1
|
Muralidharan N, Murugan A, Raj PA, Jothi M. Restoration of functional PAX3 transcriptional factor enhanced neuronal differentiation in PAX3b isoform-depleted neuroblastoma cells. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:55-65. [PMID: 36378335 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reexpressed PAX3 transcription factor is believed to be responsible for the differentiation defects observed in neuroblastoma. Although the importance of PAX3 in neuronal differentiation is documented how it is involved in the defective differentiation remains unexplored particularly with its isoforms. Here, first we have analyzed PAX3 expression, its functional status, and its correlation with the neuronal marker expression in SH-SY5Y and its parental SK-N-SH cells. We have found that SH-SY5Y cells which expressed more PAX3 showed increased expression of neuronal marker genes (TUBB, MAP2, NEFL, NEUROG2, SYP) and reported PAX3 target genes (MET, TGFA, and NCAM1) than the SK-N-SH cells that had low PAX3 level. Retinoic acid treatment is unable to induce neuronal differentiation in cells (SK-N-SH) with low PAX3 level/activity. Moreover, ectopic expression of PAX3 in SK-N-SH cells neither induces neuronal marker genes nor its target genes. PAX3 isoform expression analysis revealed the expression of PAX3b isoform that contains only paired domain in SK-N-SH cells, whereas in SH-SY5Y cells, we could also observe PAX3c isoform that contains all functional domains. Further, PAX3b depletion in SK-N-SH cells is not induced PAX3 target genes, and the cells remain poorly differentiated. Interestingly, ectopic PAX3 expression in PAX3b-depleted SK-N-SH cells enhanced neuronal outgrowth along with neuronal marker gene induction. Collectively, these results showed that the PAX3b isoform may be responsible for the differentiation defect observed in SK-N-SH cells and restoration of functional PAX3 in the absence of PAX3b can induce neurogenesis in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narenkumar Muralidharan
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Abinayaselvi Murugan
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhuraj Andiperumal Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Mathivanan Jothi
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lupu D, Varshney MK, Mucs D, Inzunza J, Norinder U, Loghin F, Nalvarte I, Rüegg J. Fluoxetine Affects Differentiation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons In Vitro. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1220-1231. [PMID: 30115672 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent meta-analyses found an association between prenatal exposure to the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) and an increased risk of autism in children. This developmental disorder has been related to dysfunctions in the brains' rewards circuitry, which, in turn, has been linked to dysfunctions in dopaminergic (DA) signaling. The present study investigated if FLX affects processes involved in dopaminergic neuronal differentiation. Mouse neuronal precursors were differentiated into midbrain dopaminergic precursor cells (mDPCs) and concomitantly exposed to clinically relevant doses of FLX. Subsequently, dopaminergic precursors were evaluated for expression of differentiation and stemness markers using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. FLX treatment led to increases in early regional specification markers orthodenticle homeobox 2 (Otx2) and homeobox engrailed-1 and -2 (En1 and En2). On the other hand, two transcription factors essential for midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurogenesis, LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 α (Lmx1a) and paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3 (Pitx3) were downregulated by FLX treatment. The stemness marker nestin (Nes) was increased, whereas the neuronal differentiation marker β3-tubulin (Tubb3) decreased. Additionally, we observed that FLX modulates the expression of several genes associated with autism spectrum disorder and downregulates the estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β Further investigations using ERβ knockout (BERKO) mDPCs showed that FLX had no or even opposite effects on several of the genes analyzed. These findings suggest that FLX affects differentiation of the dopaminergic system by increasing production of dopaminergic precursors, yet decreasing their maturation, partly via interference with the estrogen system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lupu
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (D.L., F.L.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.K.V., J.I., I.N.); Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (D.M.) and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.R.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden (U.N.); and Swetox, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden (D.L., D.M., U.N., J.R.)
| | - Mukesh K Varshney
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (D.L., F.L.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.K.V., J.I., I.N.); Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (D.M.) and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.R.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden (U.N.); and Swetox, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden (D.L., D.M., U.N., J.R.)
| | - Daniel Mucs
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (D.L., F.L.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.K.V., J.I., I.N.); Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (D.M.) and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.R.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden (U.N.); and Swetox, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden (D.L., D.M., U.N., J.R.)
| | - José Inzunza
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (D.L., F.L.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.K.V., J.I., I.N.); Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (D.M.) and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.R.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden (U.N.); and Swetox, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden (D.L., D.M., U.N., J.R.)
| | - Ulf Norinder
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (D.L., F.L.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.K.V., J.I., I.N.); Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (D.M.) and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.R.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden (U.N.); and Swetox, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden (D.L., D.M., U.N., J.R.)
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (D.L., F.L.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.K.V., J.I., I.N.); Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (D.M.) and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.R.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden (U.N.); and Swetox, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden (D.L., D.M., U.N., J.R.)
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (D.L., F.L.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.K.V., J.I., I.N.); Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (D.M.) and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.R.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden (U.N.); and Swetox, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden (D.L., D.M., U.N., J.R.)
