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Arshad MW, Shabbir MI, Asif S, Shahzad M, Leydier L, Rai SK. FRMD7 Gene Alterations in a Pakistani Family Associated with Congenital Idiopathic Nystagmus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:346. [PMID: 36833273 PMCID: PMC9957179 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital idiopathic nystagmus (CIN) is an oculomotor disorder characterized by repetitive and rapid involuntary movement of the eye that usually develops in the first six months after birth. Unlike other forms of nystagmus, CIN is widely associated with mutations in the FRMD7 gene. This study involves the molecular genetic analysis of a consanguineous Pakistani family with individuals suffering from CIN to undermine any potential pathogenic mutations. Blood samples were taken from affected and normal individuals of the family. Genomic DNA was extracted using an in-organic method. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and analysis were performed to find any mutations in the causative gene. To validate the existence and co-segregation of the FRMD7 gene variant found using WES, sanger sequencing was also carried out using primers that targeted all of the FRMD7 coding exons. Additionally, the pathogenicity of the identified variant was assessed using different bioinformatic tools. The WES results identified a novel nonsense mutation in the FRMD7 (c.443T>A; p. Leu148 *) gene in affected individuals from the Pakistani family, with CIN resulting in a premature termination codon, further resulting in the formation of a destabilized protein structure that was incomplete. Co-segregation analysis revealed that affected males are hemizygous for the mutated allele c.443T>A; p. Leu148 * and the affected mother is heterozygous. Overall, such molecular genetic studies expand our current knowledge of the mutations associated with the FRMD7 gene in Pakistani families with CIN and significantly enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqar Arshad
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, VA CT Healthcare Center S116A2, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44080, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Shabbir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Sector H-10, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saaim Asif
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Sector H-10, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Shahzad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44080, Pakistan
| | - Larissa Leydier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Sunil Kumar Rai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
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Clinical feature and waveform in infantile nystagmus syndrome in children with FRMD7 gene mutations. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017. [PMID: 28623544 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Infant nystagmus sydrome presents as involuntary eye movement disorder and can affect seriously ocular function. We performed a retrospective study of clinical data and FRMD7 genetic test results in 12 cases of infantile nystagmus syndrome to correlate waveform, stereopsis, and visual acuity. The patients (age 6.40±2.67 years) had FRMD7 mutations as follows: missense in eight cases, shear in two cases, frameshift in one case, and non-frameshift in one case. Horizontal jerk waveform was observed in six cases, versus horizontal pendulum in five cases and dual jerk in one case. The uncorrected visual acuity (24 eyes) was 0.21±0.12, compared with a corrected visual acuity (24 eyes) of 0.32±0.14. All patients had simultaneous perception, versus fusion function in 10 cases (83.33%) and stereoscopic vision in seven cases (58.33%) using the synoptophore. Eleven cases (91.67%) detected the stereo fly, compared with five cases (41.67%) for stereoscopic circles and seven cases (58.33%) for stereoscopic animals by Titmus test. Stereoscopic vision using the synoptophore did not correlate with the frequency, amplitude, or intensity of nystagmus or with corrected binocular visual acuity. The infantile nystagmus syndrome with FRMD7 mutations in our cases was caused primarily de novo and missense mutations. Visual acuity and binocular visual function were significant impaired, and the waveform was generally horizontal jerk. Also, an infrared videonystagmogram can record the frequency, amplitude, and intensity of nystagmus accurately.
