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Budhbaware T, Rathored J, Shende S. Molecular methods in cancer diagnostics: a short review. Ann Med 2024; 56:2353893. [PMID: 38753424 PMCID: PMC11100444 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2353893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the ailments with the greatest fatality rates in the 21st century is cancer. Globally, molecular methods are widely employed to treat cancer-related disorders, and the body of research on this subject is growing yearly. A thorough and critical summary of the data supporting molecular methods for illnesses linked to cancer is required. OBJECTIVE In order to guide clinical practice and future research, it is important to examine and summarize the systematic reviews (SRs) that evaluate the efficacy and safety of molecular methods for disorders associated to cancer. METHODS We developed a comprehensive search strategy to find relevant articles from electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science (WoS), or Scopus. We looked through the literature and determined which diagnostic methods in cancer genetics were particularly reliable. We used phrases like 'cancer genetics', genetic susceptibility, Hereditary cancer, cancer risk assessment, 'cancer diagnostic tools', cancer screening', biomarkers, and molecular diagnostics, reviews and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy and safety of molecular therapies for cancer-related disorders. Research that only consider treatment modalities that don't necessitate genetic or molecular diagnostics fall under the exclusion criteria. RESULTS The results of this comprehensive review clearly demonstrate the transformative impact of molecular methods in the realm of cancer genetics.This review underscores how these technologies have empowered researchers and clinicians to identify and understand key genetic alterations that drive malignancy, ranging from point mutations to structural variations. Such insights are instrumental in pinpointing critical oncogenic drivers and potential therapeutic targets, thus opening the door for methods in precision medicine that can significantly improve patient outcomes. LIMITATION The search does not specify a timeframe for publication inclusion, it may have missed recent advancements or changes in the field's landscape of molecular methods for cancer. As a result, it may not have included the most recent developments in the field. CONCLUSION After conducting an in-depth study on the molecular methods in cancer genetics, it is evident that these cutting-edge technologies have revolutionized the field of oncology, providing researchers and clinicians with powerful tools to unravel the complexities of cancer at the genetic level. The integration of molecular methods techniques has not only enhanced our understanding of cancer etiology, progression, and treatment response but has also opened new avenues for personalized medicine and targeted therapies, leading to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Budhbaware
- Department of ‘School of Allied Health Sciences’, Central Research Laboratory (CRL) and Molecular Diagnostics, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India
| | - Jaishriram Rathored
- Department of ‘School of Allied Health Sciences’, Central Research Laboratory (CRL) and Molecular Diagnostics, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India
| | - Sandesh Shende
- Department of ‘School of Allied Health Sciences’, Central Research Laboratory (CRL) and Molecular Diagnostics, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India
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2
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Oyama T, Yamamoto T, Nakamura R, Han J, Liu Y, Shioya A, Ooi A, Maeda D, Yamada S. VEGFA locus amplification potentially predicts a favorable prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155441. [PMID: 38986362 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma harbors a range of genetic and epigenetic alterations, including alterations in DNA copy number. However, the key genes that promote the development and progression of gastric adenocarcinoma remain unknown. To identify the key genes amplified in gastric adenocarcinoma, we performed array comparative genomic hybridization on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of surgically resected gastric adenocarcinoma. We detected a relatively wide genomic region of gain containing the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) gene locus on chromosome 6p. VEGFA locus amplification in gastric adenocarcinoma was validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. To assess the frequency of VEGFA locus amplification in gastric adenocarcinoma, we conducted multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assays using homemade probes designed to target the VEGFA gene locus. Eleven of 54 (20 %) gastric adenocarcinomas with MLPA values above 1.3 were defined as having VEGFA locus amplification. Next, we investigated the effect of VEGFA locus amplification on the clinicopathological characteristics of gastric adenocarcinomas and patient survival. VEGFA locus amplification demonstrated a significantly close relationship with pathological intestinal type and lower rates of venous invasion Furthermore, a Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with VEGFA locus amplification had significantly better overall survival than those without amplification (p = 0.038), particularly in the long-term follow-up period. In conclusion, VEGFA locus amplification can predict modest aggressiveness and good outcomes, suggesting the possibility that it may predict a favorable prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Oyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan; Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jia Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan; Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shioya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan; Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akishi Ooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Kanazawa University, Grad. School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daichi Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Kanazawa University, Grad. School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan; Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan
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3
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Dugo E, Piva F, Giulietti M, Giannella L, Ciavattini A. Copy number variations in endometrial cancer: from biological significance to clinical utility. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2024; 34:1089-1097. [PMID: 38677776 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2024-005295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of endometrial cancer, which is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive organs, relies not only on onset of mutations but also on copy number variations, the latter consisting of gene gains or losses. In this review, we introduce copy number variations and discuss their involvement in endometrial cancer to determine the perspectives of clinical applicability. We performed a literature analysis on PubMed of publications over the past 30 years and annotated clinical information, including histological and molecular subtypes, adopted molecular techniques for identification of copy number variations, their locations, and the genes involved. We highlight correlations between the presence of some specific copy number variations and myometrial invasion, lymph node metastasis, advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, high grade, drug response, and cancer progression. In particular, type I endometrial cancer cells have few copy number variations and are mainly located in 8q and 1q, while type II, high grade, and advanced FIGO stage endometrial cancer cells are aneuploid and have a greater number of copy number variations. As expected, the higher the number of copy number variations the worse the prognosis, especially if they amplify CCNE1, ERBB2, KRAS, MYC, and PIK3CA oncogenes. Great variability in copy number and location among patients with the same endometrial cancer histological or molecular subtype emerged, making them interesting candidates to be explored for the improvement of patient stratification. Copy number variations have a role in endometrial cancer progression, and therefore their detection may be useful for more accurate prediction of prognosis. Unfortunately, only a few studies have been carried out on the role of copy number variations according to the molecular classification of endometrial cancer, and even fewer have explored the correlation with drugs. For these reasons, further studies, also using single cell RNA sequencing, are needed before reaching a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dugo
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Giannella
- Woman's Health Sciences Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciavattini
- Woman's Health Sciences Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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4
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Gudapati S, Chaudhari K, Shrivastava D, Yelne S. Advancements and Applications of Preimplantation Genetic Testing in In Vitro Fertilization: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e57357. [PMID: 38694414 PMCID: PMC11061269 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) has become an integral component of assisted reproductive technology (ART), offering couples the opportunity to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before implantation during in vitro fertilization (IVF). This comprehensive review explores the advancements and applications of PGT in IVF, covering its various types, technological developments, clinical applications, efficacy, challenges, regulatory aspects, and future directions. The evolution of PGT techniques, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), has significantly enhanced the accuracy and reliability of genetic testing in embryos. PGT holds profound implications for the future of ART by improving IVF success rates, reducing the incidence of genetic disorders, and mitigating the emotional and financial burdens associated with failed pregnancies and genetic diseases. Recommendations for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers include staying updated on the latest PGT techniques and guidelines, exploring innovative technologies, establishing clear regulatory frameworks, and fostering collaboration to maximize the potential benefits of PGT in assisted reproduction. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the current state of PGT and its implications for the field of reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Gudapati
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Kamlesh Chaudhari
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Deepti Shrivastava
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Seema Yelne
- Nursing, Shalinitai Meghe College of Nursing, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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5
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Müller S, Du K, Guiguen Y, Pichler M, Nakagawa S, Stöck M, Schartl M, Lamatsch DK. Massive expansion of sex-specific SNPs, transposon-related elements, and neocentromere formation shape the young W-chromosome from the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. BMC Biol 2023; 21:109. [PMID: 37189152 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, is a model for sex chromosome organization and evolution of female heterogamety. We previously identified a G. affinis female-specific marker, orthologous to the aminomethyl transferase (amt) gene of the related platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus). Here, we have analyzed the structure and differentiation of the G. affinis W-chromosome, using a cytogenomics and bioinformatics approach. RESULTS The long arm of the G. affinis W-chromosome (Wq) is highly enriched in dispersed repetitive sequences, but neither heterochromatic nor epigenetically silenced by hypermethylation. In line with this, Wq sequences are highly transcribed, including an active nucleolus organizing region (NOR). Female-specific SNPs and evolutionary young transposable elements were highly enriched and dispersed along the W-chromosome long arm, suggesting constrained recombination. Wq copy number expanded elements also include female-specific transcribed sequences from the amt locus with homology to TE. Collectively, the G. affinis W-chromosome is actively differentiating by sex-specific copy number expansion of transcribed TE-related elements, but not (yet) by extensive sequence divergence or gene decay. CONCLUSIONS The G. affinis W-chromosome exhibits characteristic genomic properties of an evolutionary young sex chromosome. Strikingly, the observed sex-specific changes in the genomic landscape are confined to the W long arm, which is separated from the rest of the W-chromosome by a neocentromere acquired during sex chromosome evolution and may thus have become functionally insulated. In contrast, W short arm sequences were apparently shielded from repeat-driven differentiation, retained Z-chromosome like genomic features, and may have preserved pseudo-autosomal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Müller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | | | - Maria Pichler
- Universität Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
- Developmental Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, BiozentrumWürzburg, Germany
| | - Dunja K Lamatsch
- Universität Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, Mondsee, Austria.