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Department of Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (D.L., F.L.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden (M.K.V., J.I., I.N.); Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (D.M.) and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.R.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, Sweden (U.N.); and Swetox, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Södertälje, Sweden (D.L., D.M., U.N., J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fisch GS, Falk RE, Carey JC, Imitola J, Sederberg M, Caravalho KS, South S. Deletion 2q37 syndrome: Cognitive-behavioral trajectories and autistic features related to breakpoint and deletion size. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2282-91. [PMID: 27282419 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Subtelomeric deletions have been reported in ∼2.5% of individuals with developmental disabilities. Subtelomeric deletion 2q37 has been detected in many individuals diagnosed with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Previously, genotype-phenotype correspondences were examined for their relationship to breakpoints 37.1, 37.2, or 37.3. Our purpose was to ascertain whether there were phenotypic differences at these breakpoints, elucidate the cognitive-behavioral phenotype in del2q37, and examine the genotype-phenotype association in the deletion with respect to cognitive-behavioral profiles and ASD. We administered a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral battery to nine children diagnosed with del 2q37, ages 3.9-17.75 years. ID for five tested with the Stanford-Binet (4th Edition) (SBFE) ranged from severe to mild [IQ Range: 36-59]. Adaptive behavior scores from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) were much below adequate levels (DQ Range: floor value ["19"] to 55). Autism scores from the Child Autism Rating Scale (CARS) ranged from 22 [non-autistic] to 56 [extremely autistic]; 5/8 [63%] children received scores on the autism spectrum. Participants with the largest deletions, 10.1 and 9.5 Mb, attained the highest IQ and DQ scores while those with the smallest deletions, 7.9 and 6.6 Mb, made the lowest IQ and DQ scores. No association between deletion breakpoint and phenotype were found. Assessment of the various deleted regions suggested histone deacetylase 4 gene (HDAC4) was a likely candidate gene for ASD in our sample. However, two earlier reports found no association between HDAC4 haploinsufficiency and ASD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gene S Fisch
- Department of Statistics and CIS, CUNY/Baruch College, New York, New York
| | - Rena E Falk
- Cedar Sinai Hospital, Los Angeles, California
| | - John C Carey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maria Sederberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,ARUP Institute for Research and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Karen S Caravalho
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, St. Christopher Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah South
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,ARUP Institute for Research and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus is a common birth-defect whose developmental origins are poorly understood. Pax3-null mutants show defects in myogenesis, neural tube closure, neural crest morphogenesis, and heart development that, consequently, results in embryonic lethality. Here we demonstrate that conditional deletion of the mouse Pax3 transcription factor results in fully-penetrant congenital obstructive hydrocephalus. To identify the role of Pax3 during cranial development, we deleted Pax3 within the neuroepithelium (via Pax7−Cre), in the neural crest (via P0-Cre), and in both the neuroepithelium and the neural crest (via Wnt1-Cre). Only conditional mutants generated using Pax7−Cre or Wnt1-Cre developed early onset congenital hydrocephalus due to stenosis of the third ventricle, suggesting that loss of neuroepithelial Pax3 is sufficient to disturb third ventricle morphogenesis. Dilation of lateral ventricles occurs as early as E14.5, and lineage-mapping revealed that the neuroepithelial cells in the conditional mutants are present, but fail to undergo normal differentiation at the stenotic site. Concomitant with a narrowing of the mutant third ventricle, we detected ectopic apoptosis, reduced proliferation, and abnormal β-catenin localization. Furthermore, consistent with the overlapping expression pattern of Pax3 and Pax7 in early cranial neuroepithelium, we demonstrated a combinatorial role, as compound Pax3/Pax7 heterozygotes display partially-penetrant congenital hydrocephalus. These murine data provide an experimental paradigm underpinning clinical observations of the presence of PAX3 mutations in some hydrocephalic patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Moysés-Oliveira M, Mancini TI, Takeno SS, Rodrigues ADS, Bachega TASS, Bertola D, Melaragno MI. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, ovarian failure and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome due to a 6p deletion. Sex Dev 2014; 8:139-45. [PMID: 24970489 DOI: 10.1159/000363779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptic deletions in balanced de novo translocations represent a frequent cause of abnormal phenotypes, including Mendelian diseases. In this study, we describe a patient with multiple congenital abnormalities, such as late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), primary ovarian failure and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), who carries a de novo t(6;14)(p21;q32) translocation. Genomic array analysis identified a cryptic 1.1-Mb heterozygous deletion, adjacent to the breakpoint on chromosome 6, extending from 6p21.33 to 6p21.32 and affecting 85 genes, including CYP21A2,TNXB and MSH5. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis of the 6p21.3 region was performed in the patient and her family and revealed a 30-kb deletion in the patient's normal chromosome 6, inherited from her mother, resulting in homozygous loss of genes CYP21A1P and C4B. CYP21A2 sequencing showed that its promoter region was not affected by the 30-kb deletion, suggesting that the deletion of other regulatory sequences in the normal chromosome 6 caused a loss of function of the CYP21A2 gene. EDS and primary ovarian failure phenotypes could be explained by the loss of genes TNXB and MSH5, a finding that may contribute to the characterization of disease-causing genes. The detection of this de novo microdeletion drastically reduced the estimated recurrence risk for CAH in the family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moysés-Oliveira
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kiani R, Gangadharan SK, Miller H. Case Report: Association of Waardenburg Syndrome with Intellectual Disability, Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Unprovoked Aggressive Outbursts: A New Behavioural Phenotype? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/096979507799103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
7
|
A 5q12.1-5q12.3 microdeletion in a case with a balanced exceptional complex chromosomal rearrangement. Gene 2012; 516:176-80. [PMID: 23262338 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Complex chromosomal rearrangements are very rare chromosomal abnormalities. Individuals with a complex chromosomal rearrangement can be phenotypically normal or display a clinical abnormality. It is believed that these abnormalities are due to either microdeletions or microduplications at the translocation breakpoints or as a result of disruption of the genes located in the breakpoints. In this study we describe a 2-year-old child with mental retardation and developmental delay in whom a de novo apparently balanced exceptional complex chromosomal rearrangement was found through conventional cytogenetic analysis. Using both cytogenetic and FISH analysis, the patient's karyotype was found to be: 46,XY,der(5)t(5;7)(p15.1;7q34),t(5;8)(q13.1;8q24.1)dn. A large, clinically significant deletion which encompassed 887.69kb was detected at the 5q12.1-5q12.3 (chr5:62.886.523-63.774.210) genomic region using array-CGH. This deleted region includes the HTR1A and RNF180 genes. This is the first report of an individual with an apparently balanced complex chromosomal rearrangement in conjunction with a microdeletion at 5q12.1-5q12.3 in which there are both mental-motor retardation and dysmorphia.
