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Wu X, Zhang H, Shi M, Fang S. Clinical features in antiglycine receptor antibody-related disease: a case report and update literature review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1387591. [PMID: 38953026 PMCID: PMC11215014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Antiglycine receptor (anti-GlyR) antibody mediates multiple immune-related diseases. This study aimed to summarize the clinical features to enhance our understanding of anti-GlyR antibody-related disease. Methods By collecting clinical information from admitted patients positive for glycine receptor (GlyR) antibody, the clinical characteristics of a new patient positive for GlyR antibody were reported in this study. To obtain additional information regarding anti-GlyR antibody-linked illness, clinical data and findings on both newly reported instances in this study and previously published cases were merged and analyzed. Results A new case of anti-GlyR antibody-related progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) was identified in this study. A 20-year-old man with only positive cerebrospinal fluid anti-GlyR antibody had a good prognosis with first-line immunotherapy. The literature review indicated that the common clinical manifestations of anti-GlyR antibody-related disease included PERM or stiff-person syndrome (SPS) (n = 179, 50.1%), epileptic seizure (n = 94, 26.3%), and other neurological disorders (n = 84, 24.5%). Other neurological issues included demyelination, inflammation, cerebellar ataxia and movement disorders, encephalitis, acute psychosis, cognitive impairment or dementia, celiac disease, Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain and allodynia, steroid-responsive deafness, hemiballism/tics, laryngeal dystonia, and generalized weakness included respiratory muscles. The group of PERM/SPS exhibited a better response to immunotherapy than others. Conclusions The findings suggest the presence of multiple clinical phenotypes in anti-GlyR antibody-related disease. Common clinical phenotypes include PERM, SPS, epileptic seizure, and paraneoplastic disease. Patients with RERM/SPS respond well to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Wu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaokuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Sanli E, Sirin NG, Kucukali CI, Baykan B, Ulusoy CA, Bebek N, Yilmaz V, Tuzun E. Peripheral blood regulatory B and T cells are decreased in patients with focal epilepsy. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 387:578287. [PMID: 38241950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEoUC) may display T cell infiltration in post-surgery brain specimens and increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by B and T cells, indicating potential involvement of adaptive immunity. Our study aimed to investigate the peripheral blood distribution of B and T cell subgroups to find clues supporting the distinct organization of adaptive immunity in FEoUC. Twenty-two patients with FEoUC and 25 age and sex matched healthy individuals were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. Expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and FOXP3 were measured by real-time PCR. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) proliferation assay was conducted using CD4+ T cells. Patients with FEoUC showed significantly decreased regulatory B (Breg), B1a, plasmablast and regulatory T (Treg) cell percentages, and increased switched memory B and Th17 cell ratios. Moreover, CD4+CD25+CD49d- Tregs of FEoUC patients displayed significantly reduced TGFB1 and FOXP3, but increased IL10 gene expression levels. CD4+ helper T cells of patients with FEoUC gave more exaggerated proliferation responses to phytohemagglutinin, anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation. Patients with FEoUC display increased effector lymphocyte, decreased regulatory lymphocyte ratios, and impaired Treg function and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation capacity. Overall, this pro-inflammatory phenotype lends support to the involvement of adaptive immunity in FEoUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Sanli
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nermin Gorkem Sirin
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Ismail Kucukali
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Baykan
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology, EMAR Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Aysel Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nerses Bebek
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vuslat Yilmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Zhou K, Zhang L, Shen S, Lin JF, Wang JR, Zhou D, Li JM, Sima X. Neurological autoantibody prevalence in chronic epilepsy: Clinical and neuropathologic findings. Seizure 2024; 115:28-35. [PMID: 38183825 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to explore the prevalence of autoimmune antibodies (Abs) in a large consecutive series with "chronic" epilepsy and without symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis; and to compare the immunopathology of brain tissue from drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) with and without Abs positivity. METHODS Neuronal and glial antibodies were detected in the serum of patients who were admitted to the wards of West China Hospital from October 2016 to September 2019 and had epilepsy by cell-based assays and tissue-based assays. RESULTS Twenty-one (6.8 %) of 328 patients had positive Ab findings for the following: dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 (n = 7), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (n = 5), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (n = 4), gamma aminobutyric acid beta receptor (n = 2), N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (n = 2), and dopamine D2 receptor (n = 1). Antibodies were detected in 6.9 % (13/187) of epilepsy people with unknown etiology and 5.6 % (8/141) of patients with known etiology, respectively. Among 190 patients with DRE, 14 (7.3 %) patients were Abs-positive. There was no significant difference between individuals with seropositive and seronegative results in clinical manifestations, except that the history of febrile seizure was significantly more frequent in the seropositive group. Moreover, brain samples from 3 patients with Abs-positive DRE (with DPPX in 2 patients, and CASPR2 in 1 patient) and 18 patients with Abs-negative DRE were analyzed for immunopathology. We found higher expression of CD8-positive T-cells in the hippocampus of Abs-positive DRE group. CONCLUSIONS Neuronal antibodies are potentially involved in the process of "chronic" epilepsy, and CD8-positive T-cells may play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sisi Shen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jing-Fang Lin
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jie-Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jin-Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Xiutian Sima
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Bahna M, Hamed M, Ilic I, Salemdawod A, Schneider M, Rácz A, Baumgartner T, Güresir E, Eichhorn L, Lehmann F, Schuss P, Surges R, Vatter H, Borger V. The necessity for routine intensive care unit admission following elective craniotomy for epilepsy surgery: a retrospective single-center observational study. J Neurosurg 2022; 137:1203-1209. [PMID: 35120311 DOI: 10.3171/2021.12.jns211799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traditionally, patients who underwent elective craniotomy for epilepsy surgery are monitored postoperatively in an intensive care unit (ICU) overnight in order to sufficiently respond to potential early postoperative complications. In the present study, the authors investigated the frequency of early postoperative events that entailed ICU monitoring in patients who had undergone elective craniotomy for epilepsy surgery. In a second step, they aimed at identifying pre- and intraoperative risk factors for the development of unfavorable events to distinguish those patients with the need for postoperative ICU monitoring at the earliest possible stage. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective observational cohort study assessing patients with medically intractable epilepsy (n = 266) who had undergone elective craniotomy for epilepsy surgery between 2012 and 2019 at a tertiary care epilepsy center, excluding those patients who had undergone invasive diagnostic approaches and functional hemispherectomy. Postoperative complications were defined as any unfavorable postoperative surgical and/or anesthesiological event that required further ICU therapy within 48 hours following surgery. A multivariate analysis was performed to reveal preoperatively identifiable risk factors for postoperative adverse events requiring an ICU setting. RESULTS Thirteen (4.9%) of 266 patients developed early postoperative adverse events that required further postoperative ICU care. The most prevalent event was a return to the operating room because of relevant postoperative intracranial hematoma (5 of 266 patients). Multivariate analysis revealed intraoperative blood loss ≥ 325 ml (OR 6.2, p = 0.012) and diabetes mellitus (OR 9.2, p = 0.029) as risk factors for unfavorable postoperative events requiring ICU therapy. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed routinely collectable risk factors that would allow the identification of patients with an elevated risk of postsurgical complications requiring a postoperative ICU stay following epilepsy surgery. These findings may offer guidance for a stepdown unit admission policy following epilepsy surgical interventions after an external validation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lars Eichhorn