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6
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Chromopsy: Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of diseases. Scott Med J 2022; 67:171-172. [DOI: 10.1177/00369330221132493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Haidar H, Birko S, Laberge AM, Le Clerc-Blain J, Ravitsky V. Views of Canadian healthcare professionals on the future uses of non-invasive prenatal testing: a mixed method study. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 30:1269-1275. [PMID: 35902698 PMCID: PMC9626560 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive prenatal testing's (NIPT) potential to screen for a wide range of conditions is receiving growing attention. This study explores Canadian healthcare professionals' perceptions towards NIPT's current and possible future uses, including paternity testing, sex determination, and fetal whole genome sequencing. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten healthcare professionals, and another 184 participated in a survey. The triangulation of our findings shows that there is considerable agreement among healthcare professionals on expanding NIPT use for medical conditions including fetal aneuploidies and monogenic diseases, but not for non-medical conditions (sex determination for non-medical reasons and paternity testing), nor for risk predisposition information (late onset diseases and Fetal Whole Genome Sequencing). Healthcare professionals raise concerns related to eugenics, the future child's privacy, and psychological and emotional burdens to prospective parents. Professional societies need to take these concerns into account when educating healthcare professionals on the uses of NIPT to ensure prospective parents' reproductive decisions are optimal for them and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazar Haidar
- Ethics programs, Department of Letters and Humanities, University of Quebec at Rimouski (UQAR), Rimouski, QC, Canada.
| | - Stanislav Birko
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, C.P.6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Laberge
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, C.P.6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, and Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Le Clerc-Blain
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vardit Ravitsky
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, C.P.6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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8
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Gassenmaier M, Soltanpour N, Held L, Metzler G, Yazdi AS, Brecht IB, Schneider DT, Stadler R, Garbe C, Bauer J. Diagnostic and prognostic classification of atypical spitzoid tumours based on histology and genomic aberrations: A prospective cohort study with long-term follow-up. Eur J Cancer 2022; 163:200-210. [PMID: 35104769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histological classification of atypical spitzoid tumours (ASTs) is unreliable, and categorisation of these lesions into benign and malignant is poorly reproducible. Here, we classified ASTs based on histology and chromosomal aberrations and explored the prognostic significance of genomic aberrations in a prospective cohort with a long-term follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS Histologically equivocal ASTs from 76 patients were analysed by array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH). Tumours were histologically assessed by a panel of dermatopathologist before and after aCGH and classified as benign, ambiguous or malignant. Chromosomal aberrations were correlated with an outcome. RESULTS Chromosomal aberrations were detected in 45 (59%) of 76 ASTs (median age: 16 years, range: 0-74; median follow-up: 90 months, range: 13-153). The initial histological diagnosis was changed upon presentation of aCGH results in 36 of 76 cases (47%). The final diagnostic interpretation classified 61% of the lesions as benign, 18% as ambiguous and 21% as malignant. Positive sentinel lymph node biopsies (6+/29) occurred at similar rates in all diagnostic groups (P = 0.83) and were not associated with an unfavourable outcome. Two patients had local recurrences, but none of the patients developed metastasis beyond the sentinel lymph node. CONCLUSIONS All ASTs had an excellent prognosis, even in cases with worrisome morphology and chromosomal aberrations. With no distant metastasis or death in long-term follow-up of 76 patients, no correlation between chromosomal aberrations and prognosis was possible. However, it seems likely that in larger cohorts, metastases would arise in cases with complex aberrations and these patients should undergo clinical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narges Soltanpour
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Held
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; MVZ Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen/Bodensee PartG, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Gisela Metzler
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Zentrum für Dermatohistologie und Oralpathologie Tübingen/Würzburg, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ines B Brecht
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Stadler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Phlebology, Johannes Wesling Medical Center, University Hospital of Ruhr-University Bochum, Minden, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Dermatologie in Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Dermatologie in Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Piyawajanusorn C, Nguyen LC, Ghislat G, Ballester PJ. A gentle introduction to understanding preclinical data for cancer pharmaco-omic modeling. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6343527. [PMID: 34368843 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A central goal of precision oncology is to administer an optimal drug treatment to each cancer patient. A common preclinical approach to tackle this problem has been to characterize the tumors of patients at the molecular and drug response levels, and employ the resulting datasets for predictive in silico modeling (mostly using machine learning). Understanding how and why the different variants of these datasets are generated is an important component of this process. This review focuses on providing such introduction aimed at scientists with little previous exposure to this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanit Piyawajanusorn
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Linh C Nguyen
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ghita Ghislat
- U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Inserm, Marseille, France
| | - Pedro J Ballester
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, F-13009 Marseille, France
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10
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Karimi E, Mahmoudian F, Reyes SOL, Bargir UA, Madkaikar M, Artac H, Sabzevari A, Lu N, Azizi G, Abolhassani H. Approach to genetic diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity through next-generation sequencing. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:57-66. [PMID: 34216999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) present with a heterogeneous clinical and immunological phenotype, therefore a correct molecular diagnosis is crucial for the classification and subsequent therapeutic management. On the other hand, IEI are a group of rare congenital diseases with highly diverse features and, in most cases, an as yet unknown genetic etiology. Next generation sequencing has facilitated genetic examinations of rare inherited disorders during the recent years, thus allowing a suitable molecular diagnosis in the IEI patients. This review aimed to investigate the current findings about these techniques in the field of IEI, suggesting an efficient stepwise approach to molecular diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Karimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mahmoudian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saul O Lugo Reyes
- Immune Deficiencies Lab, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Umair Ahmed Bargir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Hasibe Artac
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Araz Sabzevari
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Stanley J, Hui H, Erber W, Clynick B, Fuller K. Analysis of human chromosomes by imaging flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2021; 100:541-553. [PMID: 34033226 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal analysis is traditionally performed by karyotyping on metaphase spreads, or by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on interphase cells or metaphase spreads. Flow cytometry was introduced as a new method to analyze chromosomes number (ploidy) and structure (telomere length) in the 1970s with data interpretation largely based on fluorescence intensity. This technology has had little uptake for human cytogenetic applications primarily due to analytical challenges. The introduction of imaging flow cytometry, with the addition of digital images to standard multi-parametric flow cytometry quantitative tools, has added a new dimension. The ability to visualize the chromosomes and FISH signals overcomes the inherent difficulties when the data is restricted to fluorescence intensity. This field is now moving forward with methods being developed to assess chromosome number and structure in whole cells (normal and malignant) in suspension. A recent advance has been the inclusion of immunophenotyping such that antigen expression can be used to identify specific cells of interest for specific chromosomes and their abnormalities. This capability has been illustrated in blood cancers, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and plasma cell myeloma. The high sensitivity and specificity achievable highlights the potential imaging flow cytometry has for cytogenomic applications (i.e., diagnosis and disease monitoring). This review introduces and describes the development, current status, and applications of imaging flow cytometry for chromosomal analysis of human chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Stanley
- Translational Cancer Pathology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Henry Hui
- Translational Cancer Pathology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy Erber
- Translational Cancer Pathology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Britt Clynick
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kathy Fuller
- Translational Cancer Pathology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Yadav G, Vashisht M, Yadav V, Shyam R. Molecular Biomarkers for Early Detection and Prevention of Ovarian Cancer-A Gateway for Good Prognosis: A Narrative Review. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:135. [PMID: 33088463 PMCID: PMC7554434 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_75_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecological cancers are one of the most lethal and deadliest cancers in the world. In India, the prevalence of ovarian cancer accounts for 2.5% to 3%. Despite the availability of improved treatment option along with improved technology, the survival rate of ovarian cancer in the early-stage and the advanced stage is poor. Therefore, due to the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer, to detect it at an early stage and to prevent further mortality turns out to be a big challenge. Researchers are still in the process to identify any single biomarker with good sensitivity and specificity. Various traditional and serum approaches to identify ovarian cancer have been successful in the early stages. The invention of molecular biomarkers such as the use of genomic profiling, DNA methylation, and other approaches have proven to be of higher sensitivity and specificity, which overall affects the prognosis of ovarian cancer. With the use of whole-genome analysis, the detection of possible location of critical tumor suppressor gene (TSGs) in the paired region of chromosomes has been identified, which are associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 which further makes these novel molecular biomarkers as potential biomarkers. Moreover, studies are required to assess the combined use of traditional, molecular biomarkers that might be useful for enhanced sensitivity and specificity for early detection and prevention of ovarian cancer in early stages which will lead to reduced mortality and good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Baba Math Nath University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Minakshi Vashisht
