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Arabidze GG, Mamedov MN, Akhundova HR. Ten-year cardiovascular risk estimation in type 2 diabetes in Europe using the novel SCORE2-Diabetes model. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2024; 23:3966. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2024-3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The article presents a validated prognostic score (SCORE2-Diabetes) developed by a group of European researchers in collaboration with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for 10-year cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Europe. The SCORE2-Diabetes risk calculator was developed based on the SCORE2 algorithms using data from patients with T2D and no prior cardiovascular disease (CVD). The authors developed a novel risk model that takes into account sex, age, age at diagnosis of T2D, glycated hemoglobin level, estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, based on cardiovascular morbidity rate in 4 regions of Europe. The model included 38602 cases of CVD and showed good discrimination and calculation improvement compared to SCORE2 (change in C-index from 0,009 to 0,031) depending on the T2D-related factors. The authors consider adaptation of the SCORE2-Diabetes risk model to modern populations, including in the Russian Federation. Comparative analysis with similar models, assessing the advantages and disadvantages of various CVD risk models in patients with T2D is presented.Conclusion. SCORE2-Diabetes improves the identification of individuals at higher cardiovascular risk in Europe based on new validated data from the European region.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. G. Arabidze
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
| | - M. N. Mamedov
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - H. R. Akhundova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
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Pennells L, Kaptoge S, Østergaard HB, Read SH, Carinci F, Franch-Nadal J, Petitjean C, Taylor O, Hageman SHJ, Xu Z, Shi F, Spackman S, Gualdi S, Holman N, Da Providencia E Costa RB, Bonnet F, Brenner H, Gillum RF, Kiechl S, Lawlor DA, Potier L, Schöttker B, Sofat R, Völzke H, Willeit J, Baltane Z, Fava S, Janos S, Lavens A, Pildava S, Poljicanin T, Pristas I, Rossing P, Sascha R, Scheidt-Nave C, Stotl I, Tibor G, Urbančič-Rovan V, Vanherwegen AS, Vistisen D, Du Y, Walker MR, Willeit P, Ference B, De Bacquer D, Halle M, Huculeci R, McEvoy JW, Timmis A, Vardas P, Dorresteijn JAN, Graham I, Wood A, Eliasson B, Herrington W, Danesh J, Mauricio D, Benedetti MM, Sattar N, Visseren FLJ, Wild S, Di Angelantonio E, Balkau B, Bonnet F, Fumeron F, Stocker H, Holleczek B, Schipf S, Schmidt CO, Dörr M, Tilg H, Leitner C, Notdurfter M, Taylor J, Dale C, Prieto-Merino D, Gillum RF, Lavens A, Vanherwegen AS, Poljicanin T, Pristas I, Buble T, Ivanko P, Rossing P, Carstensen B, Heidemann C, Du Y, Scheidt-Nave C, Gall T, Sandor J, Baltane Z, Pildava S, Lepiksone J, Magri CJ, Azzopardi J, Stotl I, Real J, Vlacho B, Mata-Cases M. SCORE2-Diabetes: 10-year cardiovascular risk estimation in type 2 diabetes in Europe. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:2544-2556. [PMID: 37247330 PMCID: PMC10361012 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To develop and validate a recalibrated prediction model (SCORE2-Diabetes) to estimate the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes in Europe. METHODS AND RESULTS SCORE2-Diabetes was developed by extending SCORE2 algorithms using individual-participant data from four large-scale datasets comprising 229 460 participants (43 706 CVD events) with type 2 diabetes and without previous CVD. Sex-specific competing risk-adjusted models were used including conventional risk factors (i.e. age, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total, and HDL-cholesterol), as well as diabetes-related variables (i.e. age at diabetes diagnosis, glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]). Models were recalibrated to CVD incidence in four European risk regions. External validation included 217 036 further individuals (38 602 CVD events), and showed good discrimination, and improvement over SCORE2 (C-index change from 0.009 to 0.031). Regional calibration was satisfactory. SCORE2-Diabetes risk predictions varied several-fold, depending on individuals' levels of diabetes-related factors. For example, in the moderate-risk region, the estimated 10-year CVD risk was 11% for a 60-year-old man, non-smoker, with type 2 diabetes, average conventional risk factors, HbA1c of 50 mmol/mol, eGFR of 90 mL/min/1.73 m2, and age at diabetes diagnosis of 60 years. By contrast, the estimated risk was 17% in a similar man, with HbA1c of 70 mmol/mol, eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and age at diabetes diagnosis of 50 years. For a woman with the same characteristics, the risk was 8% and 13%, respectively. CONCLUSION SCORE2-Diabetes, a new algorithm developed, calibrated, and validated to predict 10-year risk of CVD in individuals with type 2 diabetes, enhances identification of individuals at higher risk of developing CVD across Europe.