- 3Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Lehmann
- 3Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Yavuz ENV, Altındağ E, Tüzün E, Baykan B. Do the neurologists recognize autoimmune epilepsy well enough? What is the effect of the pandemic on this matter? Neurol Sci 2022; 43:5029-5037. [PMID: 35381878 PMCID: PMC8983032 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The concept of “autoimmune epilepsy” (AE) has been emphasized more frequently through the recent increase in recognition of various autoantibodies specific to neuronal proteins. Aims To evaluate the attitudes of neurologists in regard to AE, to review the differential diagnosis, treatment options, and to reveal the effect of COVID-19 on this matter. Methods A detailed questionnaire prepared for AE was sent to neurologists via social media and WhatsApp after the approval of the Ethics Committee. The responses of 245 respondents working in different settings were analyzed, and the group with 15 years or less experience in neurology was statistically compared to the group with more than 15 years of experience. Results Awareness and knowledge levels on AE seemed high in all groups, while 11% had never thought about AE during the differential diagnosis in real life. Before starting treatment, 20% thought that the autoantibody result should definitely support it, and 77.6% reported that they did not recognize AE well. Participants stated that satisfactory guidelines for diagnosis and treatment (88.2%) and widespread laboratory support (83.7%) were lacking. Neurologists with less experience and those working outside of training hospitals get more often consultation from an experienced clinician while diagnosing and conduct more detailed investigations at the diagnosis stage (p = 0.0025, p = 0.0001). Conclusion This first survey study conducted in a large group of neurologists on the attitudes for the concept of AE suggested that postgraduate education, and diagnostic and treatment guidelines should be organized and antibody screening tests need to be better disseminated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-022-06044-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Nur Vanli Yavuz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Demiroğlu Bilim University, Büyükdere Caddesi No: 120, 34394, Şişli/Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Altındağ
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Baykan
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lai Q, Li Q, Li X, Wang H, Zhang W, Song X, Hu P, Yao R, Fan H, Xu X. GluR3B Antibody Was a Biomarker for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Patients With Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic Seizures. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838389. [PMID: 35464426 PMCID: PMC9018978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the role of GluR3B antibody-mediated excitotoxicity in the progression of epilepsy, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of GluR3B antibody level as a novel biomarker for the prognosis of unknown etiology drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in patients with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. The study included 193 patients with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures in the modeling cohort. Serum and CSF samples from patients were collected, and GluR3B antibody levels were detected by an ELISA kit. Serum and CSF GluR3B antibody levels in patients with DRE were significantly increased compared with those in patients with drug-responsive epilepsy. Univariate logistic regression analysis underlined that patients with high GluR3B antibody levels had a significantly increased risk of developing DRE. A logistic regression model demonstrated that increased GluR3B antibody levels were an independent factor in predicting DRE. External verification showed that the model constructed for the prediction of DRE had good adaptability. Finally, decision curve analysis highlighted the superior clinical net benefit in DRE prognosis by GluR3B antibody level. In summary, elevated levels of GluR3B antibody are an early biomarker to predict the prognosis of DRE; in addition, targeting GluR3B antibody may be a promising treatment strategy for patients with DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Lai
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Xiaotao Song
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Ruiqin Yao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, China
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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7
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Gillinder L, Britton J. Autoimmune-Associated Seizures. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2022; 28:363-398. [PMID: 35393963 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article focuses on the seizure manifestations and presentations of autoimmune-associated epilepsy and acute symptomatic seizures in autoimmune encephalitis. It discusses the specificity of the various central nervous system autoantibodies and clarifies when their presence can be considered indicative of an immune etiology. Finally, current recommendations regarding patient selection for autoimmune antibody evaluation are reviewed, and an approach to immunotherapy is provided. RECENT FINDINGS Although autoimmune seizures are caused by a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies, key features reported in the literature should alert clinicians to the possible diagnosis. In particular, seizure characteristics including frequency, timing, duration, and symptomatology can provide vital clues to help differentiate autoimmune-associated seizures from other causes of epilepsy. Diagnostic certainty also requires an understanding and integration of the spectrum of clinical and paraclinical presentations, and several scoring systems have been developed that may be useful to aid the identification of autoimmune seizures. SUMMARY Seizures due to autoimmune etiology are increasingly encountered in clinical practice. It is critical that clinicians recognize immune seizure etiologies early in their course given they are often responsive to immunotherapy but are usually resistant to antiseizure medications. Currently, however, it is unfortunately not uncommon for autoimmune-associated seizure disorders to remain undiagnosed, resulting in missed opportunities to administer effective therapies. Efforts to better understand autoimmune seizure manifestations and treatment strategies are ongoing.
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Bilaterality of temporal EEG findings in limbic encephalitis compared to other mesiotemporal epilepsies – a retrospective cohort study. Seizure 2022; 96:98-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ancona C, Masenello V, Tinnirello M, Toscano LM, Leo A, La Piana C, Toldo I, Nosadini M, Sartori S. Autoimmune Encephalitis and Other Neurological Syndromes With Rare Neuronal Surface Antibodies in Children: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:866074. [PMID: 35515348 PMCID: PMC9067304 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.866074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal surface antibody syndromes (NSAS) are an expanding group of autoimmune neurological diseases, whose most frequent clinical manifestation is autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-CASPR2 autoimmunity represent the most described forms, while other NSAS are rarer and less well-characterized, especially in children. We carried out a systematic literature review of children with rare NSAS (with antibodies targeting D2R, GABAAR, GlyR, GABABR, AMPAR, amphiphysin, mGluR5, mGluR1, DPPX, IgLON5, and neurexin-3alpha) and available individual data, to contribute to improve their clinical characterization and identification of age-specific features. Ninety-four children were included in the review (47/94 female, age range 0.2-18 years). The most frequent NSAS were anti-D2R (28/94, 30%), anti-GABAAR (23/94, 24%), and anti-GlyR (22/94, 23%) autoimmunity. The most frequent clinical syndromes were AE, including limbic and basal ganglia encephalitis (57/94, 61%; GABAAR, D2R, GABABR, AMPAR, amphiphysin, and mGluR5), and isolated epileptic syndromes (15/94, 16%; GlyR, GABAAR). With the limitations imposed by the low number of cases, the main distinctive features of our pediatric literature cohort compared to the respective NSAS in adults included: absent/lower tumor association (exception made for anti-mGluR5 autoimmunity, and most evident in anti-amphiphysin autoimmunity); loss of female preponderance (AMPAR); relatively frequent association with preceding viral encephalitis (GABAAR, D2R). Moreover, while SPS and PERM are the most frequent syndromes in adult anti-GlyR and anti-amphiphysin autoimmunity, in children isolated epileptic syndromes and limbic encephalitis appear predominant, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on rare pediatric NSAS. An improved characterization may aid their recognition in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ancona