- Department of Genetics, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Vipul Yadav
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Radhey Shyam
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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13
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Rice A, Del Rio Hernandez A. The Mutational Landscape of Pancreatic and Liver Cancers, as Represented by Circulating Tumor DNA. Front Oncol 2019; 9:952. [PMID: 31608239 PMCID: PMC6769086 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutational landscapes of pancreatic and liver cancers share many common genetic alterations which drive cancer progression. However, these mutations do not occur in all cases of these diseases, and this tumoral heterogeneity impedes diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic development. One minimally invasive method for the evaluation of tumor mutations is the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), released through apoptosis, necrosis, and active secretion by tumor cells into various body fluids. By observing mutations in those genes which promote transformation by controlling the cell cycle and oncogenic signaling pathways, a representation of the mutational profile of the tumor is revealed. The analysis of ctDNA is a promising technique for investigating these two gastrointestinal cancers, as many studies have reported on the accuracy of ctDNA assessment for diagnosis and prognosis using a variety of techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Rice
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Armando Del Rio Hernandez
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Cao Y, Li Z, Mao L, Cao H, Kong J, Yu B, Yu C, Liao W. The use of proteomic technologies to study molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:423-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Emanuel PO, Andea AA, Vidal CI, Missall TA, Novoa RA, Bohlke AK, Hughes SR, Hurley MY, Kim J. Evidence behind the use of molecular tests in melanocytic lesions and practice patterns of these tests by dermatopathologists. J Cutan Pathol 2018; 45:839-846. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleodor A. Andea
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; University of Michigan Medical Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Claudia I. Vidal
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Saint Louis University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Tricia A. Missall
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Saint Louis University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Roberto A. Novoa
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California
| | | | - Sarah R. Hughes
- Department of Pathology; Gundersen Health System; La Crosse Wisconsin
| | - Maria Y. Hurley
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Saint Louis University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Jinah Kim
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California
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16
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Hewitt LC, Inam IZ, Saito Y, Yoshikawa T, Quaas A, Hoelscher A, Bollschweiler E, Fazzi GE, Melotte V, Langley RE, Nankivell M, Cunningham D, Allum W, Hutchins GG, Grabsch HI. Epstein-Barr virus and mismatch repair deficiency status differ between oesophageal and gastric cancer: A large multi-centre study. Eur J Cancer 2018; 94:104-114. [PMID: 29550565 PMCID: PMC5914544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oesophageal (OeC) and gastric (GC) cancer patients are treated with similar multimodal therapy and have poor survival. There remains an urgent clinical need to identify biomarkers to individualise patient management and improve outcomes. Therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown promising results in other cancers. Proposed biomarkers to predict potential response to immune checkpoint inhibitors include DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status. The aim of this study was to establish and compare EBV status and MMR status in large multi-centre series of OeC and GC. METHODS EBV was assessed by EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridisation and MMR protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 988 OeC and 1213 GC from multiple centres. In a subset of OeC, microsatellite instability (MSI) was tested in parallel with MMR IHC. RESULTS Frequency of MMR deficiency (MMRdef) and MSI was low in OeC (0.8% and 0.6%, respectively) compared with GC (10.3%). None of the OeCs were EBER positive in contrast to 4.8% EBER positive GC. EBV positive GC patients were younger (p = 0.01), more often male (p = 0.001) and had a better overall survival (p = 0.012). MMRdef GC patients were older (p = 0.001) and showed more often intestinal-type histology (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study to date indicating that EBV and MMRdef do not play a role in OeC carcinogenesis in contrast to GC. The potential clinical usefulness of determining MMRdef/EBV status to screen patients for eligibility for immune-targeting therapy differs between OeC and GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Hewitt
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - I Z Inam
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Y Saito
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - A Quaas
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Hoelscher
- German Center for Esophageal and Gastric Surgery, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - E Bollschweiler
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - G E Fazzi
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - V Melotte
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R E Langley
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - M Nankivell
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
| | - D Cunningham
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK
| | - W Allum
- Department of Surgery, Royal Marsden National Health Services Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G G Hutchins
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - H I Grabsch
- Department of Pathology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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17
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Ali R, Samman N, Al Zahrani H, Nehdi A, Rahman S, Khan AL, Al Balwi M, Alriyees LA, Alzaid M, Al Askar A, Boudjelal M. Isolation and characterization of a new naturally immortalized human breast carcinoma cell line, KAIMRC1. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:803. [PMID: 29187162 PMCID: PMC5707794 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer and a leading cause of death in women. Up to date the most commonly used breast cancer cell lines are originating from Caucasians or Afro-Americans but rarely cells are being derived from other ethnic groups. Here we describe for the first time the establishment of a naturally transformed breast cancer cell line, KAIMRC1 from an Arab woman of age 62 suffering from stage IIB breast cancer (T2N1M0). Moreover, we have characterized these cells for the biological and molecular markers, induction of MAPK pathways as well as its response to different commercially available drugs and compounds. Methods Breast cancer tissue sections were minced and cultured in media for several weeks. KAIMRC1 cells were successfully isolated from one of the primary breast tumor tissue cultures without any enzymatic digestion. To study the growth characteristics of the cells, wound healing assay, clonogenic assay, cell proliferation assays and live cell time-lapse microscopy was performed. Karyotyping, Immunophenotyping and molecular pathway specific compound treatment was also performed. A selective breast cancer gene expression panel was used to identify genes involved in the signal transduction dysregulation and malfunction of normal biological processes during breast carcinogenesis. Results These cells are ER/PR-positive and HER2-negative. The epithelial nature of these cells was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis using epithelial cell markers. They are cuboidal in shape and relatively smaller in size as compared to established cell lines, MCF-7, MDA MB-231 and the normal breast cell line, MCF-10A. In normal cell culture conditions these cells showed the capability of growing both in monolayer as well as in 3-D conformation. They showed a doubling time in vitro of approximately 24 h. They exhibit a modal karyotype of 58–63,X with abnormalities in a couple of chromosomes. KAIMRC1 cells were found to be more responsive to drug treatment in vitro in comparison to the established MDA MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. Conclusions In conclusion we have isolated and characterized a new naturally immortalized breast cell line, KAIMRC1 with a potential to play a key role in opening up novel avenues towards the understanding of breast carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3812-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ali
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms (MRCFP), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/ King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nosaibah Samman
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms (MRCFP), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/ King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajar Al Zahrani
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms (MRCFP), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/ King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atef Nehdi
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms (MRCFP), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/ King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabhi Rahman
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms (MRCFP), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/ King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Al Balwi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Manal Alzaid
- Department of Surgery, KAMC, NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Askar
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/ King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Boudjelal
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms (MRCFP), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia. .,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/ King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), NGHA, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Al-Zaid T, Wang WL, Somaiah N, Lazar AJ. Molecular profiling of sarcomas: new vistas for precision medicine. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:243-255. [PMID: 28664413 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoma is a large and heterogeneous group of malignant mesenchymal neoplasms with significant histological overlap. Accurate diagnosis can be challenging yet important for selecting the appropriate treatment approach and prognosis. The currently torrid pace of new genomic discoveries aids our classification and diagnosis of sarcomas, understanding of pathogenesis, development of new medications, and identification of alterations that predict prognosis and response to therapy. Unfortunately, demonstrating effective targets for precision oncology has been elusive in most sarcoma types. The list of potential targets greatly outnumbers the list of available inhibitors at the present time. This review will discuss the role of molecular profiling in sarcomas in general with emphasis on selected entities with particular clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Al-Zaid