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Holmström G, Bondeson ML, Eriksson U, Åkerblom H, Larsson E. 'Congenital' nystagmus may hide various ophthalmic diagnoses. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:412-6. [PMID: 23889849 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether patients registered at a low-vision centre with 'nystagmus' had any underlying, but so far unknown, ophthalmic diagnosis. METHODS All patients registered at the low-vision centre of Uppsala county with nystagmus as their major diagnosis were identified. Their medical records were studied to exclude those with other general diagnoses that could explain the nystagmus. The remaining group of patients underwent an ophthalmic examination, refraction and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Electroretinogram and genetic analyses were performed when indicated. RESULTS Sixty-two patients with nystagmus as their main diagnosis were registered at the low-vision centre, Uppsala, and 43 of them had a major diagnosis other than nystagmus. Nystagmus was the major diagnosis in 19 patients, 15 of whom, aged 6-76 years, participated in the study. Two of the patients had foveal hypoplasia and albinism, four a seemingly isolated foveal hypoplasia, three achromatopsia, one rod-cone dystrophy, one degenerative high myopia, and two could not be evaluated. Only two patients appeared to have 'congenital' nystagmus. Eleven of the patients underwent a comprehensive genetic investigation of the PAX 6 gene. In addition, four of the patients were analysed for mutations in FOXC1 and PITX2 and one in FRMD7. No mutations were found in any of the patients analysed. CONCLUSION The study illustrates that many patients in our study group with nystagmus had underlying ophthalmic diagnoses. Early diagnosis is important to facilitate habilitation and to provide genetic counselling and, in the future, possibly also gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Holmström
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Song FW, Chen BB, Sun ZH, Wu LP, Zhao SJ, Miao Q, Tang XJ. Novel mutation c.980_983delATTA compound with c.986C>A mutation of the FRMD7 gene in a Chinese family with X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 14:479-86. [PMID: 23733424 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen mutations in FERM domain-containing protein 7 (FRMD7) gene in two Chinese families with X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus (XLICN). METHODS Common ophthalmic data and peripheral blood of two Chinese XLICN families (families A and B) were collected after informed consent. Genomic DNA was prepared from the peripheral blood of members of the two families and from 100 normal controls. Mutations in the FRMD7 gene were determined by directly sequencing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. RESULTS We identified a novel mutation c.980_983delATTA compound with c.986C>A mutation in the 11th exon of FRMD7 in family B, and a previously reported splicing mutation c.781C>G (p.R261G) [corrected] in family A. The mutations were detected in patients and female carriers, while they were absent in other relatives or in the 100 normal controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results expand the spectrum of FRMD7 mutations in association with XLICN, and further confirm that the mutations of FRMD7 are the underlying molecular mechanism for XLICN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-wei Song
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Xiao X, Li S, Guo X, Zhang Q. A novel locus for autosomal dominant congenital motor nystagmus mapped to 1q31-q32.2 between D1S2816 and D1S2692. Hum Genet 2011; 131:697-702. [PMID: 22065086 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Congenital motor nystagmus (CMN) is characterized by bilateral involuntary ocular oscillation without any other underlying ocular or systemic diseases. An autosomal dominant CMN was identified in a large Chinese family where all patients had nystagmus since infancy. The nystagmus in the family is independent of any known ocular or systemic diseases. After exclusion of known CMN loci, a genome-wide scan was performed by genotyping microsatellite markers at about 10 cM intervals, together with two-point linkage analysis. Exome sequencing was used to screen coding exons of well-annotated genes. Sanger-dideoxy sequencing was used to verify candidate variations inside the linkage interval. Congenital motor nystagmus in this family shows linkage to markers in a 11.39 Mb (12.1 cM) region on chromosome 1q31-q32.2 between D1S2816 and D1S2692. All nine markers in the linkage interval gave positive lod scores, with D1S2655 and D1S2636 yielding lod scores of 5.16 and 5.18, respectively, at θ = 0. No causative mutation in the linkage interval was identified by exome sequencing of gDNA from four patients. A linkage study of additional families and further analysis of candidate genes may ultimately lead to identification of the gene responsible for dominantly inherited CMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060 Guangzhou, China.
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The Role of FRMD7 in Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus. J Ophthalmol 2011; 2012:460956. [PMID: 21904664 PMCID: PMC3163398 DOI: 10.1155/2012/460956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic infantile nystagmus (IIN) is an inherited disorder in which the nystagmus arises independently of any other symptoms, leading to the speculation that the disorder represents a primary defect in the area of the brain responsible for ocular motor control. The inheritance patterns are heterogeneous, however the most common form is X-linked. FRMD7 resides at Xq26-27 and approximately 50% of X-linked IIN families map to this region. Currently 45 mutations within FRMD7 have been associated with IIN, confirming the importance of FRMD7 in the pathogenesis of the disease. Although mutations in FRMD7 are known to cause IIN, very little is known about the function of the protein. FRMD7 contains a conserved N-terminal FERM domain suggesting that it may provide a link between the plasma membrane and actin cytoskeleton. Limited studies together with the knowledge of the function of other FERM domain containing proteins, suggest that FRMD7 may play a role in membrane extension during neuronal development through remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Kumar A, Gottlob I. Diagnosis of idiopathic infantile nystagmus and ocular albinism: a clinical challenge. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Congenital Idiopathic Nystagmus (CIN) is genetically heterogeneous. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked patterns of inheritance have been reported. Linkage analysis has suggested the existence of at least three distinct loci for both autosomal dominant and x-linked forms, although as yet no disease genes have been identified. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying nystagmus are poorly understood and it is likely that insights may arise from finding and characterizing disease genes. If linkage experiments are used to find "nystagmus genes," their power will depend heavily on accurate phenotyping to avoid misdiagnosis due to masquerading conditions and phenotypic variations within pedigrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Self
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Self J, Lotery A. A review of the molecular genetics of congenital Idiopathic Nystagmus (CIN). Ophthalmic Genet 2008; 28:187-91. [PMID: 18161616 DOI: 10.1080/13816810701651233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Idiopathic Nystagmus (CIN) is genetically heterogeneous. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked patterns of inheritance have been reported. Linkage analysis has suggested the existence of at least three distinct loci for both autosomal dominant and X-linked forms, although only one disease gene has been identified (FRMD7, Xq26.2). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying nystagmus are poorly understood but it is anticipated that characterization of the FRMD7 gene and identification of novel nystagmus genes will provide insights into this condition and the functioning and development of the visual pathways in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Self
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Thomas S, Proudlock FA, Sarvananthan N, Roberts EO, Awan M, McLean R, Surendran M, Kumar ASA, Farooq SJ, Degg C, Gale RP, Reinecke RD, Woodruff G, Langmann A, Lindner S, Jain S, Tarpey P, Raymond FL, Gottlob I. Phenotypical characteristics of idiopathic infantile nystagmus with and without mutations in FRMD7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 131:1259-67. [PMID: 18372314 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic infantile nystagmus (IIN) consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes. The familial form is most commonly X-linked. We recently found mutations in a novel gene FRMD7 (Xq26.2), which provided an opportunity to investigate a genetically defined and homogeneous group of patients with nystagmus. We compared clinical features and eye movement recordings of 90 subjects with mutation in the gene (FRMD7 group) to 48 subjects without mutations but with clinical IIN (non-FRMD7 group). Fifty-eight female obligate carriers of the mutation were also investigated. The median visual acuity (VA) was 0.2 logMAR (Snellen equivalent 6/9) in both groups and most patients had good stereopsis. The prevalence of strabismus was also similar (FRMD7: 7.8%, non-FRMD7: 10%). The presence of anomalous head posture (AHP) was significantly higher in the non-FRMD7 group (P < 0.0001). The amplitude of nystagmus was more strongly dependent on the direction of gaze in the FRMD7 group being lower at primary position (P < 0.0001), compared to non-FRMD7 group (P = 0.83). Pendular nystagmus waveforms were also more frequent in the FRMD7 group (P = 0.003). Fifty-three percent of the obligate female carriers of an FRMD7 mutation were clinically affected. The VA's in affected females were slightly better compared to affected males (P = 0.014). Subnormal optokinetic responses were found in a subgroup of obligate unaffected carriers, which may be interpreted as a sub-clinical manifestation. FRMD7 is a major cause of X-linked IIN. Most clinical and eye movement characteristics were similar in the FRMD7 group and non-FRMD7 group with most patients having good VA and stereopsis and low incidence of strabismus. Fewer patients in the FRMD7 group had AHPs, their amplitude of nystagmus being lower in primary position. Our findings are helpful in the clinical identification of IIN and genetic counselling of nystagmus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery Thomas
- Ophthalmology Group, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Liu JY, Ren X, Yang X, Guo T, Yao Q, Li L, Dai X, Zhang M, Wang L, Liu M, Wang QK. Identification of a novel GPR143 mutation in a large Chinese family with congenital nystagmus as the most prominent and consistent manifestation. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:565-570. [PMID: 17516023 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital nystagmus is characterized by involuntary, rhythmical, repeated oscillations of one or both eyes. We studied a large Chinese family with nystagmus as a prominent and consistent manifestation phenotype in nine patients to map and identify a disease-causing gene for nystagmus. X-linked recessive inheritance was observed in the family, and foveal hypoplasia was detected in some of the nine patients. The disease gene was mapped to an approximately 10.6 Mb region flanked by DXS996 and DXS7593 on Xp22 with a significant peak multipoint LOD score. Analysis of 21 candidate genes in the region revealed a novel p.S89F mutation in the second transmembrane domain of GPR143, a G protein-coupled receptor which causes ocular albinism when mutated. All male patients in the family were hemizygous for the mutation; the female carriers were heterozygous for the mutation. The p.S89F mutation was not identified in 100 normal females or 100 normal males. Our results indicate that a mutation in the GPR143 gene can cause a variant form of ocular albinism, with congenital nystagmus as the most prominent and only consistent finding in all patients in this Chinese family. These results expand the spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with GPR143 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu Liu