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Masenello
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Tinnirello
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Mattia Toscano
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Leo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara La Piana
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Toldo
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Nosadini
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Neuroimmunology Group, Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza", Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Neuroimmunology Group, Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza", Padova, Italy
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Dziadkowiak E, Moreira H, Buska-Mach K, Szmyrka M, Budrewicz S, Barg E, Janik M, Pokryszko-Dragan A. Occult Autoimmune Background for Epilepsy-The Preliminary Study on Antibodies Against Neuronal Surface Antigens. Front Neurol 2021; 12:660126. [PMID: 34744955 PMCID: PMC8567837 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.660126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of antibodies against neuronal surface antigens (NSA-ab) in patients with different types of epilepsy, in comparison with the subjects diagnosed with immune-mediated disorders. Methods: Forty patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) of unknown origin, 16 with post-stroke epilepsy, and 23 with systemic autoimmune disorders (SAD) with CNS involvement were included. NSA-ab were sought in serum using indirect immunofluorescence method. Relationships were analyzed between presence of NSA-ab and clinical presentation. Results: NSA-ab was detected in the sera from five patients: anti-DPPX in one patient, anti-AMPAR1/R2 in two, anti-LGI1 in one and, in one case, both anti-CASPR2 and DPPX IgG. Out of these five patients, three represented the SAD subgroup and two the DRE subgroup. None of the patients with post-stroke epilepsy was positive for NSA-ab. Significance: Autoimmune etiology is worth considering in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy of unknown origin. The presence of NSA-ab in patients with systemic autoimmune disorders may be caused by unspecifically enhanced autoimmune reactivity. NSA-ab seem not to be related to epilepsy resulting from ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Dziadkowiak
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Helena Moreira
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Szmyrka
- Department of Rheumatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Barg
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Steriade C, Gillinder L, Rickett K, Hartel G, Higdon L, Britton J, French J. Discerning the Role of Autoimmunity and Autoantibodies in Epilepsy: A Review. JAMA Neurol 2021; 78:1383-1390. [PMID: 34515743 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance The literature on neural autoantibody positivity in epilepsy has expanded over the last decade, with an increased interest among clinicians in identifying potentially treatable causes of otherwise refractory seizures. Observations Prior studies have reported a wide range of neural autoantibody positivity rates among various epilepsy populations, with the highest frequency reported in individuals with focal epilepsy of unknown cause and new-onset seizures. The antibodies in some cases are of uncertain significance, and their presence can cause conundrums regarding therapy. Conclusions and Relevance There is likely some role for neural autoantibody assessment in patients with unexplained epilepsy who lack clear evidence of autoimmune encephalitis, but the clinical implications of such testing remain unclear owing to limitations in previous published studies. A framework for study design to bridge the current gaps in knowledge on autoimmune-associated epilepsy is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Steriade
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University, New York
| | - Lisa Gillinder
- Mater Advanced Epilepsy Unit, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Gunter Hartel
- Department of Statistics, QIMR Berghofer Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Conradi N, Behrens M, Schuster A, Schmitt S, Merkel N, Melzer N, Elben S, Siebenbrodt K, Strzelczyk A, Rosenow F. Executive deficits in neuropsychological testing differentiate between autoimmune temporal lobe epilepsy caused by limbic encephalitis and temporal lobe epilepsies with non-autoimmune etiologies. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 124:108378. [PMID: 34715429 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy caused by autoimmune limbic encephalitis (AI-TLE) clinically resemble patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with non-autoimmune etiologies (NAI-TLE) but have a different prognosis and require specific adjusted therapies. The objective of this study was to investigate whether patients with these forms of TLE can be discerned by means of neuropsychological assessment. METHODS Data from 103 patients with TLE (n = 39 with AI-TLE and n = 64 with NAI-TLE, including n = 39 with hippocampal sclerosis [HS] and n = 25 with low-grade epilepsy-associated tumors [LEAT]) and 25 healthy controls who underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessments were analyzed retrospectively. The neuropsychological characteristics (mean z-scores) were compared between groups using one-way ANOVA, independent-samples t-tests, and discriminant function analysis (DFA). RESULTS The groups of patients with TLE showed significantly lower performance in attentional, visuospatial, verbal memory, and nonverbal memory functions compared to the healthy controls. Solely in the domain of executive functions, patients with AI-TLE showed significantly lower performance compared to patients with NAI-TLE regarding cognitive flexibility (p = 0.002) and verbal fluency (p = 0.018). Moreover, the DFA identified cognitive flexibility to be most appropriate to differentiate between patients with AI-TLE and patients with HS. Group membership was correctly predicted through neuropsychological assessment alone in 66.7% of the patients using cross-validation. SIGNIFICANCE We were able to identify specific neuropsychological features in our sample of patients with AI-TLE. While all groups of patients with TLE showed the expected TLE-typical memory impairments, significant differences between patients with AI-TLE and NAI-TLE were present only in the cognitive domain of executive functions. This finding facilitates the choice of suitable psychometric tests in clinical routine and, thus, the clinical differential diagnosis between these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Conradi
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Marion Behrens
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annika Schuster
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sophia Schmitt
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Merkel
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saskia Elben
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Siebenbrodt
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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13
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-antibody in children with focal seizures of undetermined cause. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:1275-1280. [PMID: 32333263 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-neuronal antibodies that are related with autoimmune encephalitis syndromes may also be found in children with new onset seizures or chronic epilepsy. To unravel the significance of autoimmune astrocytopathy in epilepsy, we investigated serum antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), another autoantigen described in autoimmune encephalitis with seizures, in 38 children with focal seizures of undetermined cause. GFAP antibody was screened with cell based assay and indirect immunohistochemistry and was found in two boys with normal brain MRI and unrevealing medical history prior to seizures. The 2-year-old boy had chronic treatment-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy. The 2.5-year-old boy had a single episode of focal seizures and remained seizure free thereafter in a follow-up period of 4 years. Nevertheless, he showed severe cognitive and language impairment. These results suggest that autoimmune astrocytopathy may be present in some epilepsy patients. Whether this immune response is a bystander effect generated by seizure-induced astrocytosis or directly involved in epileptogenesis needs to be further studied.