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Boulevard-Unit 85, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe, Boulevard-Unit 85, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA. .,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Reyes-Núñez V, Galo-Hooker E, Pérez-Romano B, Duque RE, Ruiz-Arguelles A, Garcés-Eisele J. Simultaneous use of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay and flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis in patients with acute leukemia. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2017; 94:172-181. [PMID: 28316130 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to simultaneously use multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay and flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis (FPA) to detect aneuploidy in patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia. METHODS MLPA assay and propidium iodide FPA were used to test samples from 53 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia referred to our laboratory for immunophenotyping. Results were compared by nonparametric statistics. RESULTS The combined use of both methods significantly increased the rate of detection of aneuploidy as compared to that obtained by each method alone. The limitations of one method are somehow countervailed by the other and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS MPLA and FPA yield different yet complementary information concerning aneuploidy in acute leukemia. The simultaneous use of both methods might be recommended in the clinical setting. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Reyes-Núñez
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Laboratorios Clínicos de Puebla, Puebla, México.,School of Medicine, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Evelyn Galo-Hooker
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Laboratorios Clínicos de Puebla, Puebla, México.,School of Medicine, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Romano
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Laboratorios Clínicos de Puebla, Puebla, México.,School of Medicine, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Ricardo E Duque
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Lakeland Regional Medical Center, Lakeland, FL, USA
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Arguelles
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Laboratorios Clínicos de Puebla, Puebla, México.,School of Medicine, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, México.,School of Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Javier Garcés-Eisele
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Laboratorios Clínicos de Puebla, Puebla, México.,School of Medicine, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, México
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20
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Greene SB, Dago AE, Leitz LJ, Wang Y, Lee J, Werner SL, Gendreau S, Patel P, Jia S, Zhang L, Tucker EK, Malchiodi M, Graf RP, Dittamore R, Marrinucci D, Landers M. Chromosomal Instability Estimation Based on Next Generation Sequencing and Single Cell Genome Wide Copy Number Variation Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165089. [PMID: 27851748 PMCID: PMC5112954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer often associated with poor patient outcome and resistance to targeted therapy. Assessment of genomic instability in bulk tumor or biopsy can be complicated due to sample availability, surrounding tissue contamination, or tumor heterogeneity. The Epic Sciences circulating tumor cell (CTC) platform utilizes a non-enrichment based approach for the detection and characterization of rare tumor cells in clinical blood samples. Genomic profiling of individual CTCs could provide a portrait of cancer heterogeneity, identify clonal and sub-clonal drivers, and monitor disease progression. To that end, we developed a single cell Copy Number Variation (CNV) Assay to evaluate genomic instability and CNVs in patient CTCs. For proof of concept, prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP, PC3 and VCaP, were spiked into healthy donor blood to create mock patient-like samples for downstream single cell genomic analysis. In addition, samples from seven metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients were included to evaluate clinical feasibility. CTCs were enumerated and characterized using the Epic Sciences CTC Platform. Identified single CTCs were recovered, whole genome amplified, and sequenced using an Illumina NextSeq 500. CTCs were then analyzed for genome-wide copy number variations, followed by genomic instability analyses. Large-scale state transitions (LSTs) were measured as surrogates of genomic instability. Genomic instability scores were determined reproducibly for LNCaP, PC3, and VCaP, and were higher than white blood cell (WBC) controls from healthy donors. A wide range of LST scores were observed within and among the seven mCRPC patient samples. On the gene level, loss of the PTEN tumor suppressor was observed in PC3 and 5/7 (71%) patients. Amplification of the androgen receptor (AR) gene was observed in VCaP cells and 5/7 (71%) mCRPC patients. Using an in silico down-sampling approach, we determined that DNA copy number and genomic instability can be detected with as few as 350K sequencing reads. The data shown here demonstrate the feasibility of detecting genomic instabilities at the single cell level using the Epic Sciences CTC Platform. Understanding CTC heterogeneity has great potential for patient stratification prior to treatment with targeted therapies and for monitoring disease evolution during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel E. Dago
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Leitz
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jerry Lee
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Steven Gendreau
- Genentech, Inc./ Roche, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Premal Patel
- Genentech, Inc./ Roche, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Shidong Jia
- Genentech, Inc./ Roche, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Liangxuan Zhang
- Genentech, Inc./ Roche, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric K. Tucker
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Ryon P. Graf
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Dittamore
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Dena Marrinucci
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark Landers
- Epic Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Khan Z, Pandey M, Samartha RM. Role of cytogenetic biomarkers in management of chronic kidney disease patients: A review. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2016; 10:576-589. [PMID: 27833523 PMCID: PMC5085353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is much more common than people recognize, and habitually goes undetected and undiagnosed until the disease is well advanced or when their kidney functions is down to 25% of normal function. Genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to cause CKD. Non-genetic factors include hypertension, High level of DNA damage due to the production of reactive oxygen species and nucleic acid oxidation has been reported in CKD patients. Main genetic factor which causes CKD is diabetic nephropathy. A three- to nine-fold greater risk of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is observed in individuals with a family history of ESRD. This greater risk have led researchers to search for genes linked to diabetic and other forms of nephropathy for the management of CKD. Multicenter consortia are currently recruiting large numbers of multiplex diabetic families with index cases having nephropathy for linkage and association analyses using various cytogenetic techniques. In addition, large-scale screening studies are underway, with the goals of better defining the overall prevalence of chronic kidney disease, as well as educating the population about risk factors for nephropathy, including family history. Cytogenetic biomarkers play an imperative role for the linkage study using G banding and detection of genomic instability in CKD patients. Classical and molecular cytogenetic tools with cytogenetic biomarkers provide remarkable findings in CKD patients. The aim of the present review is to draw outline of classical and molecular cytogenetic findings in CKD patients and their possible role in management to reduce genomic instability in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Khan
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre (ICMR), Bhopal (MP), India-462038
| | - Manoj Pandey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre (ICMR), Bhopal (MP), India-462038
| | - Ravindra M Samartha
- Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre (ICMR), Bhopal (MP), India-462038
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22
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Abunimer AN, Salazar J, Noursi DP, Abu-Asab MS. A Systems Biology Interpretation of Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) Data through Phylogenetics. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:169-79. [PMID: 26983023 PMCID: PMC4799695 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) is a rapid screening technique to detect gene deletions and duplications, providing an overview of chromosomal aberrations throughout the entire genome of a tumor, without the need for cell culturing. However, the heterogeneity of aCGH data obfuscates existing methods of data analysis. Analysis of aCGH data from a systems biology perspective or in the context of total aberrations is largely absent in the published literature. We present here a novel alternative to the functional analysis of aCGH data using the phylogenetic paradigm that is well-suited to high dimensional datasets of heterogeneous nature, but has not been widely adapted to aCGH data. Maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis sorts out genetic data through the simplest presentation of the data on a cladogram, a graphical evolutionary tree, thus providing a powerful and efficient method for aCGH data analysis. For example, the cladogram models the multiphasic changes in the cancer genome and identifies shared early mutations in the disease progression, providing a simple yet powerful means of aCGH data interpretation. As such, applying maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis to aCGH results allows for the differentiation between drivers and passenger genes aberrations in cancer specimens. In addition to offering a novel methodology to analyze aCGH results, we present here a crucial software suite that we wrote to carry out the analysis. In a broader context, we wish to underscore that phylogenetic analysis of aCGH data is a non-parametric method that circumvents the pitfalls and frustrations of standard analytical techniques that rely on parametric statistics. Organizing the data in a cladogram as explained in this research article provides insights into the disease common aberrations, as well as the disease subtypes and their shared aberrations (the synapomorphies) of each subtype. Hence, we report the method and make the software suite publicly and freely available at http://software.phylomcs.com so that researchers can test alternative and innovative approaches to the analysis of aCGH data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman N. Abunimer
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Jose Salazar
- The Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mones S. Abu-Asab
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Xu X, Wang M, Yu Z. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of invasive ductal breast carcinomas in the Chinese population. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2100-2106. [PMID: 26622803 PMCID: PMC4579858 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Chinese women. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic alterations that occur in breast cancer cells in Chinese women. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis was performed on 34 tumors obtained from patients with primary invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC). Recurrent genetic alterations in breast cancer include gains on chromosomes 1q (59%), 16p (50%), 17q (44%), 8q (38%), 11q (32%), 20q (32%), 1p (24%), 20p (24%), 19q (21%) and 19p (18%). Losses are common on chromosomes 6q (15%), 8p (12%), 18 (12%), 4q (9%), X (9%) and 17p (9%). In the present study, high-level amplifications were observed on chromosomes 1q32, 8p, 11q13, 17q and 20q. Overall, the chromosomal DNA gains observed were consistent with the changes reported in Caucasian populations. However, the incidence of chromosomal DNA loss was lower in the present study compared with the incidence reported in the literature. The present results demonstrate the pattern of chromosomal imbalances in the invasive ductal breast carcinomas of Chinese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- National Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Mingrong Wang
