this complex is thought to mediate many of the functions ascribed to BRCA1, including its role in tumor suppression. The two proteins share a common structural organization that features an N-terminal RING domain and two C-terminal BRCT motifs, whereas BARD1 alone also contains three tandem ankyrin repeats. In normal cells, the BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer is believed to enhance chromosome stability by promoting homology-directed repair (HDR) of double strand DNA breaks. Here we have investigated the structural requirements for BARD1 in this process by complementation of Bard1-null mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Our results demonstrate that the ankyrin and BRCT motifs of BARD1 are each essential for both chromosome stability and HDR. Tandem BRCT motifs, including those found at the C terminus of BARD1, are known to form a phosphoprotein recognition module. Nonetheless, the HDR function of BARD1 was not perturbed by synthetic mutations predicted to ablate the phospho-recognition activity of its BRCT sequences, suggesting that some functions of the BRCT domains are not dependent on their ability to bind phosphorylated ligands. Also, cancer-associated missense mutations in the BRCT domains of BARD1 (e.g. C557S, Q564H, V695L, and S761N) have been observed in patients with breast, ovarian, and endometrial tumors. However, none of these was found to affect the HDR activity of BARD1, suggesting that any increased cancer risk conferred by these mutations is not because of defects in this repair mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Laufer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Jakubowska A, Cybulski C, Szymańska A, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Gronwald J, Debniak T, Górski B, Kowalska E, Narod SA, Lubiński J. BARD1 and breast cancer in Poland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 107:119-22. [PMID: 17333333 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether or not a genetic variant in BARD1 (Cys557Ser) contributes to early-onset breast cancer in Poland, or modifies the risk of breast cancer in women with an inherited predisposition to breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied 3,188 unselected Polish women with breast cancer and 1,038 healthy controls. All women were genotyped for the BARD1 Cys557Ser variant and for known founder mutations in BRCA1 (three mutations), CHEK2 (four mutations), and NBS1 (one mutation). RESULTS A BARD1 variant was seen in 150 of 3,188 breast cancer cases (4.7%) and in 40 of 1,038 controls (3.8%) (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.9-1.7). The risk associated with the BARD1 variant was not significantly greater in women with familial cancer (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.8-2.7), or with an inherited mutation in BRCA1 (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.4-2.2), CHEK2 (OR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.5-2.1), or NBS1 (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.2-10.2). Modest associations were observed among the subgroups of women with very early onset breast cancer (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.2-7.1) and with medullary breast cancer (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 0.9-3.7). CONCLUSION There was no clear association between the presence of the BARD1 Cys557Ser allele and breast cancer in Poland. Furthermore, the BARD1 Cys557Ser allele does not appear to modify the risk of breast cancers among carriers of BRCA1 mutations, or of other predisposing mutations. The allele may predispose to breast cancers of certain histologic subtypes, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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