1
|
Samargandi R, Bafail A, Le Nail LR, Berhouet J. Comprehensive Insights into Chondroblastoma Metastasis: Metastatic Patterns and Therapeutic Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2283. [PMID: 38927987 PMCID: PMC11201376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chondroblastoma metastasis, though rare, represents a clinically significant and notably important aspect of bone tumors. Understanding its epidemiological characteristics, pathological features, and treatment modalities, despite its infrequency, is imperative for comprehensive patient management. This review aims to elucidate the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies associated with chondroblastoma metastasis. The patterns, prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes were explored through an analysis of case studies and clinical reports. Notably, we highlighted emerging therapeutic perspectives aimed at improving patient outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous review addressing these matters cumulatively, highlighting a significant gap in the existing scholarly literature. By shedding light on the nuances of chondroblastoma metastasis, this review contributes to the advancement of knowledge in this field and informs clinical decision-making for improved patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Samargandi
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours, 1C Avenue de la République, 37170 Chambray-les-Tours, France; (L.-R.L.N.); (J.B.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Bafail
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours, 1C Avenue de la République, 37170 Chambray-les-Tours, France;
| | - Louis-Romée Le Nail
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours, 1C Avenue de la République, 37170 Chambray-les-Tours, France; (L.-R.L.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Julien Berhouet
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours, 1C Avenue de la République, 37170 Chambray-les-Tours, France; (L.-R.L.N.); (J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hild V, Mellert K, Möller P, Barth TFE. Giant Cells of Various Lesions Are Characterised by Different Expression Patterns of HLA-Molecules and Molecules Involved in the Cell Cycle, Bone Metabolism, and Lineage Affiliation: An Immunohistochemical Study with a Review of the Literature. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3702. [PMID: 37509363 PMCID: PMC10377796 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cells (GCs) are thought to originate from the fusion of monocytic lineage cells and arise amid multiple backgrounds. To compare GCs of different origins, we immunohistochemically characterised the GCs of reactive and neoplastic lesions (n = 47). We studied the expression of 15 molecules including HLA class II molecules those relevant to the cell cycle, bone metabolism and lineage affiliation. HLA-DR was detectable in the GCs of sarcoidosis, sarcoid-like lesions, tuberculosis, and foreign body granuloma. Cyclin D1 was expressed by the GCs of neoplastic lesions as well as the GCs of bony callus, fibroid epulis, and brown tumours. While cyclin E was detected in the GCs of all lesions, p16 and p21 showed a heterogeneous expression pattern. RANK was expressed by the GCs of all lesions except sarcoid-like lesions and xanthogranuloma. All GCs were RANK-L-negative, and the GCs of all lesions were osteoprotegerin-positive. Osteonectin was limited to the GCs of chondroblastoma. Osteopontin and TRAP were detected in the GCs of all lesions except xanthogranuloma. RUNX2 was heterogeneously expressed in the reactive and neoplastic cohort. The GCs of all lesions except foreign body granuloma expressed CD68, and all GCs were CD163- and langerin-negative. This profiling points to a functional diversity of GCs despite their similar morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Hild
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kevin Mellert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas F E Barth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Russo S, Scotto di Carlo F, Gianfrancesco F. The Osteoclast Traces the Route to Bone Tumors and Metastases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886305. [PMID: 35646939 PMCID: PMC9139841 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells of the bone, with a unique apparatus responsible for resorption in the process of bone remodeling. They are derived from differentiation and fusion of hematopoietic precursors, committed to form mature osteoclasts in response to finely regulated stimuli produced by bone marrow–derived cells belonging to the stromal lineage. Despite a highly specific function confined to bone degradation, emerging evidence supports their relevant implication in bone tumors and metastases. In this review, we summarize the physiological role of osteoclasts and then focus our attention on their involvement in skeletal tumors, both primary and metastatic. We highlight how osteoclast-mediated bone erosion confers increased aggressiveness to primary tumors, even those with benign features. We also outline how breast and pancreas cancer cells promote osteoclastogenesis to fuel their metastatic process to the bone. Furthermore, we emphasize the role of osteoclasts in reactivating dormant cancer cells within the bone marrow niches for manifestation of overt metastases, even decades after homing of latent disseminated cells. Finally, we point out the importance of counteracting tumor progression and dissemination through pharmacological treatments based on a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast lytic activity and their recruitment from cancer cells.