- National Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghe Yu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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Pang JMB, Gorringe KL, Wong SQ, Dobrovic A, Campbell IG, Fox SB. Appraisal of the technologies and review of the genomic landscape of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:80. [PMID: 26078038 PMCID: PMC4469314 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ is a biologically diverse entity. Whereas some lesions are cured by local surgical excision, others recur as in situ disease or progress to invasive carcinoma with subsequent potential for metastatic spread. Reliable prognostic biomarkers are therefore desirable for appropriate clinical management but remain elusive. In common with invasive breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ exhibits many genomic changes, predominantly copy number alterations. Although studies have revealed the genomic heterogeneity within individual ductal carcinoma in situ lesions and the association of certain copy number alterations with nuclear grade, none of the genomic changes defined so far is consistently associated with invasive transformation or recurrence risk in pure ductal carcinoma in situ. This article will review the current landscape of genomic alterations in ductal carcinoma in situ and their potential as prognostic biomarkers together with the technologies used to define these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min B Pang
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Stephen Q Wong
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Translational Genomics & Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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25
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Bakker B, van den Bos H, Lansdorp PM, Foijer F. How to count chromosomes in a cell: An overview of current and novel technologies. Bioessays 2015; 37:570-7. [PMID: 25739518 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, an aberrant number of chromosomes in a cell, is a feature of several syndromes associated with cognitive and developmental defects. In addition, aneuploidy is considered a hallmark of cancer cells and has been suggested to play a role in neurodegenerative disease. To better understand the relationship between aneuploidy and disease, various methods to measure the chromosome numbers in cells have been developed, each with their own advantages and limitations. While some methods rely on dividing cells and thus bias aneuploidy rates to that population, other, more unbiased methods can only detect the average aneuploidy rates in a cell population, cloaking cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Furthermore, some techniques are more prone to technical artefacts, which can result in over- or underestimation of aneuploidy rates. In this review, we provide an overview of several "traditional" karyotyping methods as well as the latest high throughput next generation sequencing karyotyping protocols with their respective advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Bogomolov AG, Karamysheva TV, Rubtsov NB. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes derived from individual chromosomes and chromosome regions. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331406003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Segiet OA, Deska M, Michalski M, Gawrychowski J, Wojnicz R. Molecular profiling in primary hyperparathyroidism. Head Neck 2014; 37:299-307. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Anna Segiet
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zabrze; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Mariusz Deska
- Chair and Clinical Department of General Surgery, Bytom; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zabrze; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Jacek Gawrychowski
- Chair and Clinical Department of General Surgery, Bytom; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Romuald Wojnicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zabrze; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
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Collura A, Lagrange A, Svrcek M, Marisa L, Buhard O, Guilloux A, Wanherdrick K, Dorard C, Taieb A, Saget A, Loh M, Soong R, Zeps N, Platell C, Mews A, Iacopetta B, De Thonel A, Seigneuric R, Marcion G, Chapusot C, Lepage C, Bouvier AM, Gaub MP, Milano G, Selves J, Senet P, Delarue P, Arzouk H, Lacoste C, Coquelle A, Bengrine-Lefèvre L, Tournigand C, Lefèvre JH, Parc Y, Biard DS, Fléjou JF, Garrido C, Duval A. Patients with colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability and large deletions in HSP110 T17 have improved response to 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:401-11.e1. [PMID: 24512910 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI) have better prognoses than patients with tumors without MSI, but have a poor response to 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy. A dominant-negative form of heat shock protein (HSP)110 (HSP110DE9) expressed by cancer cells with MSI, via exon skipping caused by somatic deletions in the T(17) intron repeat, sensitizes the cells to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin.We investigated whether HSP110 T(17) could be used to identify patients with colorectal cancer who would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin. METHODS We characterized the interaction between HSP110 and HSP110DE9 using surface plasmon resonance. By using polymerase chain reaction and fragment analysis, we examined how the size of somatic allelic deletions in HSP110 T(17) affected the HSP110 protein expressed by tumor cells. We screened 329 consecutive patients with stage II–III colorectal tumors with MSI who underwent surgical resection at tertiary medical centers for HSP110 T(17). RESULTS HSP110 and HSP110DE9 interacted in a1:1 ratio. Tumor cells with large deletions in T(17) had increased ratios of HSP110DE9:HSP110, owing to the loss of expression of full-length HSP110. Deletions in HSP110 T(17) were mostly biallelic in primary tumor samples with MSI. Patients with stage II–III cancer who received chemotherapy and had large HSP110 T(17) deletions (≥5 bp; 18 of 77 patients, 23.4%) had longer times of relapse-free survival than patients with small or no deletions (≤4 bp; 59 of 77 patients, 76.6%) in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.012–0.8; P = .03). We found a significant interaction between chemotherapy and T17 deletion (P =.009). CONCLUSIONS About 25% of patients with stages II–III colorectal tumors with MSI have an excellent response to chemotherapy, due to large, biallelic deletions in the T(17) intron repeat of HSP110 in tumor DNA.
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Cherian S, Bagg A. The genetics of the myelodysplastic syndromes: Classical cytogenetics and recent molecular insights. Hematology 2013; 11:1-13. [PMID: 16522543 DOI: 10.1080/10245330500276691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a complex group of clonal hematopoietic disorders with an attendant diverse array of associated genetic changes. Conventional cytogenetics plays a prominent and well-established role in determining the contemporary diagnosis and prognosis of these disorders. More recently, molecular approaches have been useful in further characterizing this group of diseases, albeit in a largely experimental context, with the detection of changes at the single gene level including mutations, amplification and epigenetic phenomena. Nevertheless, we remain largely ignorant of the genetic underpinnings of MDS. Here we briefly review the established role of cytogenetics in MDS, and emphasize recent advances in unraveling the genetics of MDS, with a view towards how such findings might facilitate our ability to understand, diagnose and treat these disorders in a more rational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Cherian
- University of Washington Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seattle, 98195, USA.
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31
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Belt EJT, Stockmann HBAC, Delis-van Diemen PM, Bril H, Tijssen M, van Essen HF, Heymans MW, Beliën JAM, Carvalho B, Cillessen SAGM, Meijer GA. Expression of apoptosis regulating proteins identifies stage II and III colon cancer patients with high risk of recurrence. J Surg Oncol 2013; 109:255-65. [PMID: 24249458 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Deregulation of apoptosis related genes may be associated with poor outcome in cancer. Aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic role of expression levels of apoptosis related proteins in stage II and III colon cancer. METHODS From tumor samples of 386 stage II and III colon cancer patients, DNA was isolated and tissue microarrays were constructed. Expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-X, BAX, XIAP, Fas, FasL and c-FLIP was evaluated and PCR-based microsatellite instability analysis was performed. RESULTS High FasL expressing tumors were associated with high disease recurrence rates in stage II colon cancer patients overall, as was low Bcl-X expression in microsatellite stable stage II patients. In stage II patients, a multivariable model based on FasL and Bcl-XL expression revealed a significant association with disease free survival (DFS). In stage III colon cancer patients, low Bcl-2, low BAX and low Fas expression levels were associated with worse outcome. In these patients a multivariable model based on angioinvasion and Bcl-2, Fas and FasL expression was significantly associated with DFS. CONCLUSIONS Stage II patients with low Bcl-X and high FasL protein expression levels and stage III patients with low Fas, high FasL and low Bcl-2 expression could be considered as high risk for disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Th Belt
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Min’zhenkova ME, Shilova NV, Markova ZG, Antonenko VG, Lebedev IN, Kozlova YO, Zemlyakova VV, Zolotukhina TV. Generation and application of dynamic standard reference intervals for analyzing results of comparative genomic hybridization. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Comprehensive mutation analysis in colorectal flat adenomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41963. [PMID: 22848674 PMCID: PMC3407043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flat adenomas are a subgroup of colorectal adenomas that have been associated with a distinct biology and a more aggressive clinical behavior compared to their polypoid counterparts. In the present study, we aimed to compare the mutation spectrum of 14 cancer genes, between these two phenotypes. METHODS A consecutive series of 106 flat and 93 polypoid adenomas was analyzed retrospectively for frequently occurring mutations in "hot spot" regions of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and NRAS, as well as selected mutations in CTNNB1 (β-catenin), EGFR, FBXW7 (CDC4), PTEN, STK11, MAP2K4, SMAD4, PIK3R1 and PDGFRA using a high-throughput genotyping technique. Additionally, APC was analyzed using direct sequencing. RESULTS APC mutations were more frequent in polypoid adenomas compared to flat adenomas (48.5% versus 30.3%, respectively, p = 0.02). Mutations in KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, FBXW7 and CTNNB1 showed similar frequencies in both phenotypes. Between the different subtypes of flat adenomas (0-IIa, LST-F and LST-G) no differences were observed for any of the investigated genes. CONCLUSION The lower APC mutation rate in flat adenomas compared to polypoid adenomas suggests that disruption of the Wnt-pathway may occur via different mechanisms in these two phenotypes. Furthermore, in contrast to previous observations our results in this large well-defined sample set indicate that there is no significant association between the different morphological phenotypes and mutations in key genes of the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway.