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14
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Elmalı AD, Ur Özçelik E, Bebek N, Baykan B. Let there be light: Inhibitory effect of photic stimulation on spike frequency in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res 2021; 176:106734. [PMID: 34371448 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of epileptic discharges and seizures by sensory stimuli is an interesting phenomenon, but highly understudied. Here, we aimed to investigate the modulation of epileptiform discharges in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) via photic stimulation (PS), based on a hypothesis that light stimulation may activate thalamocortical networks limiting the propagation of interictal epileptiform discharges. In order to do so, all EEGs performed in patients diagnosed with MTLE-HS were reviewed to include available recordings with definite epileptiform abnormalities. These were reevaluated by two clinical neurophysiologists independently, and spikes were counted in a blinded manner to calculate spike index (SI) (spikes per minute-pm) for baseline EEG, hyperventilation (HV), and PS periods. Our final study group consisted of 30 MTLE-HS patients with a mean age of 34.5 (±12.5) years. Mean seizure frequency was 38.1 per year (±46.6), and the mean disease duration was 16.2 years (±12.1). Mean SI during baseline was calculated as 1.17 pm (±1.4), during HV 2.1 pm (±2.8) and during PS 0.8 pm (±2.5). As a result, SI was significantly lower during PS compared to baseline (p = 0.001). Our findings suggest that PS has a remarkable inhibitory effect on epileptiform discharges in MTLE-HS patients, indicating the need for further prospective investigations for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Deniz Elmalı
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Neurology - Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Emel Ur Özçelik
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Neurology - Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Istanbul, Turkey; University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Clinic of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nerses Bebek
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Neurology - Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Baykan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Neurology - Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Mueller C, Langenbruch LM, Rau JMH, Brix T, Strippel C, Dik A, Golombeck KS, Moenig C, Raeuber SJ, Kovac S, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Bölte J, Johnen A, Melzer N. Determinants of cognition in autoimmune limbic encephalitis-A retrospective cohort study. Hippocampus 2021; 31:1092-1103. [PMID: 34270832 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis (AIE). Subacute memory disturbance, temporal lobe seizures, and psychiatric symptoms are clinical hallmarks of the disease. However, little is known on the factors contributing to cognitive functioning in ALE. Hence, we here investigate major determinants of cognitive functioning in ALE. In a retrospective analysis of 102 patients with ALE, we first compared verbal learning capacity, nonverbal learning capacity, and attentional and executive functioning by absence or presence of different types of neural autoantibodies (AABs). Subsequently we established three linear regression models including 63, 38, and 61 patients, respectively to investigate how cognitive functioning in these domains may depend on common markers of ALE such as intrathecal inflammation, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-barrier function, mesiotemporal epileptiform discharges and slowing, determined by electroencephalography (EEG) and structural mesiotemporal changes, measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We also accounted for possible effects of cancer- and immunotherapy and other centrally effective medication. There was no effect of AAB status on cognitive functioning. Although the regression models could not predict verbal and nonverbal learning capacity, structural mesiotemporal neural network alterations on T2-/fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)-signal-weighted MRI and mesiotemporal epileptiform discharges or slowing on EEG exerted a significant impact on memory functions. In contrast, the regression model significantly predicted attentional and executive functioning with CSF white blood cell count and centrally effective medication being significant determinants. In this cohort, cognitive functioning in ALE does not depend on the AAB status. Common markers of ALE cannot predict memory functioning that only partially depends on structural and functional alterations of mesiotemporal neural networks. Common markers of ALE significantly predict attentional and executive functioning that is significantly related to centrally effective medication and CSF white blood cell count, which may point toward inflammation affecting brain regions beyond the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mueller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa M Langenbruch
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johanna M H Rau
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Brix
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Strippel
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andre Dik
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kristin S Golombeck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Constanze Moenig
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Saskia J Raeuber
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Bölte
- Institute of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Johnen
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Langenbruch L, Wiendl H, Groß C, Kovac S. Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in seizures and epilepsy with and without autoimmune-associated disease. Seizure 2021; 91:233-243. [PMID: 34233238 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with seizures and epilepsy routinely undergo multiple diagnostic tests, which may include cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. This review aims to outline different CSF parameters and their alterations in seizures or epilepsy. We then discuss the utility of CSF analysis in seizure patients in different clinical settings in depth. Some routine CSF parameters are frequently altered after seizures, but are not specific such as CSF protein and lactate. Pleocytosis and CSF specific oligoclonal bands are rare and should be considered as signs of infectious or immune mediated seizures and epilepsy. Markers of neuronal damage show conflicting results, and are as yet not established in clinical practice. Parameters of neuronal degeneration and more specific immune parameters are less well studied, and are areas of further research. CSF analysis in new-onset seizures or status epilepticus serves well in the differential diagnosis of seizure etiology. Here, considerations should include autoimmune-associated seizures. CSF findings in these disorders are a special focus of this review and are summarized in a comprehensive overview. Until now, CSF analysis has not yielded clinically helpful biomarkers for refractory epilepsy or for assessment of neuronal damage which is a subject of further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Langenbruch
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 1, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Catharina Groß
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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17
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Mongay-Ochoa N, Sala-Padró J, Reynés-Llompart G, Rodríguez-Bel L, Jaraba S, Morandeira F, Falip M. Brain FDG-PET findings in glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated epilepsy. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:869-873. [PMID: 33955107 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD-Ab) are sometimes associated with chronic drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Clinically, it may manifest as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), with GAD-Ab patients difficult to distinguish. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare brain metabolism of patients with mTLE and high serum titers of GAD-Ab (>2000 UI/ml) to those with mTLE and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and confirmed GAD-ab negativity. METHODS Images from PET studies were normalized to an SPM 12 template. Voxel to voxel comparisons were made using a two-sample one-tailed t-test. RESULTS In both patients with GAD-Ab and controls (mTLE-HS), hypometabolism in mesial temporal lobe areas was observed. When comparing the two groups, GAD-Ab patients had statistically significant reduced metabolism in both insulae and medial inferior frontal-hypothalamus area (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hypometabolism in mesial temporal lobe areas together with hypometabolism in insulae and medial inferior frontal-hypothalamus may be characteristic of patients with epilepsy and GAD-ab. This PET pattern could be a useful diagnostic tool to identify GAD-Ab patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Mongay-Ochoa
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Sala-Padró
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Reynés-Llompart
- Medical Physics Department, Institut Català d'Oncolgia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,PET Unit, Nuclear Medicine Department, IDI, Hospital U. de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Bel
- PET Unit, Nuclear Medicine Department, IDI, Hospital U. de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Jaraba
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Morandeira
- Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Falip
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Goudot M, Frismand S, Hopes L, Verger A, Joubert B, Honnorat J, Tyvaert L. Recurrent seizures of autoimmune origin: emerging phenotypes. J Neurol 2021; 268:3000-3010. [PMID: 33638022 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recurrent seizures of autoimmune origin (AEp) are one of the most frequent causes of recurrent seizures or suspected epilepsy of unknown cause. The aim of this study was to identify specific phenotypes corresponding to AEp. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed features of patients with recurrent seizures of unknown cause and investigated for suspected AEp (January 2015-May 2018). Patients were separated in: (1) AEpAb+: AEp with positive autoantibodies; (2) AEpAb-: suspected AEp (inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) profile) without autoantibodies; (3) NAEp: epilepsy without CNS inflammation. RESULTS Eighty-nine epileptic patients underwent a CSF antibody detection. From the remaining 57 epileptic patients (32 excluded for a differential diagnosis), 61.4% were considered as AEp. 21% were AEpAb+ (4 NMDAR, 2 GABAbR, 3 GAD-Ab, 2 LGi1, 1 CASPR2), 40.4% AEpAb-, and 38.6% NAE. AE (AEpAb+ and AEpAb-) was significantly associated with antibody prevalence in epilepsy (APE) score ≥ 4 (80%), encephalitic phase (71.4%), psychiatric involvement (64.7%), cognitive impairment (50%), and status epilepticus (41.2%). Within the group of 29 patients without encephalitic phase and with chronic epilepsy (NEPp), 34.5% were defined as AEp. 10.4% were AEpAb+ (2 GAD, 1 CASPR2) and 24.1% were AEpAb-. NEP AEp was associated with non-cerebral autoimmune disorders, short epileptic disease duration, and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune cause (AEp) should be assessed in patient suffering from recurrent seizures of unknown cause. Acute encephalitis is clearly the main AEp phenotype. AEp was also defined in more than one-third of chronic epilepsy patients (NEP) of unknown cause. Then, AEp may be combined with other autoimmune comorbidities, a shorter evolution of recurrent seizures, and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Goudot
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Solène Frismand
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Lucie Hopes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Antoine Verger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, IADI, INSERM U1254, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Bastien Joubert
- Department of Neurology, French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, INSERM U1217/CNRS, UMR5310, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Department of Neurology, French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, INSERM U1217/CNRS, UMR5310, Lyon, France
| | - Louise Tyvaert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France. .,Faculty of Medicine, CRAN CNRS UMR 7039, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France. .,Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Nancy University Medical Centre, Central Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France.