Collapse
|
8
|
Treff NR, Tao X, Schillings WJ, Bergh PA, Scott RT, Levy B. Use of single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays to distinguish between balanced and normal chromosomes in embryos from a translocation carrier. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:e58-65. [PMID: 21575938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prove the ability to distinguish between balanced and normal chromosomes in embryos from a translocation carrier. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Academic center for reproductive medicine. PATIENT(S) Woman with a balanced translocation causing Alagille syndrome seeking preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). INTERVENTION(S) Blastocyst biopsy for PGD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Consistency of 3 methods of embryo genetic analysis (real-time polymerase chain reaction, single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] microarray, and fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) and normalcy in the newborn derived from PGD. RESULT(S) PGD was applied to 48 embryos. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, SNP microarray, and FISH demonstrated 100% consistency, although FISH failed to detect aneuploidies observed by comprehensive SNP microarray-based analyses. Two blastocysts were identified to be normal for all 3 factors using SNP microarray technology alone. The 2 normal embryos were transferred back to the patient, resulting in the delivery of a healthy boy with a normal karyotype. CONCLUSION(S) This is the first report of validation and successful clinical application of microarray-based PGD to distinguish between balanced and normal chromosomes in embryos from a translocation carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Treff
- Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey Research, 111 Madison Avenue, Suite 100, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kusenda M, Sebat J. The role of rare structural variants in the genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Cytogenet Genome Res 2009; 123:36-43. [PMID: 19287137 DOI: 10.1159/000184690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication and restricted interests and behaviors. Despite high estimates of heritability, genetic causes of ASD have long been elusive, due in part to a high degree of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity (Bailey et al., 1995). Recently, important advances have been made in the genetics of ASD with the use of new technologies for the direct detection of copy number variation (CNV) in the human genome. CNV studies have revealed that de novo deletions and duplications, typically less than 1 Mb in size, are strongly associated with ASD, suggesting that spontaneous structural mutations play a more important role in the etiology of disease than was previously recognized. Rare mutations have been identified at many different locations in the genome, and multiple 'hot spots' have been identified where identical rearrangements recur with high frequency. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that autism, like mental retardation, is caused by a large number of individually rare mutations. These studies serve as a model for how other emerging technologies for mutation detection (e.g. next generation sequencing platforms) could be used to further elucidate the role of rare sequence changes in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kusenda
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kakinuma H, Sato H. Copy-number variations associated with autism spectrum disorder. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 9:1143-54. [PMID: 18681787 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.8.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically heterogeneous developmental disorder with a strong genetic component. Rare genetic disorders and various chromosomal abnormalities are thought to account for approximately 10% of people with ASD. The etiology of the remaining cases remains unknown. Recent advances in array-based technology have increased the resolution in detecting submicroscopic deletions and duplications, referred to as copy-number variations. ASD-associated copy-number variations, which are considered to be present in individuals with ASD but not in unaffected individuals, have been extensively investigated. These data will provide us with an opportunity not only to search for genes causing or contributing to ASDs but also to understand the genetics of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kakinuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-293, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baptista J, Mercer C, Prigmore E, Gribble SM, Carter NP, Maloney V, Thomas NS, Jacobs PA, Crolla JA. Breakpoint mapping and array CGH in translocations: comparison of a phenotypically normal and an abnormal cohort. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:927-36. [PMID: 18371933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the analyses of breakpoints in 31 phenotypically normal and 14 abnormal carriers of balanced translocations. Our study assesses the differences between balanced translocations in normal carriers and those in abnormal carriers, focusing on the presence of genomic imbalances at the breakpoints or elsewhere in the genome, presence of cryptic chromosome rearrangements, and gene disruption. Our hypothesis is that all four features will be associated with phenotypic abnormalities and absent or much less frequent in a normal population. In the normal cohort, we identified neither genomic imbalances at the breakpoints or elsewhere in the genome nor cryptic chromosome rearrangements. In contrast, we identified candidate disease-causing imbalances in 4/14 abnormal patients. These were three breakpoint associated deletions and three deletions unrelated to the breakpoints. All six de novo deletions originated on the paternally inherited chromosome. Additional complexity was also present in one of these cases. Gene disruption by the breakpoints was present in 16/31 phenotypically normal individuals and in 5/14 phenotypically abnormal patients. Our results show that translocations in phenotypically abnormal patients are molecularly distinct from those in normal individuals: the former are more likely to be associated with genomic imbalances at the breakpoints or elsewhere and with chromosomal complexity, whereas the frequency of gene disruption is similar in both normal and abnormal translocation carriers.