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Voorham QJ, Carvalho B, Spiertz AJ, van Grieken NC, Mongera S, Rondagh EJ, van de Wiel MA, Jordanova ES, Ylstra B, Kliment M, Grabsch H, Rembacken BJ, Arai T, de Bruïne AP, Sanduleanu S, Quirke P, Mulder CJ, van Engeland M, Meijer GA. Chromosome 5q Loss in Colorectal Flat Adenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4560-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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González-Yebra B, Peralta R, González AL, Ayala-Garcia MA, de Zarate MEMO, Salcedo M. Genetic alterations in a primary medullary thyroid carcinoma and its lymph node metastasis in a patient with 15 years follow-up. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:63. [PMID: 22676344 PMCID: PMC3443442 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Association between DNA alterations and clinical parameters as recurrence, survival or prognosis has been found in a variety of tumors. A clear association between Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) and RET oncogene mutation has been accepted. Specifically M918T RET mutation represents the main genetic event in most cases of sporadic MTC (SMTC) and limited chromosomal alterations analyses have been performed. Methods In the present work, a comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) study was performed using DNA from a primary tumor in a M918T RET mutation-positive SMTC patient and from its lymph node metastasis to investigate additional genetic alterations. We studied a patient with 15 years of follow-up and persistence of disease, confirmed by periodical elevated serum calcitonin (CT) levels. Results Only 3 chromosomal imbalances were identified in the primary tumor, gain of 18p, and loss of 6p and 16p region, whereas 25 chromosomal imbalances were identified in the metastasis (9 gains and 16 losses). Conclusion The chromosomal changes 6p-, 16p-, 18p + could determine in part the oncogenic phenotype in the primary M918T RET positive tumor and probably related to persistence of high serum CT levels in this patient. The additional chromosomal changes observed could be related to the metastasis phenotype. We suggest that some genes mapped at 6p, 16p and 18p chromosomal regions, could act as genes associated to cancer and could be related to persistent SMTC and good prognosis. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1720753793691097
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz González-Yebra
- Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Zaal A, Peyrot WJ, Berns PMJJ, van der Burg MEL, Veerbeek JHW, Trimbos JB, Cadron I, van Diest PJ, van Wieringen WN, Krijgsman O, Meijer GA, Piek JMJ, Timmers PJ, Vergote I, Verheijen RHM, Ylstra B, Zweemer RP. Genomic aberrations relate early and advanced stage ovarian cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35:181-8. [PMID: 22581446 PMCID: PMC3396335 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of the distinct clinical presentation of early and advanced stage ovarian cancer, we aim to clarify whether these disease entities are solely separated by time of diagnosis or whether they arise from distinct molecular events. Methods Sixteen early and sixteen advanced stage ovarian carcinomas, matched for histological subtype and differentiation grade, were included. Genomic aberrations were compared for each early and advanced stage ovarian cancer by array comparative genomic hybridization. To study how the aberrations correlate to the clinical characteristics of the tumors we clustered tumors based on the genomic aberrations. Results The genomic aberration patterns in advanced stage cancer equalled those in early stage, but were more frequent in advanced stage (p = 0.012). Unsupervised clustering based on genomic aberrations yielded two clusters that significantly discriminated early from advanced stage (p = 0.001), and that did differ significantly in survival (p = 0.002). These clusters however did give a more accurate prognosis than histological subtype or differentiation grade. Conclusion This study indicates that advanced stage ovarian cancer either progresses from early stage or from a common precursor lesion but that they do not arise from distinct carcinogenic molecular events. Furthermore, we show that array comparative genomic hybridization has the potential to identify clinically distinct patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13402-012-0077-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afra Zaal
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Buffart TE, Carvalho B, van Grieken NCT, van Wieringen WN, Tijssen M, Kranenbarg EMK, Verheul HMW, Grabsch HI, Ylstra B, van de Velde CJH, Meijer GA. Losses of chromosome 5q and 14q are associated with favorable clinical outcome of patients with gastric cancer. Oncologist 2012; 17:653-62. [PMID: 22531355 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve the clinical outcome of patients with gastric cancer, intensified combination strategies are currently in clinical development, including combinations of more extensive surgery, (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The present study used DNA copy number profiling to identify subgroups of patients with different clinical outcomes. We hypothesize that, by identification of subgroups, individual treatment strategies can be selected to improve clinical outcome and to reduce unnecessary treatment toxicity for patients with gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA from 206 gastric cancer patients was isolated and analyzed by genomewide array comparative genomic hybridization. DNA copy number profiles were correlated with lymph node status and patient survival. In addition, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) expression was analyzed and correlated with survival in 230 gastric cancer patients. RESULTS Frequent (>20%) DNA copy number gains and losses were observed on several chromosomal regions. Losses on 5q11.2-q31.3 and 14q32.11-q32.33 (14% of patients) were correlated with good clinical outcome in univariate and multivariate analyses, with a median disease-free survival interval of 9.2 years. In addition, loss of expression of HSP90, located on chromosome 14q32.2, was correlated with better patient survival. CONCLUSION Genomewide DNA copy number profiling allowed the identification of a subgroup of gastric cancer patients, marked by losses on chromosomes 5q11.2-q31.3 and 14q32.11-q32.33 or low HSP90 protein expression, with an excellent clinical outcome after surgery alone. We hypothesize that this subgroup of patients most likely will not benefit from (neo)adjuvant systemic treatment and/or radiotherapy, whereas anti-HSP90 therapy may have clinical potential in patients with HSP90-expressing gastric cancer, pending validation in an independent dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke E Buffart
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Belt EJT, te Velde EA, Krijgsman O, Brosens RPM, Tijssen M, van Essen HF, Stockmann HBAC, Bril H, Carvalho B, Ylstra B, Bonjer HJ, Meijer GA. High lymph node yield is related to microsatellite instability in colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:1222-30. [PMID: 21989661 PMCID: PMC3309135 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node (LN) yield in colon cancer resection specimens is an important indicator of treatment quality and has especially in early-stage patients therapeutic implications. However, underlying disease mechanisms, such as microsatellite instability (MSI), may also influence LN yield, as MSI tumors are known to exhibit more prominent lymphocytic antitumor reactions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of LN yield, MSI status, and recurrence rate in colon cancer. METHODS Clinicopathological data and tumor samples were collected from 332 stage II and III colon cancer patients. DNA was isolated and PCR-based MSI analysis performed. LN yield was defined as "high" when 10 or more LNs were retrieved and "low" in case of fewer than 10 LNs. RESULTS Tumors with high LN yield were significantly associated with the MSI phenotype (high LN yield: 26.3% MSI tumors vs low LN yield: 15.1% MSI tumors; P=.01), mainly in stage III disease. Stage II patients with high LN yield had a lower recurrence rate compared with those with low LN yield. Patients with MSI tumors tended to develop fewer recurrences compared with those with MSS tumors, mainly in stage II disease. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, high LN yield was associated with MSI tumors, mainly in stage III patients. Besides adequate surgery and pathology, high LN yield is possibly a feature caused by biologic behavior of MSI tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Th. Belt
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - E. A. te Velde
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O. Krijgsman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. P. M. Brosens
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Zaans Medical Centre, Zaandam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Tijssen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. F. van Essen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - H. Bril
- Department of Pathology, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - B. Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. J. Bonjer
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. A. Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Belt EJT, Brosens RPM, Delis-van Diemen PM, Bril H, Tijssen M, van Essen DF, Heymans MW, Beliën JAM, Stockmann HBAC, Meijer S, Meijer GA. Cell cycle proteins predict recurrence in stage II and III colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19 Suppl 3:S682-92. [PMID: 22311118 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prognostic value of multiple cell cycle-associated proteins in a large series of stage II and III colon cancers. METHODS From formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples of 386 patients with stage II and III colon cancer, DNA was isolated and tissue microarrays were constructed. Tissue microarray slides were immunohistochemically stained for p21, p27, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor, Her2/Neu, β-catenin, cyclin D1, Ki-67, thymidylate synthase, and Aurora kinase A (AURKA). Polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite instability analysis was performed to allow for stratification of protein expression by microsatellite instability status. RESULTS Overall, low p21, high p53, low cyclin D1, and high AURKA expression were significantly associated with recurrence (P = 0.01, P < 0.01, P = 0.04, and P < 0.01, respectively). In stage II patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 190), significantly more recurrences were observed in case of low-p21 and high-p53-expressing tumors (P < 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). In stage III patients who did not receive chemotherapy, high p53 expression was associated with recurrence (P = 0.02), and in patients who received chemotherapy, high AURKA expression was associated with relapse (P < 0.01). In patients with microsatellite stable tumors, high levels of p53 and AURKA were associated with recurrence (P = 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed p21 (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 0.9-2.8) and AURKA (odds ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.3-5.6) to be independently associated with disease recurrence. CONCLUSIONS p21, p53, cyclin D1, and AURKA could possibly be used as prognostic markers to identify colon cancer patients with high risk of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Th Belt