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19
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Sanli E, Akbayir E, Kuçukali CI, Baykan B, Sirin NG, Bebek N, Yilmaz V, Tuzun E. Adaptive immunity cells are differentially distributed in the peripheral blood of glycine receptor antibody-positive patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause. Epilepsy Res 2020; 170:106542. [PMID: 33387801 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glycine receptor (GlyR) autoantibodies (Ab) have been recently detected in epilepsy patients. Our study aimed to investigate the peripheral blood distribution of B and T cell subgroups responsible for antibody production to find clues supporting the distinct organization of adaptive immunity in focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEUC). METHOD Seven GlyR-Ab positive and 15 GlyR-Ab negative FEUC patients and 25 age-sex matched healthy individuals were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. RESULTS There were no significant differences between CD19+ B, CD3+ T, CD4+ helper T, CD8+ cytotoxic T, and CD19+CD24++CD38++ regulatory B cell ratios among the groups. GlyR-Ab negative epilepsy patients had significantly higher CD19+IgD+CD27- naive B cells and GlyR-Ab positive patients showed reduced percentages of CD19+CD38+CD138+ plasma cells than healthy controls. By contrast, GlyR-Ab positive patients exhibited significantly increased CD3+CD4+CD25highregulatory T (Treg) cells and CD3+CD4+CD25highCD127low/- Treg cells and relatively increased CD19+IgD-CD27+ memory B cells without attaining statistical significance. CONCLUSION The increase of Tregs, which are capable of suppressing B cells, maybe a compensating countermeasure to prevent the conversion of effector B cell subgroups. Thus, our findings lend support to the involvement of adaptive immunity in focal epilepsy of unknown cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Sanli
- Neuroscience Department, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Akbayir
- Neuroscience Department, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Ismail Kuçukali
- Neuroscience Department, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Baykan
- Neuroscience Department, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nermin Gorkem Sirin
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nerses Bebek
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vuslat Yilmaz
- Neuroscience Department, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- Neuroscience Department, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Tan THL, Perucca P, O'Brien TJ, Kwan P, Monif M. Inflammation, ictogenesis, and epileptogenesis: An exploration through human disease. Epilepsia 2020; 62:303-324. [PMID: 33316111 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is seen historically as a disease of aberrant neuronal signaling manifesting as seizures. With the discovery of numerous auto-antibodies and the subsequent growth in understanding of autoimmune encephalitis, there has been an increasing emphasis on the contribution of the innate and adaptive immune system to ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. Pathogenic antibodies, complement activation, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and microglial activation are seen, to various degrees, in different seizure-associated neuroinflammatory and autoimmune conditions. These aberrant immune responses are thought to cause disruptions in neuronal signaling, generation of acute symptomatic seizures, and, in some cases, the development of long-term autoimmune epilepsy. Although early treatment with immunomodulatory therapies improves outcomes in autoimmune encephalitides and autoimmune epilepsies, patient identification and treatment selection are not always clear-cut. This review examines the role of the different components of the immune system in various forms of seizure disorders including autoimmune encephalitis, autoimmune epilepsy, Rasmussen encephalitis, febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), and new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). In particular, the pathophysiology and unique cytokine profiles seen in these disorders and their links with diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision-making are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie Huey-Lin Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piero Perucca
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Leary LD. Autoimmune Epilepsy in Children: Unraveling the Mystery. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 112:73-77. [PMID: 32920307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although many neurologists are familiar with the clinical presentations of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or limbic encephalitides, there remains much mystery surrounding autoimmune etiologies of subacute and chronic epilepsies. In addition, the subtleties and differences in presentation in the pediatric population limit diagnosis and challenge clinicians. In the absence of an acute encephalitic picture, it is likely that many clinicians do not test for autoimmune disorders due to the uncertainty surrounding the selection of appropriate candidates for testing and immunomodulation. Recent developments have expanded the definition of epilepsy related to autoimmune mechanisms. Based on current knowledge, autoimmune epilepsy can best be thought of as a subset of autoimmune encephalitis where seizures and epilepsy are the primary presenting factor. Autoimmune epilepsy has been increasingly recognized as a contributor to drug-resistant epilepsies; however, identification of affected individuals remains challenging, particularly in the pediatric population. Our understanding of autoimmune epilepsy continues to evolve as more individuals with epilepsy are tested for antibodies to neuronal proteins and as additional antibodies are being identified. This article provides an overview of the clinical features most commonly associated with positive antibody testing in epilepsy and the scales that are currently available to screen patients for antibody testing and response to immunotherapy. Literature-based recommendations are presented for the modification and validation of current scales to increase applicability to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Leary
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
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Development and validation of a predictive model for the diagnosis of neural antibody-mediated epilepsy/ seizure in patients with new-onset seizure or established epilepsy. Seizure 2020; 83:5-12. [PMID: 33075673 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the diagnosis of neural antibody-mediated epilepsy/seizure (NAME/S)relies heavily on neural antibody testing, which is time-consuming, costly and introduces diagnostic delays. A statistical tool to predict the probability of a patient with NAME/S is lacking. We aimed to construct a predictive model to help clinicians expedite the diagnostic process. METHODS We retrospectively recruited subjects (206 in the development group and 62 in the validation group) with new-onset seizures or established epilepsy suspected to have presented with antibody-mediated seizures between January 2014 and December 2019. We collected data about demographics, medical history, clinical manifestations and follow up. Binary logistic regression was used to select potential predictors for the construction of a predictive model. Five-fold cross and bootstrap validation were applied to avoid overfitting. Concordance index, calibration plots and decision curve analysis were used to assess its performance. RESULTS The model, incorporating presence/absence of tumour, psychiatric/cognitive/emotional changes, language disturbances, sensory auras, tonic-clonic seizures, multiple seizure events, hyponatremia and MRI inflammation, was visualized as a nomogram. The crude and adjusted concordance indices were both 0.88 with a cut-off value of 0.62, sensitivity of 83.2 % and specificity of 77.4 %. The slope and intercept of the calibration curve were 0 and 1, respectively. The model also showed good performance in the validation group with a concordance index of 0.82, cut-off value of 0.33, sensitivity of 75.5 % and specificity of 73.1 %. The slope was 0.86 and the intercept was 0.039. Decision curve analysis showed that the model was useful with an optimal threshold probability of >4 % in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite limitations such as sample volume and selection bias in subject enrolment, this model may be used to estimate the individualized probability of having NAME/S, deserving further exploration and validation.