Collapse
|
12
|
[Risk of missed diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion in a fetal cardiac conotruncal malformation when another chromosomal abnormality is detected]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 37:299-301. [PMID: 18160230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a rare case of prenatal diagnosis of two de novo chromosome structural rearrangements including a translocation (1;3) associated with a 22q11.2 deletion. The amniocentesis was performed because the systematic ultrasound examination revealed: right aortic cross with double aortic arch, with normal size of aorta and pulmonary artery. Our report emphasises that 22q11.2 deletion must be looked for when a fetal cardiac conotruncal malformation is diagnosed, even in the presence of another chromosomal abnormality. In prenatal diagnosis, this can have implication for patient management and genetic counselling.
Collapse
|
13
|
Callier P, Faivre L, Marle N, Thauvin-Robinet C, Mosca AL, Masurel-Paulet A, Borgnon J, Falcon-Eicher S, Danino A, Malka G, Le Merrer M, Huet F, Mugneret F. Untreated growth hormone deficiency with extremely short stature, bone dysplasia, cleft lip--palate and severe mental retardation in a 26-year-old man with a de novo unbalanced translocation t(1;12)(q24;q24). Eur J Med Genet 2007; 50:455-64. [PMID: 17720646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 26-year-old patient presenting with extremely short stature (height 72cm, weight 6.5kg, OFC 42.5cm), facial dysmorphism, cleft lip--palate, severe mental retardation and de novo 1q24.2--q25.2 and 12q24.31 interstitial deletion. He was the only child of non-consanguineous parents and his birth length was 43cm. He had severe feeding difficulties and required enteral nutrition until the age of 3 years. Standard cytogenetic analysis showed an apparently balanced de novo translocation t(1;12)(q24;q24). Endocrine studies at 11 years of age for severe growth retardation revealed multiple pituitary hormone deficiency with severe growth hormone deficiency, but the child was untreated because of associated mental retardation. At 26 years of age, he could not walk or speak and had no signs of puberty. Investigations revealed spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia with severe osteoporosis, enlarged aorta when compared to the patient's size and apparently normal pituitary development. High resolution karyotype showed a 1q24-q25 deletion, and comparative genomic hybridization studies confirmed the 1q interstitial deletion. FISH studies of both breakpoints using PACs and BACs enabled us to further characterize the 1q interstitial deletion (1q24.2-1q25.2) and also revealed a 12q24.31 interstitial microdeletion. This case is compared with previously reported patients with similar deletions, but the untreated pituitary deficiency could also be responsible in part for the severity of the growth deficiency. This observation is of interest for two reasons. First, these deletions could be a clue in the search for a gene responsible for growth hormone deficiency/midline defects. Second, it shows the importance of molecular cytogenetics in the study of de novo apparently balanced translocation with abnormal phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Callier
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Département de Génétique, CHU Le Bocage, 2 Bd Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21034 Dijon cédex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Backx L, Van Esch H, Melotte C, Kosyakova N, Starke H, Frijns JP, Liehr T, Vermeesch JR. Array painting using microdissected chromosomes to map chromosomal breakpoints. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 116:158-66. [PMID: 17317954 DOI: 10.1159/000098181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of breakpoints of chromosomal rearrangements is a successful strategy for the identification of candidate disease genes. Mapping translocation breakpoints and rearranged chromosomal boundaries is labor intensive and/or time consuming. Here, we present a novel and rapid procedure to map such chromosomal breakpoints by hybridizing amplified microdissection derived DNA of aberrant chromosomes to arrays containing genomic clones. We illustrate the potential of the technique by molecularly delineating the breakpoints in five small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) and mapping the breakpoints of five different chromosomal translocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Backx
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Complex balanced translocation t(1;5;7)(p32.1;q14.3;p21.3) and two microdeletions del(1)(p31.1p31.1) and del(7)(p14.1p14.1) in a patient with features of Greig cephalopolysyndactyly and mental retardation. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:2738-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Schrock E, Zschieschang P, O'Brien P, Helmrich A, Hardt T, Matthaei A, Stout-Weider K. Spectral karyotyping of human, mouse, rat and ape chromosomes--applications for genetic diagnostics and research. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114:199-221. [PMID: 16954656 DOI: 10.1159/000094203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a widely used methodology to identify genetic aberrations. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome painting probes in individual colors for all metaphase chromosomes at once is combined with a unique spectral measurement and analysis system to automatically classify normal and aberrant chromosomes. Based on countless studies and investigations in many laboratories worldwide, numerous new chromosome translocations and other aberrations have been identified in clinical and tumor cytogenetics. Thus, gene identification studies have been facilitated resulting in the dissection of tumor development and progression. For example, different translocation partners of the TEL/ETV6 transcription factor that is specially required for hematopoiesis within the bone marrow were identified. Also, the correct classification of complex karyotypes of solid tumors supports the prognostication of cancer patients. Important accomplishments for patients with genetic diseases, leukemias and lymphomas, mesenchymal tumors and solid cancers are summarized and exemplified. Furthermore, studies of disease mechanisms such as centromeric DNA breakage, DNA double strand break repair, telomere shortening and radiation-induced neoplastic transformation have been accompanied by SKY analyses. Besides the hybridization of human chromosomes, mouse karyotyping has also contributed to the comprehensive characterization of mouse models of human disease and for gene therapy studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Schrock