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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de Weger VA, Turksma AW, Voorham QJM, Euler Z, Bril H, van den Eertwegh AJ, Bloemena E, Pinedo HM, Vermorken JB, van Tinteren H, Meijer GA, Hooijberg E. Clinical effects of adjuvant active specific immunotherapy differ between patients with microsatellite-stable and microsatellite-instable colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:882-9. [PMID: 22156611 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Active specific immunotherapy (ASI) consisting of an autologous tumor cell vaccine given as adjuvant treatment has been shown to improve recurrence-free survival of patients with colon cancer. The aim of the current retrospective study was to investigate whether the beneficial effects of ASI given as adjuvant treatment correlated with microsatellite instability (MSI), which is considered an important biologic determinant of colon cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Microsatellite status was assessed on archival tumor material from patients with stage II and III colon cancer. Microsatellite status was next associated with clinical outcome in control and ASI treatment groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS We identified 162 (83%) microsatellite-stable tumors (MSS) and 34 (17%) MSI tumors. Patients with MSI tumors did well in recurrence-free interval (RFI) as well as disease-specific survival (DSS) irrespective of treatment arm and tumor stage. Patients with MSI tumors had significantly fewer recurrences and prolonged DSS than those with MSS tumors. Patients with MSS Dukes B tumors who received ASI treatment showed a significantly improved recurrence-free survival compared with controls. ASI treatment did not improve recurrence-free interval or DSS for patients with MSS Dukes C tumors. CONCLUSION This retrospective study indicated that patients with MSI tumors did well, irrespective of treatment arm and tumor stage. The data also indicate that the clinical benefit, measured as recurrence-free survival, from adjuvant ASI treatment of patients with colon cancer was restricted to patients with MSS Dukes B tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A de Weger
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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41
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Krijgsman O, Israeli D, Haan JC, van Essen HF, Smeets SJ, Eijk PP, Steenbergen RDM, Kok K, Tejpar S, Meijer GA, Ylstra B. CGH arrays compared for DNA isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 51:344-52. [PMID: 22162309 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archival tissue is an important source of DNA material. The most commonly used technique to identify copy number aberrations from chromosomal DNA in tumorigenesis is array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Although copy number analysis using DNA from FFPE archival tissue is challenging, several research groups have reported high quality and reproducible DNA copy number results using aCGH. Aim of this study is to compare the commercially available aCGH platforms suitable for high-resolution copy number analysis using FFPE-derived DNA. Two dual channel aCGH platforms (Agilent and NimbleGen) and a single channel SNP-based platform (Affymetrix) were evaluated using seven FFPE colon cancer samples, and median absolute deviation (MAD), deflection, signal-to-noise ratio, and DNA input requirements were used as quality criteria. Large differences were observed between platforms; Agilent and NimbleGen showed better MAD values (0.13 for both) compared with Affymetrix (0.22). On the contrary, Affymetrix showed a better deflection of 0.94, followed by 0.71 for Agilent and 0.51 for NimbleGen. This resulted in signal-to-nose ratios that were comparable between the three commercially available platforms. Interestingly, DNA input amounts from FFPE material lower than recommended still yielded high quality profiles on all platforms. Copy number analysis using DNA derived from FFPE archival material is feasible using all three high-resolution copy number platforms and shows reproducible results, also with DNA input amounts lower than recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Krijgsman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Brosens RPM, Belt EJTH, Haan JC, Buffart TE, Carvalho B, Grabsch H, Quirke P, Cuesta MA, Engel AF, Ylstra B, Meijer GA. Deletion of chromosome 4q predicts outcome in stage II colon cancer patients. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:215-23. [PMID: 21717218 PMCID: PMC3149118 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 30% of all stage II colon cancer patients will relapse and die of their disease. At present no objective parameters to identify high-risk stage II colon cancer patients, who will benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, have been established. With traditional histopathological features definition of high-risk stage II colon cancer patients is inaccurate. Therefore more objective and robust markers for prediction of relapse are needed. DNA copy number aberrations have proven to be robust prognostic markers, but have not yet been investigated for this specific group of patients. The aim of the present study was to identify chromosomal aberrations that can predict relapse of tumor in patients with stage II colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was isolated from 40 formaldehyde fixed paraffin embedded stage II colon cancer samples with extensive clinicopathological data. Samples were hybridized using Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) arrays to determine DNA copy number changes and microsatellite stability was determined by PCR. To analyze differences between stage II colon cancer patients with and without relapse of tumor a Wilcoxon rank-sum test was implemented with multiple testing correction. RESULTS Stage II colon cancers of patients who had relapse of disease showed significantly more losses on chromosomes 4, 5, 15q, 17q and 18q. In the microsatellite stable (MSS) subgroup (n = 28), only loss of chromosome 4q22.1-4q35.2 was significantly associated with disease relapse (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.15). No differences in clinicopathological characteristics between patients with and without relapse were observed. CONCLUSION In the present series of MSS stage II colon cancer patients losses on 4q22.1-4q35.2 were associated with worse outcome and these genomic alterations may aid in selecting patients for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. P. M. Brosens
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E. J. T. H. Belt
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. C. Haan
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T. E. Buffart
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. Grabsch
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - P. Quirke
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M. A. Cuesta
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A. F. Engel
- Department of Surgery, Zaans Medical Centre, Zaandam, the Netherlands
| | - B. Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. A. Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Gruver AM, Portier BP, Tubbs RR. Molecular pathology of breast cancer: the journey from traditional practice toward embracing the complexity of a molecular classification. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:544-57. [PMID: 21526953 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0734-rair.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adenocarcinoma of the breast is the most frequent cancer affecting women in both developed and developing regions of the world. From the moment of clinical presentation until the time of pathologic diagnosis, patients affected by this disease will face daunting questions related to prognosis and treatment options. While improvements in targeted therapies have led to increased patient survival, these same advances have created the imperative to accurately stratify patients to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. In this evolving era of personalized medicine, there is an ever-increasing need to overcome the limitations of traditional diagnostic practice. OBJECTIVE To summarize the molecular diagnostics traditionally used to guide prognostication and treatment of breast carcinomas, to highlight published data on the molecular classification of these tumors, and to showcase molecular assays that will supplement traditional methods of categorizing the disease. DATA SOURCES A review of the literature covering the molecular diagnostics of breast carcinomas with a focus on the gene expression and array studies used to characterize the molecular signatures of the disease. Special emphasis is placed on summarizing evolving technologies useful in the diagnosis and characterization of breast carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Available and emerging molecular resources will allow pathologists to provide superior diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive information about individual breast carcinomas. These advances should translate into earlier identification and tailored therapy and should ultimately improve outcome for patients affected by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Gruver
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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44
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Leong ASY, Zhuang Z. The changing role of pathology in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Pathobiology 2011; 78:99-114. [PMID: 21677473 PMCID: PMC3128144 DOI: 10.1159/000292644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological examination has been the gold standard for diagnosis in cancer and its role has also included the elucidation of etiology, pathogenesis, clinicopathological correlation, and prognostication. The advent of newer technologies and the realization that breast cancer is heterogeneous has shifted the focus to prognostication, with increased attention being paid to the identification of morphological features and immunohistochemical markers of prognostic relevance. However, despite the massive efforts invested in the identification of immunohistochemical biomarkers in breast cancer the majority have not proven to be of value in multivariate analyses and only estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Her2/neu expression have remained essential components of pathological examination. These 3 markers were initially employed for prognostication but their role in treatment also rendered them of predictive value. Newer molecular methods, especially high-throughput technologies, have shown that even morphologically similar subtypes of breast cancer can show molecular heterogeneity; moreover, infiltrating ductal carcinoma can be separated into at least 4 molecular subtypes designated luminal (ER+, PR+, and Her2/neu-), Her2 overexpressing (ER-, PR-, and Her2/neu+), basal-like (ER-, PR-, Her2/neu-, and CK5/6+, EGFR+), and normal breast-like (ER-, PR-, and Her2/neu-), each with different clinical outcomes. The importance of proliferative gene expression in these subtypes has been demonstrated and surrogate immunohistochemical markers include ER, PR, Her2/neu, and Ki67 for the more expensive molecular tests. Molecular technologies, importantly, have not only provided further insights into the heterogeneity of breast cancer but have also opened new avenues for treatment through the identification of signaling molecules important in the proliferation and survival of the neoplastic cells. The treatment of cancer thus shifts from the conventional approach of 'one size fits all' to one of personalized treatment tailored to the specific characteristics of the tumor. Pathologists continue to play their traditional role in diagnosis but, as purveyors of the excised tissue, pathologists now have the additional role of identifying biomarkers responsive to therapeutic manipulation, thus playing an inextricable role as diagnostic oncologists in the management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S-Y Leong
- Hunter Area Pathology Service, Anatomical Pathology, University of Newcastle, Australia.