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Bien CG. Neural autoantibodies and autoimmune encephalitis – the conjunction of both counts. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:1803-1804. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Bien
- Epilepsy Centre Bethel Krankenhaus Mara Bielefeld Germany
- Laboratory Krone Bad Salzuflen Germany
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Peripheral blood expression levels of inflammasome complex components in two different focal epilepsy syndromes. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577343. [PMID: 32731050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the role of inflammation in epilepsy pathogenesis has been extensively investigated, the inflammasome complex, a key component of neuroinflammation, has been understudied in epilepsy patients. METHODS To better understand the involvement of this system in epilepsy, levels of inflammasome complex components (NLRP1, NLRP3, CASP1, ASC), end-products of inflammasome complex activity [IL-1β, IL-18, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms] and other inflammatory factors (NFκB, IL-6, TNF-α) were measured in peripheral blood of patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEoUC) (n = 47), mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) (n = 35) and healthy controls using real time qPCR and/or ELISA. RESULTS Inflammasome complex associated factors were either downregulated or unchanged in epilepsy patients. Likewise, flow cytometry studies failed to show an increase in ratios of NLRP3-expressing CD3+ and CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in epileptic patients. Anti-neuronal antibody positive epilepsy patients showed increased NLRP1 and neuronal NOS mRNA expression levels, whereas patients under poly-therapy showed reduced serum inflammasome levels. FEoUC patients demonstrated increased PBMC NFκB mRNA expression levels and serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels. Both MTLE-HS and FEoUC patients displayed higher ratios of NFκB-expressing CD14+ PBMC than healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Although previous clinical studies have implicated increased inflammasome complex expression levels in epilepsy, our results indicate suppressed inflammasome complex activity in the peripheral blood of focal epilepsy patients. Alternatively, the IL-6-NFκB signaling pathway, appears to be activated in focal epilepsy, suggesting that factors of this pathway might be targeted for future theranostic applications.
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Boyko M, Au KLK, Casault C, de Robles P, Pfeffer G. Systematic review of the clinical spectrum of CASPR2 antibody syndrome. J Neurol 2020; 267:1137-1146. [PMID: 31912210 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) autoantibody disease has a variable clinical phenotype. We present a case report and performed a systematic review of the literature to summarize: (1) the clinical phenotype of patients with CASPR2 antibodies, (2) the findings in neurological investigations, and (3) the associated neuroimaging findings. METHODS A chart review was performed for the case report. A systematic review of the medical literature was performed from first available to June 13, 2018. Abstracts were screened, and full-text peer-reviewed publications for novel patients with CASPR2 positivity in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were included. Selected publications were reviewed, and relevant information was collated. Data were analyzed to determine overall frequency for demographic information, clinical presentations, and investigation findings. RESULTS Our patient was a previously healthy 61-year-old male with both serum and CSF CASPR2 antibodies who presented with limbic encephalitis and refractory epilepsy. He was successfully treated with immunosuppression. For our systematic review, we identified 667 patients from 106 studies. Sixty-nine percent were male. Median age was 54 years (IQR 39-65.5). Median disease duration was 12 months (IQR 5.6-20). Reported overall clinical syndromes were: autoimmune encephalitis [69/134 (51.5%)], limbic encephalitis [106/274 (38.7%)], peripheral nerve hyperexcitability [72/191 (37.7%)], Morvan syndrome [57/251 (22.7%)], and cerebellar syndrome [24/163 (14.7%)]. Patients had positive serum [642/642 (100%)] and CSF [87/173 (50.3%)] CASPR2 antibodies. MRI was reported as abnormal in 159/299 patients (53.1%), and the most common abnormalities were encephalitis or T2 hyperintensities in the medial temporal lobes, or hippocampal atrophy, mesial temporal sclerosis, or hippocampal sclerosis. FDG-PET was abnormal in 30/35 patients (85.7%), and the most common abnormality was temporomesial hypometabolism. The most commonly associated condition was myasthenia gravis (38 cases). Thymoma occurred in 76/348 patients (21.8%). Non-thymoma malignancies were uncommon [42/397 (10.6%)]. CONCLUSIONS Most patients have autoimmune or limbic encephalitis and corresponding abnormalities on neuroimaging. Other presentations include peripheral nerve hyperexcitability or Morvan syndromes, cerebellar syndromes, behavioral and cognitive changes, and more rarely movement disorders. The most commonly associated malignancy was thymoma and suggests a role for thymoma screening in CASPR2-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boyko
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB 155, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ka Loong Kelvin Au
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB 155, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Colin Casault
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB 155, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paula de Robles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB 155, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB 155, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Alberta Child Health Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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26
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Atalar AÇ, Vanlı-Yavuz EN, Yılmaz E, Bebek N, Baykan B. Reflex epileptic features in patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 190:105633. [PMID: 31865219 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a gap of knowledge regarding reflex seizures in patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEUC). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics of reflex seizures in patients with FEUC to provide an insight to the underlying ictogenic mechanisms and to draw attention to this important but under-investigated topic. PATIENTS AND METHODS After carefully questioning for reflex triggers, 186 patients diagnosed according to ILAE criteria and followed-up for a minimum of 5 years were included. The demographic and clinical properties as well as electrophysiological and neuroimaging data of these patients were reevaluated and compared to the patients without reflex seizures. RESULTS The reflex seizure rate was 6.5 % in patients with FEUC. Patients with reflex features had lower monotherapy rates (p = 0.005) and higher major depression rates (p = 0.001) than patients without reflex features. The distribution of the patients according to their reflex triggers were as follows: hot-water induced (n = 3, 25 %), photosensitive (n = 2, 16.7 %), eating- induced (n = 2, 16.7 %), musicogenic (n = 2, 16.7 %), startle induced (n = 2, 16.7 %) and both musicogenic and startle type (n = 1, 8.3 %) respectively. The drug resistance rate of patients with reflex seizures was 25 % (n = 3). One patient with drug resistant reflex seizures showed benefit from epilepsy surgery and became seizure-free during last 3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION A careful and thoroughly history taking specifically questioning and focusing on seizure inducing factors in patients with FEUC is needed to confirm the presence of reflex seizures in patients with FEUC, who had higher rates of polytherapy and major depression. Elaborative evaluation of reflex features in FEUC might contribute to effective seizure control, ensure new therapeutic approaches, enlighten the obscurity and the resulting anxiety of having a diagnosis of FEUC in epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arife Çimen Atalar
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Nur Vanlı-Yavuz
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Yılmaz
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Nerses Bebek
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Baykan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
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Long-term follow-up of a large cohort with focal epilepsy of unknown cause: deciphering their clinical and prognostic characteristics. J Neurol 2019; 267:838-847. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vogrig A, Joubert B, André‐Obadia N, Gigli GL, Rheims S, Honnorat J. Seizure specificities in patients with antibody‐mediated autoimmune encephalitis. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1508-1525. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vogrig
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer Lyon University Hospital Lyon France
- SynatAc Team NeuroMyoGene InstituteINSERM U1217/CNRSUMR5310 Lyon France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon Lyon France
- Clinical Neurology Unit Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital Udine Italy
| | - Bastien Joubert
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer Lyon University Hospital Lyon France
- SynatAc Team NeuroMyoGene InstituteINSERM U1217/CNRSUMR5310 Lyon France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Nathalie André‐Obadia
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer Lyon University Hospital Lyon France
- Lyon's Neurosciences Research Center INSERM U1028/CNRSUMR 5292University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Clinical Neurology Unit Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital Udine Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME) University of Udine Medical School Udine Italy
- Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Physics (DMIF) University of Udine Udine Italy
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer Lyon University Hospital Lyon France
- Lyon's Neurosciences Research Center INSERM U1028/CNRSUMR 5292University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Jérome Honnorat
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pierre Wertheimer Lyon University Hospital Lyon France
- SynatAc Team NeuroMyoGene InstituteINSERM U1217/CNRSUMR5310 Lyon France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon Lyon France
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Follow-up of patients with epilepsy harboring antiglycine receptor antibodies. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 92:103-107. [PMID: 30641251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-term follow-up of patients with epilepsy harboring autoantibodies against the glycine receptor (also glycine receptor antibodies or GlyR-Ab) is not well-known. Our aim was to investigate the 5-year prognosis and treatment response of patients with epilepsy who were seropositive for GlyR-Ab. METHODS Clinical features; electroencephalogram (EEG), neuroradiological, and neuropathological findings; and treatment responses of patients with epilepsy with GlyR-Ab seropositivity were investigated. RESULTS Thirteen (5.46%) of 238 patients with epilepsy were GlyR-Ab positive: focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEoUC) was diagnosed in four (7.27%) out of 55 patients, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) in five (4.5%) out of 111 patients, epileptic encephalopathy (EE) in two (4%) out of 50 patients, and status epilepticus (SE) in two (9.09%) out of 22 patients. None of the patients developed any other neurological symptoms or cancer during the 5-year follow-up. Seven of them had seizures that were resistant to antiepileptic drug (AED). Immunotherapy was used in two patients (with FEoUC and EE) improving seizure control. Three patients with MTLE-HS benefited from epilepsy surgery, and another patient with EE showed spontaneous remission. CONCLUSION Glycine receptor antibodies are detected in a wide spectrum of epileptic disorders with unclear pathogenic significance. Two GlyR-Ab seropositive patients with AED-resistant epilepsy treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) showed clear benefit from immunotherapy. Future studies will be valuable in determining the role of screening patients with drug-resistant epilepsy for GlyR-Ab in order to identify patients who may benefit or respond to immunotherapy.