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Di Bella MA, Calì F, Seidita G, Mirisola M, Ragusa A, Ragalmuto A, Galesi O, Elia M, Greco D, Zingale M, Gambino G, D'Anna RP, Regan R, Carbone MC, Gallo A, Romano V. Screening of subtelomeric rearrangements in autistic disorder: identification of a partial trisomy of 13q34 in a patient bearing a 13q;21p translocation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:584-90. [PMID: 16823807 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of a FISH screening protocol to detect cryptic subtelomeric rearrangements in autistic disorder (AD), a patient bearing three copies of the subtelomeric portion of the q arm of chromosome 13 has been identified. Beside AD, the patient also has severe mental retardation and displays several dysmorphic features. Further FISH analyses revealed that the trisomy was caused by the translocation of a 13q subtelomeric fragment to the acrocentric tip of one chromosome 21 [46,XY.ish der(21) t(13;21) (q34;p13)(D13S1825+)]. Gene dosage experiments carried out with three multiallelic polymorphisms of the subtelomeric region of chromosome 13q showed that the putative length of the triplicate region does not exceed 300 kb about, that is, the distance from telomere to the first normally inherited marker. In addition, gene dosage analysis performed on the derivative chromosome 21, did not reveal loss of the most telomeric protein-encoding genes on 21p. The potential relationship between a postulated increased expression of genes on 13q34 and the complex phenotype in this trisomic patient is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Di Bella
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tachdjian G, Aboura A, Brisset S, Dommergues M, Gajdos V, Labrune P. Early and rapid prenatal diagnosis of monosomy 2q36.1 in trophoblast cells. Fetal Diagn Ther 2006; 21:428-32. [PMID: 16912492 DOI: 10.1159/000093885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CVS is the earliest procedure for cytogenetic analysis but the quality of metaphases obtained does not allow the characterization of subtle chromosomal anomalies. We report the application interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of a subtle structural chromosome anomaly in trophoblast cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The foetus was karyotyped because of a paternal complex chromosomal anomaly 46,XY,inv(2)(q14.3q35),ins(10;2)(q25;q36.1q36.1). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses were performed on interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes from uncultured chorionic villi using bacterial artificial chromosomes specific for the 2q chromosomal region. Direct conventional cytogenetics showed an apparently normal male karyotype, whereas fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed a deletion of the chromosomal region 2q36.1 and a paracentric inversion of the chromosome 2q leading to a partial monosomy 2q36.1. CONCLUSION This strategy allowed us to offer an early and rapid chromosomal analysis for this couple leading to a better management of the pregnancy. This report demonstrates that interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization can be used in direct CVS for a rapid and early prenatal diagnosis of complex chromosomal rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Tachdjian
- Service d'Histologie Embryologie Cytogénétique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère (APHP), Clamart, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hayashi S, Kurosawa K, Imoto I, Mizutani S, Inazawa J. Detection of cryptic chromosome aberrations in a patient with a balanced t(1;9)(p34.2;p24) by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 139:32-6. [PMID: 16222686 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mental retardation (MR) is one of the most common phenotypes in congenital disorders, but in many cases the pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we report on a 5-year-old boy with mild developmental disability, cranial malformation, minor anomalies, and moderate MR. G-banded chromosome analysis revealed that he carried an apparent balanced translocation, t(1;9)(p34.2;p24). However, our array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH-array) analysis detected a cryptic genomic duplication and a deletion at the breakpoints. Further fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that the duplication was approximately 7.9 Mb in size at 1p34.3-p33, and the deletion was 4 Mb at 9pter-p24. Although some features of the patient were consistent with those of monosomy 9p-syndrome, his features were not typical of cases of the syndrome, suggesting that the small deletion region involved in 9p may limit his phenotype. On the other hand, interstitial duplication at 1p34.3-p33 is very rare and his phenotype did not match with that in previous reports. CGH-array is a potentially useful technique for investigating cryptic copy-number alterations in cases of apparently balanced chromosome rearrangements in patients with unexpected clinical features.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Gene Duplication
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Male
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gribble SM, Prigmore E, Burford DC, Porter KM, Ng BL, Douglas EJ, Fiegler H, Carr P, Kalaitzopoulos D, Clegg S, Sandstrom R, Temple IK, Youings SA, Thomas NS, Dennis NR, Jacobs PA, Crolla JA, Carter NP. The complex nature of constitutional de novo apparently balanced translocations in patients presenting with abnormal phenotypes. J Med Genet 2006; 42:8-16. [PMID: 15635069 PMCID: PMC1735914 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.024141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the systematic analysis of constitutional de novo apparently balanced translocations in patients presenting with abnormal phenotypes, characterise the structural chromosome rearrangements, map the translocation breakpoints, and report detectable genomic imbalances. METHODS DNA microarrays were used with a resolution of 1 Mb for the detailed genome-wide analysis of the patients. Array CGH was used to screen for genomic imbalance and array painting to map chromosome breakpoints rapidly. These two methods facilitate rapid analysis of translocation breakpoints and screening for cryptic chromosome imbalance. Breakpoints of rearrangements were further refined (to the level of spanning clones) using fluorescence in situ hybridisation where appropriate. RESULTS Unexpected additional complexity or genome imbalance was found in six of 10 patients studied. The patients could be grouped according to the general nature of the karyotype rearrangement as follows: (A) three cases with complex multiple rearrangements including deletions, inversions, and insertions at or near one or both breakpoints; (B) three cases in which, while the translocations appeared to be balanced, microarray analysis identified previously unrecognised imbalance on chromosomes unrelated to the translocation; (C) four cases in which the translocation breakpoints appeared simple and balanced at the resolution used. CONCLUSIONS This high level of unexpected rearrangement complexity, if generally confirmed in the study of further patients, will have an impact on current diagnostic investigations of this type and provides an argument for the more widespread adoption of microarray analysis or other high resolution genome-wide screens for chromosome imbalance and rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Gribble