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Polilli E, Frattari A, Esposito JE, D’Amato M, Rapacchiale G, D’Intino A, Albani A, Di Iorio G, Carinci F, Parruti G. Reliability of predictive models to support early decision making in the emergency department for patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19: the Pescara Covid Hospital score. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1062. [PMID: 35986291 PMCID: PMC9390116 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hospital management of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 can be hampered by heterogeneous characteristics at entry into the emergency department. We aimed to identify demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters associated with higher risks of hospitalisation, oxygen support, admission to intensive care and death, to build a risk score for clinical decision making at presentation to the emergency department. Methods We carried out a retrospective study using linked administrative data and laboratory parameters available in the initial phase of the pandemic at the emergency department of the regional reference hospital of Pescara, Abruzzo, Italy, March–June 2020. Logistic regression and Cox modelling were used to identify independent predictors for risk stratification. Validation was carried out collecting data from an extended timeframe covering other variants of concern, including Alpha (December 2020–January 2021) and Delta/Omicron (January–March 2022). Results Several clinical and laboratory parameters were significantly associated to the outcomes of interest, independently from age and gender. The strongest predictors were: for hospitalisation, monocyte distribution width ≥ 22 (4.09; 2.21–7.72) and diabetes (OR = 3.04; 1.09–9.84); for oxygen support: saturation < 95% (OR = 11.01; 3.75–41.14), lactate dehydrogenase≥237 U/L (OR = 5.93; 2.40–15.39) and lymphocytes< 1.2 × 103/μL (OR = 4.49; 1.84–11.53); for intensive care, end stage renal disease (OR = 59.42; 2.43–2230.60), lactate dehydrogenase≥334 U/L (OR = 5.59; 2.46–13.84), D-dimer≥2.37 mg/L (OR = 5.18; 1.14–26.36), monocyte distribution width ≥ 25 (OR = 3.32; 1.39–8.50); for death, procalcitonin≥0.2 ng/mL (HR = 2.86; 1.95–4.19) and saturation < 96% (HR = 2.74; 1.76–4.28). Risk scores derived from predictive models using optimal thresholds achieved values of the area under the curve between 81 and 91%. Validation of the scoring algorithm for the evolving virus achieved accuracy between 65 and 84%. Conclusions A set of parameters that are normally available at emergency departments of any hospital can be used to stratify patients with COVID-19 at risk of severe conditions. The method shall be calibrated to support timely clinical decision during the first hours of admission with different variants of concern. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08421-4.
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Meza-Torres B, Cunningham SG, Heiss C, Joy M, Feher M, Leese GP, de Lusignan S, Carinci F. Adherence to General Diabetes and Foot Care Processes, with Prompt Referral, Are Associated with Amputation-Free Survival in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Foot Ulcers: A Scottish National Registry Analysis. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:7414258. [PMID: 35746918 PMCID: PMC9213182 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7414258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To compare different packages of care across care providers in Scotland on foot-related outcomes. Methods A retrospective cohort study with primary and secondary care electronic health records from the Scottish Diabetes Registry, including 6,845 people with type 2 diabetes and a first foot ulcer occurring between 2013 and 2017. We assessed the association between exposure to care processes and major lower extremity amputation and death. Proportional hazards were used for time-to-event univariate and multivariate analyses, adjusting for case-mix characteristics and care processes. Results were expressed in terms of hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results 2,243 (32.7%) subjects had a major amputation or death. Exposure to all nine care processes at all ages (HR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.58-0.69; p < .001) and higher foot care attendance in people aged >70 years (HR = 0.88; 0.78-0.99; p = .03) were associated with longer major amputation-free survival. Waiting time ≥ 12 weeks between ulceration and clinic attendance was associated with worse outcomes (HR = 1.59; 1.37-1.84; p < .001). In people > 70 years, minor amputations were associated with improved major amputation-free survival (HR = 0.69; 0.52-0.92; p = .01). Conclusions Strict adherence to a standardised package of general diabetes care before foot ulceration, timely foot care after ulceration, and specific treatment pathways were associated with longer major amputation-free survival among a large cohort of people with type 2 diabetes in Scotland, with a larger impact on older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Meza-Torres
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, UK
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Scott G. Cunningham
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, UK
- Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Surrey Hospital, Redhill, UK
| | - Mark Joy
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Feher
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Graham P. Leese
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Fabrizio Carinci