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45
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Belt EJT, Fijneman RJA, van den Berg EG, Bril H, Delis-van Diemen PM, Tijssen M, van Essen HF, de Lange-de Klerk ESM, Beliën JAM, Stockmann HBAC, Meijer S, Meijer GA. Loss of lamin A/C expression in stage II and III colon cancer is associated with disease recurrence. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1837-45. [PMID: 21621406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Loss of the nuclear lamina protein lamin A/C (LMNA) has been observed in several human malignancies. The present study aimed to investigate associations between LMNA expression and clinical outcome in colon cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinicopathological data and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues were collected from 370 stage II and III colon cancer patients. Tissue microarrays were constructed, stained for lamin A/C and evaluated microscopically. Microsatellite instability status was determined for 318 tumours. RESULTS Low levels of LMNA expression were observed in 17.8% of colon tumours, with disease recurrence occurring in 45.5% of stage II and III colon cancer patients with LMNA-low expressing tumours compared to 29.6% of patients with LMNA-high expressing tumours (p=0.01). For stage II patients, disease recurrence was observed for 35.7% of LMNA-low compared to 20.3% of LMNA-high expressing tumours (p=0.03). Microsatellite stable (MSS) tumours exhibited more frequently low LMNA expression than microsatellite instable (MSI) tumours (21% versus 9.8%; p=0.05). Interestingly, disease recurrence among LMNA-low and LMNA-high expressing MSS tumours varied significantly for stage III patients who had not received adjuvant chemotherapy (100% versus 37.8%; p<0.01) while no such difference was observed for patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (46.7% versus 46.0%; p=0.96). CONCLUSION These data indicate that low expression of LMNA is associated with an increased disease recurrence in stage II and III colon cancer patients, and suggest that these patients in particular may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Th Belt
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Buffart TE, Louw M, van Grieken NCT, Tijssen M, Carvalho B, Ylstra B, Grabsch H, Mulder CJJ, van de Velde CJH, van der Merwe SW, Meijer GA. Gastric cancers of Western European and African patients show different patterns of genomic instability. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:7. [PMID: 21226972 PMCID: PMC3033789 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with H. pylori is important in the etiology of gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is infrequent in Africa, despite high frequencies of H. pylori infection, referred to as the African enigma. Variation in environmental and host factors influencing gastric cancer risk between different populations have been reported but little is known about the biological differences between gastric cancers from different geographic locations. We aim to study genomic instability patterns of gastric cancers obtained from patients from United Kingdom (UK) and South Africa (SA), in an attempt to support the African enigma hypothesis at the biological level. Methods DNA was isolated from 67 gastric adenocarcinomas, 33 UK patients, 9 Caucasian SA patients and 25 native SA patients. Microsatellite instability and chromosomal instability were analyzed by PCR and microarray comparative genomic hybridization, respectively. Data was analyzed by supervised univariate and multivariate analyses as well as unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. Results Tumors from Caucasian and native SA patients showed significantly more microsatellite instable tumors (p < 0.05). For the microsatellite stable tumors, geographical origin of the patients correlated with cluster membership, derived from unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (p = 0.001). Several chromosomal alterations showed significantly different frequencies in tumors from UK patients and native SA patients, but not between UK and Caucasian SA patients and between native and Caucasian SA patients. Conclusions Gastric cancers from SA and UK patients show differences in genetic instability patterns, indicating possible different biological mechanisms in patients from different geographical origin. This is of future clinical relevance for stratification of gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke E Buffart
- Dept. of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Whole genome amplification systems were developed to meet the increasing research demands on DNA resources and to avoid DNA shortage. The technology enables amplification of nanogram amounts of DNA into microgram quantities and is increasingly used in the amplification of DNA from multiple origins such as blood, fresh frozen tissue, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, saliva, buccal swabs, bacteria, and plant and animal sources. This chapter focuses on the use of GenomePlex(®) tissue Whole Genome Amplification Kit, to amplify DNA directly from archived tissue. In addition, this chapter documents our unique experience with the utilization of GenomePlex(®) amplified DNA using several molecular techniques including metaphase Comparative Genomic Hybridization, array Comparative Genomic Hybridization, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. GenomePlex(®) is a registered trademark of Rubicon Genomics Incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Bosso
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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48
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Brosens RPM, Haan JC, Carvalho B, Rustenburg F, Grabsch H, Quirke P, Engel AF, Cuesta MA, Maughan N, Flens M, Meijer GA, Ylstra B. Candidate driver genes in focal chromosomal aberrations of stage II colon cancer. J Pathol 2010; 221:411-24. [PMID: 20593488 DOI: 10.1002/path.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instable colorectal cancer is marked by specific large chromosomal copy number aberrations. Recently, focal aberrations of 3 Mb or smaller have been identified as a common phenomenon in cancer. Inherent to their limited size, these aberrations harbour one or few genes. The aim of this study was to identify recurrent focal chromosomal aberrations and their candidate driver genes in a well-defined series of stage II colon cancers and assess their potential clinical relevance. High-resolution DNA copy number profiles were obtained from 38 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colon cancer samples with matched normal mucosa as a reference using array comparative genomic hybridization. In total, 81 focal chromosomal aberrations were identified that harboured 177 genes. Statistical validation of focal aberrations and identification of candidate driver genes were performed by enrichment analysis and mapping copy number and mutation data of colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancer and glioblastomas to loci of focal aberrations in stage II colon cancer. This analysis demonstrated a significant overlap with previously identified focal amplifications in colorectal cancer, but not with cancers from other sites. In contrast, focal deletions seemed less tumour type-specific since they also showed significant overlap with focal deletions of other sites. Focal deletions detected were significantly enriched for cancer genes and genes frequently mutated in colorectal cancer. The mRNA expression of these genes was significantly correlated with DNA copy number status, supporting the relevance of focal aberrations. Loss of 5q34 and gain of 13q22.1 were identified as independent prognostic factors of survival in this series of patients. In conclusion, focal chromosomal copy number aberrations in stage II colon cancer are enriched in cancer genes that contribute to and drive the process of colorectal cancer development. DNA copy number status of these genes correlates with mRNA expression and some are associated with clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P M Brosens
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Horlings HM, Savci-Heijink CD, van de Vijver MJ. Translating the genomic architecture of breast cancer into clinical applications. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:38ps32. [PMID: 20592419 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The genetic alterations in breast cancer have in recent years been studied through a variety of techniques: analysis of alterations in individual oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; gene expression profiling of both messenger RNA and microRNA; global analysis of DNA copy number changes; and most recently, whole-genome sequence analysis. Analysis of the association between genetic alterations and gene expression profiles with prognosis and response to specific treatments will lead to improved possibilities for patient-tailored treatment. Russnes et al. now add an additional view on the complex genetic makeup of breast carcinomas by developing algorithms that can be used to subclassify tumors based on their patterns of genome-wide DNA copy number gains and losses, which vary from very simple (only a few gains and losses) to complex. The algorithms provide indices that can be used in conjunction with results from other genetic analyses to subclassify breast cancer, with the aim of defining subgroups of patients that differ with respect to prognosis and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Horlings
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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50
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Diosdado B, Buffart TE, Watkins R, Carvalho B, Ylstra B, Tijssen M, Bolijn AS, Lewis F, Maude K, Verbeke C, Nagtegaal ID, Grabsch H, Mulder CJJ, Quirke P, Howdle P, Meijer GA. High-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization in sporadic and celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1391-401. [PMID: 20179237 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular pathogenesis of small intestinal adenocarcinomas is not well understood. Understanding the molecular characteristics of small bowel adenocarcinoma may lead to more effective patient treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty-eight small bowel adenocarcinomas (33 non-celiac disease related and 15 celiac disease related) were characterized for chromosomal aberrations by high-resolution array comparative hybridization, microsatellite instability, and APC promoter methylation and mutation status. Findings were compared with clinicopathologic and survival data. Furthermore, molecular alterations were compared between celiac disease-related and non-celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinomas. RESULTS DNA copy number changes were observed in 77% small bowel adenocarcinomas. The most frequent DNA copy number changes found were gains on 5p15.33-5p12, 7p22.3-7q11.21, 7q21.2-7q21.3, 7q22.1-7q34, 7q36.1, 7q36.3, 8q11.21-8q24.3, 9q34.11-9q34.3, 13q11-13q34, 16p13.3, 16p11.2, 19q13.2, and 20p13-20q13.33, and losses on 4p13-4q35.2, 5q15-5q21.1, and 21p11.2-21q22.11. Seven highly amplified regions were identified on 6p21.1, 7q21.1, 8p23.1, 11p13, 16p11.2, 17q12-q21.1, and 19q13.2. Celiac disease-related and non-celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinomas displayed similar chromosomal aberrations. Promoter hypermethylation of the APC gene was found in 48% non-celiac disease-related and 73% celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinomas. No nonsense mutations were found. Thirty-three percent of non-celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinomas showed microsatellite instability, whereas 67% of celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinomas were microsatellite unstable. CONCLUSIONS Our study characterized chromosomal aberrations and amplifications involved in small bowel adenocarcinoma. At the chromosomal level, celiac disease-related and non-celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinomas did not differ. A defect in the mismatch repair pathways seems to be more common in celiac disease-related than in non-celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinomas. In contrast to colon and gastric cancers, no APC nonsense mutations were found in small bowel adenocarcinoma. However, APC promoter methylation seems to be a common event in celiac disease-related small bowel adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 16(5); 1391-401.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Diosdado
- Departments of Pathology and Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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