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sanlaville D, Lapierre JM, Turleau C, Coquin A, Borck G, Colleaux L, Vekemans M, Romana SP. Molecular karyotyping in human constitutional cytogenetics. Eur J Med Genet 2005; 48:214-31. [PMID: 16179218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using array CGH it is possible to detect very small genetic imbalances anywhere in the genome. Its usefulness has been well documented in cancer and more recently in constitutional disorders. In particular it has been used to detect interstitial and subtelomeric submicroscopic imbalances, to characterize their size at the molecular level and to define the breakpoints of chromosomal translocation. Here, we review the various applications of array CGH in constitutional cytogenetics. This technology remains expensive and the existence of numerous sequence polymorphisms makes its interpretation difficult. The challenge today is to transfer this technology in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Sanlaville
- Service de cytogénétique, laboratoire de cytogénétique, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Borg K, Stankiewicz P, Bocian E, Kruczek A, Obersztyn E, Lupski JR, Mazurczak T. Molecular analysis of a constitutional complex genome rearrangement with 11 breakpoints involving chromosomes 3, 11, 12, and 21 and a ∼0.5-Mb submicroscopic deletion in a patient with mild mental retardation. Hum Genet 2005; 118:267-75. [PMID: 16160854 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) are extremely rare but often associated with mental retardation, congenital anomalies, or recurrent spontaneous abortions. We report a de novo apparently balanced CCR involving chromosomes 3 and 12 and a two-way translocation between chromosomes 11 and 21 in a woman with mild intellectual disability, obesity, coarse facies, and apparent synophrys without other distinctive dysmorphia or congenital anomalies. Molecular analysis of breakpoints using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with region-specific BAC clones revealed a more complex character for the CCR. The rearrangement is a result of nine breaks and involves reciprocal translocation of terminal chromosome fragments 3p24.1-->pter and 12q23.1-->qter, insertion of four fragments of the long arm of chromosome 12: q14.1-->q21?, q21?-->q22, q22-->q23.1, and q23.1-->q23.1 and a region 3p22.3-->p24.1 into chromosome 3q26.31. In addition, we detected a approximately 0.5-Mb submicroscopic deletion at 3q26.31. The deletion involves the chromosome region that has been previously associated with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) in which a novel gene NAALADL2 has been mapped recently. Other potential genes responsible for intellectual deficiency disrupted as a result of patient's chromosomal rearrangement map at 12q14.1 (TAFA2), 12q23.1 (METAP2), and 11p14.1 (BDNF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Borg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17A, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ciccone R, Giorda R, Gregato G, Guerrini R, Giglio S, Carrozzo R, Bonaglia MC, Priolo E, Laganà C, Tenconi R, Rocchi M, Pramparo T, Zuffardi O, Rossi E. Reciprocal translocations: a trap for cytogenetists? Hum Genet 2005; 117:571-82. [PMID: 16041583 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-1324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report four cases of subjects with phenotypic abnormalities and mental retardation associated with apparently balanced translocations, two inherited and two de novo, which showed, by molecular analysis, a hidden complexity. All the cases have been analyzed with different molecular techniques, including array-CGH, and in two of them the translocation breakpoints have been defined at the level of base pairs via studies in somatic hybrids containing single derivative chromosomes. We demonstrated that all the translocations were in fact complex rearrangements and that an imbalance was present in three of them, thus accounting for the phenotypic abnormalities. In one case, a Prader-Willi subject, we were not able to determine the molecular cause of his phenotype. This study, while confirming previous data showing unexpected complexity in translocations, further underscores the need for molecular investigations before taking for granted an apparently simple cytogenetic interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ciccone
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rosenberg C, Knijnenburg J, Chauffaille MDL, Brunoni D, Catelani AL, Sloos W, Szuhai K, Tanke HJ. Array CGH detection of a cryptic deletion in a complex chromosome rearrangement. Hum Genet 2005; 116:390-4. [PMID: 15726417 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Balanced complex chromosome rearrangements (CCR) are extremely rare in humans. They are usually ascertained either by abnormal phenotype or reproductive failure in carriers. These abnormalities are attributed to disruption of genes at the breakpoints, position effect or cryptic imbalances in the genome. However, little is known about possible imbalances at the junction points. We report here a patient with a CCR involving three chromosomes (2;10;11) and eight breakpoints. The patient presented with behavioural problems as the sole phenotypic abnormality. The rearrangement, which is apparently balanced in G-banding and multicolour FISH, was shown by genomic array analysis to include a deletion of 0.15-1.5 Mb associated with one of the breakpoints. To explain the formation of this rearrangement through the smallest possible number of breakage-and-reunion events, one has to assume that the breaks have not occurred simultaneously, but in a temporal order within the span of a single cell division. We demonstrate that array comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) is a useful complementary tool to cytogenetic analysis for detecting and mapping cryptic imbalances associated with chromosome rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Cytometry, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Autism is one of the most heritable complex disorders, with compelling evidence for genetic factors and little or no support for environmental influence. The estimated prevalence of autism has increased since molecular genetic studies began, owing to loosening of diagnostic criteria and, more importantly, to more complete ascertainment strategies. This has led to a reduction in the sibling relative risk, but strong heritability estimates remain. It is essential to recognize that genetics is the only current approach to understanding the pathophysiology of autism in which there is not the usual concern about whether one is studying a consequence rather than a cause. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of patients with autism spectrum disorder with documented single-gene mutations or chromosomal abnormalities. Autism may be one of the most complex, yet strongly genetic, disorders in which chromosomal disorders, relatively rare highly penetrant mutations, and multiplicative effects of common variants all have support in different cases and families. The field of complex genetics is replete with many researchers and reviewers who want to promote their overly focused interest in one method at the exclusion of others. However, it is essential that the restricted interests of patients with autism not be reflected in overly restrictive genetic approaches if we are to better understand the genetics of autism in the most expeditious and thorough manner.