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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de Souza Filho EM, Fernandes FDA, Portela MGR, Newlands PH, de Carvalho LND, Dos Santos TF, Dos Santos AASMD, Mesquita ET, Seixas FL, Mesquita CT, Gismondi RA. Machine Learning Algorithms to Detect Sex in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:741679. [PMID: 34778403 PMCID: PMC8585770 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.741679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is an essential tool used to diagnose and manage patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. Additionally, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) represents a milestone about individuals' data security concerns. On the other hand, Machine Learning (ML) has had several applications in the most diverse knowledge areas. It is conceived as a technology with huge potential to revolutionize health care. In this context, we developed ML models to evaluate their ability to distinguish an individual's sex from MPI assessment. We used 260 polar maps (140 men/120 women) to train ML algorithms from a database of patients referred to a university hospital for clinically indicated MPI from January 2016 to December 2018. We tested 07 different ML models, namely, Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Adaptive Boosting (AB), Random Forests (RF) and, Gradient Boosting (GB). We used a cross-validation strategy. Our work demonstrated that ML algorithms could perform well in assessing the sex of patients undergoing myocardial scintigraphy exams. All the models had accuracy greater than 82%. However, only SVM achieved 90%. KNN, RF, AB, GB had, respectively, 88, 86, 85, 83%. Accuracy standard deviation was lower in KNN, AB, and RF (0.06). SVM and RF had had the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.93), followed by GB (0.92), KNN (0.91), AB, and NB (0.9). SVM and AB achieved the best precision. Our results bring some challenges regarding the autonomy of patients who wish to keep sex information confidential and certainly add greater complexity to the debate about what data should be considered sensitive to the light of the GDPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erito Marques de Souza Filho
- Post-graduation in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Languages and Technologies, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Amorim Fernandes
- Post-graduation in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tadeu Francisco Dos Santos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Evandro Tinoco Mesquita
- Post-graduation in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Flávio Luiz Seixas
- Institute of Computing, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Claudio Tinoco Mesquita
- Post-graduation in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Carinci F, Štotl I, Cunningham SG, Poljicanin T, Pristas I, Traynor V, Olympios G, Scoutellas V, Azzopardi J, Doggen K, Sandor J, Adany R, Løvaas KF, Jarosz-Chobot P, Polanska J, Pruna S, de Lusignan S, Monesi M, Di Bartolo P, Scheidt-Nave C, Heidemann C, Zucker I, Maurina A, Lepiksone J, Rossing P, Arffman M, Keskimäki I, Gudbjornsdottir S, Di Iorio CT, Dupont E, de Sabata S, Klazinga N, Benedetti MM. Making Use of Comparable Health Data to Improve Quality of Care and Outcomes in Diabetes: The EUBIROD Review of Diabetes Registries and Data Sources in Europe. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2021; 2:744516. [PMID: 36994337 PMCID: PMC10012140 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2021.744516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Registries and data sources contain information that can be used on an ongoing basis to improve quality of care and outcomes of people with diabetes. As a specific task of the EU Bridge Health project, we carried out a survey of diabetes-related data sources in Europe. Objectives We aimed to report on the organization of different sources of diabetes information, including their governance, information infrastructure and dissemination strategies for quality control, service planning, public health, policy and research. Methods Survey using a structured questionnaire to collect targeted data from a network of collaborating institutions managing registries and data sources in 17 countries in the year 2017. Results The 18 data sources participating in the study were most frequently academic centres (44.4%), national (72.2%), targeting all types of diabetes (61.1%) covering no more than 10% of the target population (44.4%). Although population-based in over a quarter of cases (27.8%), sources relied predominantly on provider-based datasets (38.5%), fewer using administrative data (16.6%). Data collection was continuous in the majority of cases (61.1%), but 50% could not perform data linkage. Public reports were more frequent (72.2%) as well as quality reports (77.8%), but one third did not provide feedback to policy and only half published ten or more peer reviewed papers during the last 5 years. Conclusions The heterogeneous implementation of diabetes registries and data sources hampers the comparability of quality and outcomes across Europe. Best practices exist but need to be shared more effectively to accelerate progress and deliver equitable results for people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Carinci
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Iztok Štotl
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Scott G. Cunningham
- Department of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Poljicanin
- Division for Health Informatics and Biostatistics, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pristas
- Division for Health Informatics and Biostatistics, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vivie Traynor
- Diabetes Department, Larnaca Hospital Cyprus, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - George Olympios
- Diabetes Department, Larnaca Hospital Cyprus, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - Vasos Scoutellas