- Center for Human Genome Research and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Center for Human Genome Research and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufeng Yang
- Development of Proof-Testing, Renmin Hospital of Tanghe, Tanghe, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tangying Guo
- Development of Proof-Testing, Renmin Hospital of Tanghe, Tanghe, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yao
- Center for Human Genome Research and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic/NE40, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Xiaohua Dai
- Center for Human Genome Research and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lejin Wang
- Eye Center, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mugen Liu
- Center for Human Genome Research and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing K Wang
- Center for Human Genome Research and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic/NE40, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Hertle RW, Yang D, Kelly K, Hill VM, Atkin J, Seward A. X-linked infantile periodic alternating nystagmus. Ophthalmic Genet 2005; 26:77-84. [PMID: 16020310 DOI: 10.1080/13816810590968014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and electrophysiological characterization of four family members from three generations who have X-linked infantile periodic alternating nystagmus (XIPAN). METHODS Complete clinical ophthalmological evaluation, pedigree analysis, electroretinograms (ERG), eye movement recordings (EMR), color vision, and fundus photography were performed on all subjects. RESULTS Three males in two generations and one female were examined. Clinical examinations showed a jerk/pendular nystagmus with a latent component, strabismus, and a significant refractive error in the three affected males, while the female had only myopic astigmatism. ERG, color contrast, and fundus examinations were normal in all four family members. All four family members showed EMR abnormalities with infantile jerk/dual jerk and pendular nystagmus waveforms. The female had nystagmus present on EMR only and all patients showed (a)periodicity to their nystagmus. CONCLUSIONS In this family with no other congenital visual sensory system disease, affected males had obvious periodic alternating nystagmus, strabismus, and refractive errors, while the female had clinically "silent" periodic nystagmus that is probably a marker for the carrier state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Hertle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pittsburgh Eye and Ear Institute, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, U.S.A.
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Hoffmann S, Becker A, Hoerle S, Metz A, Oertel WH, Sommer N, Hemmer B. Autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus is not linked to 6p12, 7p11, and 15q11 in a German family. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 138:439-43. [PMID: 15364228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital nystagmus (CN) is an eye-movement disorder that usually starts within the first months of life. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-chromosomal pedigree patterns are observed. Causative genes are yet unknown. Several loci were implicated to contain disease-relevant genes for autosomal dominant CN (AD CN). AD CN cosegregated with a balanced translocation of 7;15 in a family. In a large black pedigree linkage was demonstrated to 6p12. DESIGN In this study, we describe a large German family with AD congenital nystagmus. Linkage of AD in this family was tested with previously implicated loci. METHODS Affected family members and unaffected members underwent genetic analysis. Key family members underwent ophthalmologic testing and oculography. RESULTS No linkage of AD CN to the implicated loci on 6p12, and 7p11, and 15q11 was found in this study. CONCLUSION In the presented pedigree genes on 15q11, and on the assumption of full penetrance, 6p12 and 7p11 are not involved in the development of AD congenital nystagmus.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- DNA/analysis
- Electrooculography
- Female
- Genes, Dominant
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Markers
- Germany/epidemiology
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Male
- Nystagmus, Congenital/diagnosis
- Nystagmus, Congenital/epidemiology
- Nystagmus, Congenital/genetics
- Pedigree
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Visual Acuity
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Nystagmus may have onset in infancy or adulthood. Infantile-onset nystagmus is commonly associated with genetic disease, and recognition of the various genetic and nongenetic diseases in which it may develop has led to the understanding that nystagmus is often a response of the oculomotor system to an early-onset, bilateral abnormality of vision. Adult-onset nystagmus most often develops as a result of nongenetic neurologic disease, and it manifests in a variety of patterns. Genetic studies have allowed further identification of the genes and genetic loci associated with nystagmus, and careful eye-movement recordings in patients with various patterns of nystagmus have further clarified the oculomotor pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Kerrison
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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15