Collapse
|
26
|
Astbury C, Christ LA, Aughton DJ, Cassidy SB, Kumar A, Eichler EE, Schwartz S. Detection of deletions in de novo "balanced" chromosome rearrangements: further evidence for their role in phenotypic abnormalities. Genet Med 2004; 6:81-9. [PMID: 15017330 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000117850.04443.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that deletions of varying sizes in de novo apparently balanced chromosome rearrangements are a significant cause of phenotypic abnormalities. METHODS A total of fifteen patients, with seemingly balanced de novo rearrangements by routine cytogenetic analysis but with phenotypic anomalies, were systematically analyzed. We characterized the breakpoints in these fifteen cases (two of which were ascertained prenatally), using a combination of high-resolution GTG-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), and data from the Human Genome Project. RESULTS Molecular cytogenetic characterization of the 15 patients revealed nine with deletions, ranging in size from 0.8 to 15.3 Mb, with the number of genes lost ranging from 15 to 70. In five of the other six cases, a known or putative gene(s) was potentially disrupted as a result of the chromosomal rearrangement. In the remaining case, no deletions were detected, and no known genes were apparently disrupted. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the use of molecular cytogenetic techniques is a highly effective way of systematically delineating chromosomal breakpoints, and that the presence of deletions of varying size is an important cause of phenotypic abnormalities in patients with "balanced" de novo rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Astbury
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-9959, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Murcia CL, Gulden F, Herrup K. A question of balance: a proposal for new mouse models of autism. Int J Dev Neurosci 2004; 23:265-75. [PMID: 15749251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a major mental health problem with estimates of prevalence ranging from 1/500 to 1/2000. While generally recognized as developmental in origin, little to nothing is certain about its etiology. Currently, diagnosis is made on the basis of a variety of early developmental delays and/or regressions in behavior. There are no universally agreed upon changes in brain structure or cell composition. No biomarkers of any type are available to aid or confirm the clinical diagnosis. In addition, while estimates of the heritability of the condition range from 60 to 90%, as of this writing no disease gene has been unequivocally identified. The prevalence of autism is three- to four-fold higher in males than in females, but the reason for this sexual dimorphism is unknown. In light of all of these ambiguities, a proposal to discuss potential animal models may seem the heart of madness. However, parsing autism into its individual genetic, behavioral, and neurobiological components has already facilitated a 'conversation' between the human disease and the neuropathology and biochemistry underlying the disorder. Building on these results, it should be possible to not just replicate one aspect of autism but to connect the developmental abnormalities underlying the ultimate behavioral phenotype. A reciprocal conversation such as this, wherein the human disease informs on how to make a better animal model and the animal model teaches of the biology causal to autism, would be highly beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Murcia
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, E504 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are among the most heritable of all neuropsychiatric disorders. Discovery of autism susceptibility genes has been the focus of intense research efforts over the last 10 years, and current estimates suggest that 10 to 20 different interacting genes are involved. Evidence from twin and family studies demonstrates increased risk in family members not only for autistic disorder, but also for a milder constellation of similar symptoms referred to as the broader phenotype. In addition, several genetic syndromes and chromosomal anomalies have been associated with ASD. Large family studies using linkage-analysis techniques have demonstrated several chromosomal regions thought to harbor genes related to the disorder. Finally, specific candidate genes based on function and location have been explored; these studies are reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Spence
- UCLA Center for Autism Research and Treatment, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, and Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
We are on the brink of exciting discoveries into the molecular genetic underpinnings of autism spectrum disorder. Overwhelming evidence of genetic involvement coupled with increased societal attention to the disorder has drawn in more researchers and more research funding. Autism is a strongly genetic yet strikingly complex disorder, in which evidence from different cases supports chromosomal disorders, rare single gene mutations, and multiplicative effects of common gene variants. With more and more interesting yet sometimes divergent findings emerging every year, it is tempting to view these initial molecular studies as so much noise, but the data have also started to coalesce in certain areas. In particular, recent studies in families with autism spectrum disorder have identified uncommon occurrences of a novel genetic syndrome caused by disruptions of the NLGN4 gene on chromosome Xp22. Previous work had identified another uncommon syndrome that is caused by maternal duplications of the chromosome 15q11-13 region. We highlight other converging findings, point toward those areas most likely to yield results, and emphasize the contributions of multiple approaches to identifying the genes of interest.