- Diabetes Department, Larnaca Hospital Cyprus, Larnaca, Cyprus
- Health Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Health, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Kris Doggen
- Health Services Research, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - János Sandor
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roza Adany
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Karianne F. Løvaas
- Norwegian Diabetes Register for Adults, Norwegian Organisation for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Przemka Jarosz-Chobot
- Department of Children’s Diabetology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Polanska
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Monesi
- Diabetes Unit “Sant’Anna” Hospital Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Associazione Medici Diabetologi (AMD), Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Bartolo
- Associazione Medici Diabetologi (AMD), Rome, Italy
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) Diabetes Unit Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Christa Scheidt-Nave
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Heidemann
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inbar Zucker
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anita Maurina
- Research and Health Statistics Department, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jana Lepiksone
- Research and Health Statistics Department, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Martti Arffman
- Welfare State Research and Reform Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmo Keskimäki
- Welfare State Research and Reform Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Soffia Gudbjornsdottir
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Elisabeth Dupont
- International Diabetes Federation European Region, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stella de Sabata
- International Diabetes Federation European Region, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Niek Klazinga
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Massimo Massi Benedetti
- International Diabetes Federation European Region, Brussels, Belgium
- Hub for International Health Research, Perugia, Italy
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Yeng PK, Fauzi MA, Sun L, Yang B. Legal Aspects of Information Security Requirements for Healthcare in Three Countries: A scoping Review as a Benchmark towards Assessing Healthcare Security Practices (Preprint). JMIR Hum Factors 2021; 9:e30050. [PMID: 35612891 PMCID: PMC9178444 DOI: 10.2196/30050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The loss of human lives from cyberattacks in health care is no longer a probabilistic quantification but a reality that has begun. In addition, the threat scope is also expanding to involve a threat of national security, among others, resulting in surging data breaches within the health care sector. For that matter, there have been provisions of various legislation, regulations, and information security governance tools such as policies, standards, and directives toward enhancing health care information security–conscious care behavior among users. Meanwhile, in a research scenario, there are no comprehensive required security practices to serve as a yardstick in assessing security practices in health care. Moreover, an analysis of the holistic view of the requirements that need more concentration of management, end users, or both has not been comprehensively developed. Thus, there is a possibility that security practice research will leave out vital requirements. Objective The objective of this study was to systematically identify, assess, and analyze the state-of-the-art information security requirements in health care. These requirements can be used to develop a framework to serve as a yardstick for measuring the future real security practices of health care staff. Methods A scoping review was, as a result, adopted to identify, assess, and analyze the information security requirement sources within health care in Norway, Indonesia, and Ghana. Results Of 188 security and privacy requirement sources that were initially identified, 130 (69.1%) were fully read by the authors. Subsequently, of these 188 requirement documents, 82 (43.6%) fully met the inclusion criteria and were accessed and analyzed. In total, 253 security and privacy requirements were identified in this work. The findings were then used to develop a framework to serve as a benchmark for modeling and analyzing health care security practices. Conclusions On the basis of these findings, a framework for modeling, analyzing, and developing effective security countermeasures, including incentivization measures, was developed. Following this framework, research results of health care security practices would be more reliable and effective than relying on incomprehensive security requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Kandabongee Yeng
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjovik, Norway
| | - Muhammad Ali Fauzi
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjovik, Norway
| | - Luyi Sun
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjovik, Norway
| | - Bian Yang
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjovik, Norway