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Kerrison JB, Vagefi MR, Barmada MM, Maumenee IH. Congenital motor nystagmus linked to Xq26-q27. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:600-7. [PMID: 9973299 PMCID: PMC1377771 DOI: 10.1086/302244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital motor nystagmus (CMN) is a hereditary disorder characterized by bilateral ocular oscillations that begin in the first 6 mo of life. It must be distinguished from those genetic disorders-such as ocular albinism (OA), congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), and blue-cone monochromatism (BCM)-in which nystagmus accompanies a clinically apparent defect in the visual sensory system. Although CMN is presumed to arise from a neurological abnormality of fixation, it is not known whether the molecular defect is located in the eye or in the brain. It may be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked pattern. Three families with CMN inherited in an X-linked, irregularly dominant pattern were investigated with linkage and candidate gene analysis. The penetrance among obligate female carriers was 54%. Evaluation of markers in the region of the genes for X-linked OA, CSNB, and BCM revealed no evidence of linkage, supporting the hypothesis that CMN represents a distinct entity. The gene was mapped to chromosome Xq26-q27 with the following markers: GATA172D05 (LOD score 3.164; recombination fraction [theta] = 0.156), DXS1047 (LOD score 10.296; theta = 0), DXS1192 (LOD score 8.174; theta = 0.027), DXS1232 (LOD score 6.015; theta = 0.036), DXS984 (LOD score 6.695; theta = 0), and GATA31E08 (LOD score 4.940; theta = 0.083). Assessment of haplotypes and multipoint linkage analysis, which gave a maximum LOD score of 10.790 with the 1-LOD-unit support interval spanning approximately 7 cM, place the gene in a region between GATA172D05 and DXS1192. Evaluation of candidate genes CDR1 and SOX3 did not reveal mutations in affected male subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Kerrison
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, Baltimore, MD 21287-9237, USA
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16
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Klein C, Vieregge P, Heide W, Kemper B, Hagedorn-Greiwe M, Hagenah J, Vollmer C, Breakefield XO, Kömpf D, Ozelius L. Exclusion of chromosome regions 6p12 and 15q11, but not chromosome region 7p11, in a German family with autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus. Genomics 1998; 54:176-7. [PMID: 9806847 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Dominant/genetics
- Genetic Linkage
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Nystagmus, Pathologic/congenital
- Nystagmus, Pathologic/genetics
- Nystagmus, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Pedigree
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klein
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kerrison JB, Koenekoop RK, Arnould VJ, Zee D, Maumenee IH. Clinical features of autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus linked to chromosome 6p12. Am J Ophthalmol 1998; 125:64-70. [PMID: 9437315 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(99)80236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical features of a large pedigree with autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus linked to chromosome 6p12. METHODS In a prospective evaluation of 54 living family members in a single pedigree, 21 persons were affected with autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus, and clinical examinations were performed on 14. Selected persons underwent further studies, including electroretinography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, nerve fiber layer studies, visual evoked potential studies, and eye movement recordings. RESULTS Among seven affected persons whose parents were able to report whether the nystagmus was present congenitally, onset at birth was noted in two persons and between 3 and 6 months in five persons. Best-corrected binocular Snellen visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to 20/100, with a mode of 20/50. Strabismus was present in 14 examined patients (36%). Eye movement recordings, performed on five persons, included asymmetric pendular (three), asymmetric pendular combined with dual waveform jerk (one), and unidirectional jerk nystagmus (one). CONCLUSIONS Autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus represents a disorder with variable expressivity. While onset is typically during infancy, it can be noted at birth. Intrafamilial variation in visual acuity, ocular alignment, and nystagmus waveform suggests a role for modifying influences on expression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Kerrison
- Johns Hopkins Center for Hereditary Eye Diseases, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287-9237, USA.
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Jönsson EG, Härnryd C, Johannesson T, Wahlström J, Bergenius J, Bergstedt H, Greitz D, Nyman H, Björck E, Blennow E, Sedvall GC. Further studies on a male monozygotic triplet with schizophrenia: cytogenetical and neurobiological assessments in the patients and their parents. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997; 247:239-47. [PMID: 9444492 DOI: 10.1007/bf02900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously described a Swedish set of male schizophrenic monozygotic triplets. In this study the patients as well as their parents were further characterized. By high-resolution chromosomal analysis an extra band at chromosome 15p was found in all the triplets and the father. Microdissection, degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR) amplification and reverse painting indicates that the extra band probably contains only repetitive DNA sequences with no known effect on the phenotype. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed similar borderline ventricular enlargement and widened subarachnoid spaces over frontoparietal and basal regions as well as around the pituitary gland (empty sella) in all the triplets. The father also had widened subarachnoid spaces over the frontal and basal regions. The mother had an empty sella indicating widened subarachnoid spaces. All the boys also had a right-sided conductive hearing defect, probably due to malformation and fixation of the ossicular chain. The parents did not present any otological abnormalities. Neuropsychological assessment demonstrated similar marked reductions of attentional, mnestic, and executive functions in all the triplets, but the mother showed a normal pattern. Possible joint etiological mechanisms for the psychological and somatic abnormalities recorded in the triplets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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