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30
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Thijs RD, Surges R, O'Brien TJ, Sander JW. Epilepsy in adults. Lancet 2019; 393:689-701. [PMID: 30686584 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 902] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common serious brain conditions, affecting over 70 million people worldwide. Its incidence has a bimodal distribution with the highest risk in infants and older age groups. Progress in genomic technology is exposing the complex genetic architecture of the common types of epilepsy, and is driving a paradigm shift. Epilepsy is a symptom complex with multiple risk factors and a strong genetic predisposition rather than a condition with a single expression and cause. These advances have resulted in the new classification of epileptic seizures and epilepsies. A detailed clinical history and a reliable eyewitness account of a seizure are the cornerstones of the diagnosis. Ancillary investigations can help to determine cause and prognosis. Advances in brain imaging are helping to identify the structural and functional causes and consequences of the epilepsies. Comorbidities are increasingly recognised as important aetiological and prognostic markers. Antiseizure medication might suppress seizures in up to two-thirds of all individuals but do not alter long-term prognosis. Epilepsy surgery is the most effective way to achieve long-term seizure freedom in selected individuals with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, but it is probably not used enough. With improved understanding of the gradual development of epilepsy, epigenetic determinants, and pharmacogenomics comes the hope for better, disease-modifying, or even curative, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies. Other developments are clinical implementation of seizure detection devices and new neuromodulation techniques, including responsive neural stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland D Thijs
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rainer Surges
- Section of Epileptology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Josemir W Sander
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, UK.
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31
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Elisak M, Krysl D, Hanzalova J, Volna K, Bien CG, Leypoldt F, Marusic P. The prevalence of neural antibodies in temporal lobe epilepsy and the clinical characteristics of seropositive patients. Seizure 2018; 63:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Hansen N. Commentary on Nóbrega-Jr et al. "Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is infrequently associated with neuronal antibodies". Epilepsia 2018; 59:2340-2341. [PMID: 30451294 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
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Investigation of neuronal auto-antibodies in children diagnosed with epileptic encephalopathy of unknown cause. Brain Dev 2018; 40:909-917. [PMID: 29935963 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cryptogenic forms of epileptic encephalopathies (EE) with their well-known features of drug-resistance, mental deterioration and partial response to immunotherapies are ideal candidates for screening for neuronal autoantibodies (NAA). METHOD Fifty consecutive pediatric patients with a diagnosis of EE of unknown cause were included. Nine NAAs were tested by ELISA, RIA or cell-based assays. Clinical features of seronegative and seropositive patients were compared. RESULTS NAAs were found in 7/50 (14%) patients. They were N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in two (4%), glycine receptor in two (4%), contactin-associated protein-like 2 in one (2%), glutamic acid decarboxylase in one (2%) and type A gamma aminobutyric acid receptor in one patient (2%). Furthermore, serum IgGs of two patients negative for well-characterized NAAs, showed strong reactivity with the uncharacterized membrane antigens of live hippocampal neurons. There were no significant differences between seropositive and seronegative patients by means of epilepsy duration, anti-epileptic drug resistance, EE type, types of seizures, seizure frequencies, EEG features or coexisting autoimmune diseases. Some seropositive patients gave good-moderate response to immunotherapy. DISCUSSION Potential clues for the possible role of autoimmunity in seropositive patients with EE were atypical prognosis of the classical EE type, atypical progression and unusual neurological findings like dyskinesia.
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Investigation of the Video-EEG Findings and Clinical Data in Patients Diagnosed With Epilepsy and Psychosis. Neurologist 2018; 23:167-174. [PMID: 30169371 DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on electrophysiological characteristics of patients with epilepsy and concomitant psychosis are limited. We aimed to investigate the clinical and video-electroencephalography (EEG) findings of patients with epilepsy-related psychosis (EP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen patients diagnosed with EP, assessed at the video-EEG monitoring unit and were under follow-up at both epilepsy and psychiatry clinics, were included. A total of 67 nonpsychotic epilepsy patients, investigated at the video-EEG monitoring unit were randomly selected as the control group and compared statistically with the EP group. RESULTS In medical history, patients with EP had experienced significantly higher level of status epilepticus (P=0.002) and perinatal cerebral injury (P=0.04), whereas drug-resistant epilepsy was detected at a lower level (P=0.015). With respect to seizure onset zone, the EP group had significantly more seizures of unknown foci, whereas the control group had mostly temporal lobe origin (P=0.0004). EEG findings showed that slow background activity was significantly common among patients with EP (P=0.009). Although only 5 of 15 patients with EP had been operated, 43 of 67 patients had undergone epilepsy surgery (P=0.04) in the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to postoperative seizure control as per Engel classification. CONCLUSIONS Although our sample size could be considered small, slowed EEG background activity, and the marked frequency of initial precipitant factors such as status epilepticus, perinatal cerebral injury, and detected neuronal autoantibodies suggested that EP is associated with more extensive involvement. EP is not a contraindication for epilepsy surgery, when appropriately investigated preoperatively.