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Vlahou A, Hallinan D, Apweiler R, Argiles A, Beige J, Benigni A, Bischoff R, Black PC, Boehm F, Céraline J, Chrousos GP, Delles C, Evenepoel P, Fridolin I, Glorieux G, van Gool AJ, Heidegger I, Ioannidis JPA, Jankowski J, Jankowski V, Jeronimo C, Kamat AM, Masereeuw R, Mayer G, Mischak H, Ortiz A, Remuzzi G, Rossing P, Schanstra JP, Schmitz-Dräger BJ, Spasovski G, Staessen JA, Stamatialis D, Stenvinkel P, Wanner C, Williams SB, Zannad F, Zoccali C, Vanholder R. Data Sharing Under the General Data Protection Regulation: Time to Harmonize Law and Research Ethics? Hypertension 2021; 77:1029-1035. [PMID: 33583200 PMCID: PMC7968961 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) became binding law in the European Union Member States in 2018, as a step toward harmonizing personal data protection legislation in the European Union. The Regulation governs almost all types of personal data processing, hence, also, those pertaining to biomedical research. The purpose of this article is to highlight the main practical issues related to data and biological sample sharing that biomedical researchers face regularly, and to specify how these are addressed in the context of GDPR, after consulting with ethics/legal experts. We identify areas in which clarifications of the GDPR are needed, particularly those related to consent requirements by study participants. Amendments should target the following: (1) restricting exceptions based on national laws and increasing harmonization, (2) confirming the concept of broad consent, and (3) defining a roadmap for secondary use of data. These changes will be achieved by acknowledged learned societies in the field taking the lead in preparing a document giving guidance for the optimal interpretation of the GDPR, which will be finalized following a period of commenting by a broad multistakeholder audience. In parallel, promoting engagement and education of the public in the relevant issues (such as different consent types or residual risk for re-identification), on both local/national and international levels, is considered critical for advancement. We hope that this article will open this broad discussion involving all major stakeholders, toward optimizing the GDPR and allowing a harmonized transnational research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Vlahou
- From the Systems Biology Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Greece (A.V.)
| | - Dara Hallinan
- FIZ Karlsruhe - Leibniz-Institut für Informationsinfrastruktur, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany (D.H., F.B.)
| | - Rolf Apweiler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.)
| | - Angel Argiles
- SAS RD-Néphrologie and Bio-Communication Cardio-Métabolique (BC2M) EA7288 and University Hospital Lapeyronie, University of Montpellier, France (A.A.)
| | - Joachim Beige
- KfH-Nierenzentrum und Klinikum St. Georg, Nephrologie, Leipzig, Germany (J.B.)
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy (A.B., G.R.)
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, The Netherlands (R.B.)
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada (P.C.B.)
| | - Franziska Boehm
- FIZ Karlsruhe - Leibniz-Institut für Informationsinfrastruktur, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany (D.H., F.B.)
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Université de Strasbourg, France (J.C.)
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Greece; (G.P.C.)
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (C.D.)
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium (P.E.)
| | - Ivo Fridolin
- Department of Health Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia (I.F.)
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium (G.G., R.V.)
| | - Alain J van Gool
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (A.J.v.G.)
| | - Isabel Heidegger
- Department of Urology, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Austria (I.H.)
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Population Health and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University (J.P.A.I.)
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (J.J., V.J.)
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (J.J., V.J.)
| | - Carmen Jeronimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto and Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal (C.J.)
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston (A.K.)
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Div. Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, NL (R.M.)
| | - Gert Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Austria (G.M.)
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (H.M.)
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain (A.O.)
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy (A.B., G.R.)
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.)
| | - Joost P Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse and Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (J.P.S.)
| | - Bernd J Schmitz-Dräger
- Urologie 24, Nuremberg, and Department of Urology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Germany (B.J.S-D)
| | - Goce Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, University Clinical Center Skopje, North Macedonia (G.S.)
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Research Institute Alliance for the Promotion of Preventive Medicine, Mechelen, Belgium, Biomedical Science Group, University of Leuven (J.A.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Bioartificial organs, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (D.S.)
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Renal Medicine M99, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (P.S.)
| | - Christoph Wanner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Stephen B Williams
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (S.B.W.)
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm and Université de Lorraine, CHU Nancy, France (F.Z.)
| | - Carmine Zoccali
- Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, National Council of Research, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italy (C.Z.)
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