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Autism is a neurologic disorder with impairments in language, social communication, and behavior, which may improve over time, but which persist throughout the lifetime. The evaluation of autism requires a separation of clinical and research objectives and is done best in close cooperation with professionals in the fields of communication, education, and psychology. There are no biologic markers of autism. Regression in language and social communication is present in approximately 30% of children with autism and is most likely to occur between 18 and 24 months of age. Early deficits in social communication can be identified by the assessment of joint attention, affective reciprocity, and metacognition. Current evidence suggests that deficits in social cognition and communication in autism may be related to dysfunction in the amygdala, hippocampus, and related limbic and cortical structures. Other neuroanatomic structures, such as the cerebellum, also may form part of a distributed neuronal network responsible for social cognition and communication. Genetics play a major role in autism, but what is inherited and how broad the inheritable phenotype is remain unclear. At a neurochemical level, the principal neurotransmitter implicated in autism is serotonin. Seizures and epileptiform discharges are common in autism and are linked to cognitive dysfunction. The role of medication is to target specific symptoms and open windows of opportunity that allow implementation of a multimodal individualized educational plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tuchman
- Dan Marino Center, Department of Neurology, Miami Children's Hospital, 2900 South Commerce Parkway, Weston, FL 33331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tyson C, McGillivray B, Chijiwa C, Rajcan-Separovic E. Elucidation of a cryptic interstitial 7q31.3 deletion in a patient with a language disorder and mild mental retardation by array-CGH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 129A:254-60. [PMID: 15326624 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 14-year-old boy who presented with bilateral cleft lip and palate, hearing loss, a language processing disorder, and mild mental retardation (MR). G-banded chromosome analysis of the patient and his family revealed he carried an apparently balanced de novo complex translocation involving chromosomes 5, 6, and 7. Chromosomal comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was performed to investigate the possibility of any genomic imbalance as a result of the complex rearrangement. No abnormality was detected at any of the translocation breakpoint regions (5p13.2, 6p24, 7q21.1, and 7q21.3), nor was there any other imbalance which fell inside our significance level of 0.8-1.2. Array-CGH analysis was initiated to perform a higher resolution search for gains and losses, and revealed a deletion of two adjacent clones, CTB-133K23 and RP11-112P4, mapping to 7q31.3, which are 4.4 Mb apart. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using these two clones confirmed the deletion. 7q31 has frequently been implicated in the search for genes involved in speech and language disorders. The specific 7q31.3 region deleted in our patient has significant overlap with some such areas of the genome. These findings are, therefore, of value in identifying genes involved in the speech and language phenotypes. This study has shown the importance of array-CGH in investigating patients who have clinical features suggestive of a chromosome abnormality, but with apparently balanced chromosome rearrangements. It has demonstrated that the array-CGH technique provides a much greater insight into submicroscopic chromosome imbalances than conventional cytogenetic techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tyson
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Reddy KS, Yang X. Submicroscopic terminal deletion of 1p36.3 and Xp23 hidden in complex chromosome rearrangements: independent mechanism of telomere restitution on the two chromatids. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 117A:261-7. [PMID: 12599190 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report two cases each with a complex chromosome rearrangement concealing a submicroscopic terminal deletion. The first case had a mos 46,XX,der(1)t(1;9)(p36.3;p13). ish der(1)(wcp9 +, 1ptel-, 9ptel +, pan tel +)[88]/46,XX. ish del(1)(1ptel -, 9ptel -, pan tel +)[12] karyotype. Scrutiny by FISH using wcp 9, 1ptel, 9ptel, and pan telomeric probes found a subtelomeric 1ptel deletion on the der(1) in the abnormal cell line and on a chromosome 1 in the apparently normal cell line. The telomere (TTAGGG)n, however, was present on the terminal ends of both copies of chromosome 1 in the apparently normal and abnormal cell lines. The second case had a de novo mos 46,X,der(X)t(X;22)(p22.3;q11.2),inv dup(22)(q11.2).ish der(X)(wcpX +,wcp22 +,KAL +, STS -,Xptel -,BCR +),inv dup(22)(wcp22 +,TUPLE ++,BCR -)[85]/45,X,der(X)t(X;22)(p22.3;q11.2),- 22[15].ish der(X)(wcpX +,wcp22 +, KAL +,STS -,Xptel -,BCR +) karyotype. FISH probes identified a terminal Xpter deletion, distal to the KAL gene. The two rearrangements are hypothesized to have been initiated by a terminal deletion. We propose a model for the formation of the rearrangement in Case 1, which invokes independent telomere stabilization of the sister chromatids. A terminal deletion 1pter in meiosis, was followed by acquiring or regenerating a telomere (TTAGGG)n cap on one chromatid and the other chromatid was involved in a translocation with a chromosome 9 chromatid. Following segregation of this chromosome the viable cell line survives to form the mosaic karyotype. Our findings suggest that subtelomeric deletions should be ruled out in cases with complex and simple rearrangements involving the terminal regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita S Reddy
- Quest Diagnostics, Inc., San Juan Capistrano, California, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|