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35
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Nóbrega-Jr AW, Gregory CP, Schlindwein-Zanini R, Neves FDS, Wolf P, Walz R, Steindel M, Lin K. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is infrequently associated with neuronal autoantibodies. Epilepsia 2018; 59:e152-e156. [PMID: 30146688 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) is characterized by its well-defined clinical profile. Limbic encephalitis is increasingly recognized as a possible etiology of adult-onset MTLE-HS, and neuronal autoantibodies have been detected in patients even without previous signs of encephalitis. The aim of this study is to analyze the frequency of specific autoantibodies in patients with MTLE-HS. A case-control study was carried out with 100 patients with MTLE-HS and 50 healthy controls. Sera samples from subjects were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay for detection of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2), anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1), anti-gamma aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABA-B-R), anti-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid 1 and 2 receptors (AMPA-1-R and AMPA-2-R), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65). Mean age of patients and controls was 41.2 vs 42 years, and 55% vs 56% were female. Mean duration of epilepsy was 27.2 years. No neuronal autoantibodies were found in either group, except for anti-GAD65 in 3 patients and 2 controls. This study adds to the mounting evidence that, in Brazilian patients, MTLE-HS without signs and symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis may be infrequently associated with these autoantibodies. Differences regarding accuracy of used methodologies for autoantibody detection and genetic and environmental characteristics are discussed. Further works with different methodologies tested simultaneously in different populations may help clarify the incongruent study results about autoantibodies in MTLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaucto W Nóbrega-Jr
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabricio de Souza Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Peter Wolf
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, HU, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, HU, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Roger Walz
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, HU, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, HU, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Epilepsy Center of Santa Catarina State (CEPESC), HU, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (MIP), Biological Science Center, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Katia Lin
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, HU, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, HU, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Epilepsy Center of Santa Catarina State (CEPESC), HU, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Baykan B, Gungor Tuncer O, Vanli-Yavuz EN, Baysal Kirac L, Gundogdu G, Bebek N, Gurses C, Altindag E, Tuzun E. Delta Brush Pattern Is Not Unique to NMDAR Encephalitis: Evaluation of Two Independent Long-Term EEG Cohorts. Clin EEG Neurosci 2018; 49:278-284. [PMID: 29161898 DOI: 10.1177/1550059417693168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although its specificity has not previously been investigated in other cohorts, delta brush pattern (DBP) is increasingly reported in the EEGs of patients with anti- N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. METHODS We aimed to investigate the DBP in the EEGs of 2 cohorts; patients with change in consciousness for various causes monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 106) and patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with or without antineuronal antibodies (n = 76). RESULTS These patients were investigated for the presence of DBP, defined as an EEG pattern characterized by delta activity at 1 to 3 Hz with superimposed bursts of rhythmic 12- to 30-Hz activity. Two investigators blindfolded for the clinical and immunological data independently analyzed the EEGs for recognition of this pattern. An EEG picture compatible with DBP was observed in 4 patients; only 1 of them (1.3%) belonged to the MTLE group. She did not bear any of the investigated autoantibodies and was seizure-free after epilepsy surgery. In the ICU group, there were 3 additional patients showing DBP with various diagnoses such as hypoxic encephalopathy, brain tumor, stroke, and metabolic derangements. All of them had died in 1-month period. CONCLUSIONS Our results underlined that DBP is not unique to NMDAR encephalitis; it may very rarely occur in MTLE with good prognosis after surgery and second, in ICU patients who have high mortality rate. Therefore, the presence of this pattern should alert the clinician for NMDAR encephalitis but other possible etiologies should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Baykan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ebru Nur Vanli-Yavuz
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,3 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Baysal Kirac
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokcen Gundogdu
- 4 Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nerses Bebek
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Candan Gurses
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Altindag
- 2 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- 5 Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tezer FI, Firat A, Tuzun E, Unal I, Soylemezoglu F, Bilginer B, Kaymaz F, Oguz KK, Saygi S. Immunopathology in drug resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with different types of hippocampal sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:421-428. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1389928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Irsel Tezer
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Firat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isik Unal
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Soylemezoglu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcak Bilginer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Kaymaz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kader K. Oguz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Saygi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Gozubatik-Celik G, Ozkara C, Ulusoy C, Gunduz A, Delil S, Yeni N, Tuzun E. Anti-Neuronal Autoantibodies in Both Drug Responsive and Resistant Focal Seizures with Unknown Cause. Epilepsy Res 2017; 135:131-136. [PMID: 28675819 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and Objective Autoimmunity is an emerging field of research in the etiology of different neurological disorders including epilepsy. We aimed to investigate the presence of neuronal autoantibodies in focal epilepsy with unknown cause and their clinical correlates in both drug-responsive and resistant patients. METHOD Between 2009 and 2010 94 patients were prospectively enrolled, had their antibodies tested and clinically followed." An additional 50 age- and gender-matched controls were also tested for antibodies. Age at examination, gender, age at onset, seizure frequency, risk factors, seizure precipitants, and type of seizures were noted. Plasma obtained from patients was frozen at -80°C and analysed for autoantibodies against VGKC-complex, VGCC, GAD, LGI1, CASPR2, NMDA, AMPA and GABAB receptors with immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay as required. RESULTS Thirteen (13.8%) patients, but none of the controls, had antibodies (p=0.003). Antibodies were directed against the uncharacterized components of VGKC-complex in 5 patients (5.3%), GAD in 4 patients (4.2%), NMDA-R in 1 patient (1%), AMPA-R in 1 patient (1%) and both GAD and VGKC-complex in 2 patients (2.1%). Prognosis of epilepsy, in subsequent follow-up, did not correlate to general presence of anti-neuronal antibodies with slightly more patients with antibodies epilepsy control than without (76.9% vs. 69.1%, not-statistically significant. Three patients with suspected active autoimmunity and epilepsy who were treated, showed a response to treatment with a reduction in the seizure frequency. Although most clinical features were identical between seropositive and seronegative patient groups, seropositive patients were more likely to have inflammatory/autoimmune disorders in their medical history. DISCUSSION In keeping with previous studies, we have shown anti-neuronal antibodies in a proportion of focal epilepsy patients. Although autoimmunity might merely occur as a bystander effect in many chronic neurological disorders, association of anti-neuronal antibodies with good response to immunotherapy and coexisting autoimmune disorders suggests that anti-neuronal autoimmunity might participate in seizure formation at least in a subgroup of focal epilepsy patients. CONCLUSION Immunity may play a role in some patients with unknown etiology regardless of prognosis and immunmodulatuar treatment may be helpful in seropositive group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cigdem Ozkara
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Canan Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Sakir Delil
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Naz Yeni
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul University, Turkey
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Redefining progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus after the discovery of antibodies to glycine receptors. Curr Opin Neurol 2017; 30:310-316. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
This paper reviews advances in epilepsy in recent years with an emphasis on therapeutics and underlying mechanisms, including status epilepticus, drug and surgical treatments. Lessons from rarer epilepsies regarding the relationship between epilepsy type, mechanisms and choice of antiepileptic drugs (AED) are explored and data regarding AED use in pregnancy are reviewed. Concepts evolving towards a move from treating seizures to treating epilepsy are discussed, both in terms of the mechanisms of epileptogenesis, and in terms of epilepsy's broader comorbidity, especially depression.
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Karaaslan Z, Ekizoğlu E, Tektürk P, Erdağ E, Tüzün E, Bebek N, Gürses C, Baykan B. Investigation of neuronal auto-antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2017; 129:132-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kanda T. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis as a neuroimmunological disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:683. [PMID: 27170276 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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