Collapse
|
4
|
Visgauss JD, Lazarides A, Dickson B, Cardona D, Sheth M, DeWitt SB, Somarelli JA, Eward WC. Treatment of Chondroblastoma with Denosumab: A Case Report with a Correlative Analysis of Effect on the RANK Signaling Pathway. JBJS Case Connect 2021; 11:01709767-202106000-00071. [PMID: 33999872 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.20.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CASE A 15-year-old boy with chondroblastoma of the right hemipelvis presented with significant periacetabular bone destruction. Neoadjuvant denosumab treatment facilitated initial joint preserving surgery. Unfortunately, he experienced 2 local recurrences and underwent wide surgical resection 2 years after his initial diagnosis. CONCLUSION Inhibition of the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANK-L) pathway with denosumab has been used neoadjuvantly for the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone, but its role in the treatment of chondroblastoma is less understood. This patient's clinical response and effect on cellular RANK/RANK-L activity support the consideration of denosumab in the treatment algorithm for other osteolytic bone tumors such as chondroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Visgauss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alex Lazarides
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brendan Dickson
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Cardona
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maya Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Jason A Somarelli
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William C Eward
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng BW, Yang ML, Huang W, Zheng BY, Zhang TL, Li J, Lv GH, Yan YG, Zou MX. Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Chondroblastoma and Their Association with Response to Adjuvant Radiotherapy. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1991-2005. [PMID: 34040412 PMCID: PMC8139723 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s308707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chondroblastoma (CB) is a rare and locally growing cartilage-derived tumor. Currently, clinical implications of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in CB remain unclear. In this study, we sought to analyze the relationship between TAM parameters (including densities of CD68+ and CD163+ cells as well as the CD163+/CD68+ ratio) and clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to assess TAM subtypes for CD68 and CD163, as well as the expression levels of p53, CD34, and Ki-67 on tumor cells in 132 tissue specimens retrieved between July 2002 and April 2020. Then, TAM parameters were retrospectively analyzed for their associations with patient outcomes (local recurrence-free survival [LRFS] and overall survival [OS]) and clinicopathological features. Results TAM densities were significantly higher in axial chondroblastoma tissue than in extra-axial chondroblastoma tissue. Moreover, the number of CD163+ TAMs was positively correlated with tumor invasion of surrounding tissues and high expression of CD34 and Ki-67 on tumor cells, whereas CD163+ cell density and the CD163/CD68 ratio were negatively associated with patient response to adjuvant radiotherapy. Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the number of CD68+ and CD163+ lymphocytes was significantly associated with both LRFS and OS. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that CD163+ and CD68+ cell levels were independent prognostic factors of LRFS, while TAM data independently predicted OS. More importantly, in subgroup analysis based on three significant factors in univariate survival analysis (including tumor location, adjuvant radiotherapy, and surrounding tissue invasion by tumors), the TAM parameters still displayed good prognostic performance. Conclusion These data suggest that TAM may significantly affect the biological behavior of CB. We hypothesize that modulating the TAM level or polarization status in the microenvironment may be an effective approach for CB treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Liang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Health and Management Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Yv Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430061, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IU Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Guo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chondroblastoma Expresses RANKL by RNA In Situ Hybridization and May Respond to Denosumab Therapy. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 44:1581-1590. [PMID: 32826531 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lesions of bone featuring osteoclast-like giant cells comprise a diverse group of entities, including giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone, chondroblastoma, and aneurysmal bone cyst, among others. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of GCT of bone and may play a role in the pathogenesis of other giant cell-rich lesions as well. In addition, RANKL inhibitors (denosumab) have also been shown to have some efficacy in treating some giant cell-rich lesions. Herein, we examine RANKL expression by RNA in situ hybridization in a total of 84 osseous lesions with a focus on chondroblastoma, GCT, fibrous dysplasia, and aneurysmal bone cyst. The lesions were tested for RANKL expression using a chromogenic RNA in situ hybridization assay. RANKL expression was identified in 24/25 (96%) GCT, 24/26 (92%) chondroblastomas, 6/7 (86%) aneurysmal bone cysts, and 3/16 (19%) patients with fibrous dysplasia. RANKL expression was statistically lower in chondroblastoma and aneurysmal bone cyst compared with GCT. RANKL reactivity in fibrous dysplasia was exclusively seen in the 3 cases with osteoclast-type giant cells. Our results indicate a high proportion of chondroblastomas, GCTs, and aneurysmal bone cysts express RANKL while reactivity in fibrous dysplasia is dependent on the presence of osteoclast-type giant cells. On the basis of the success of denosumab therapy for GCTs, our results indicate that it may be a potential therapeutic option in other primary osseous tumors.
Collapse
|
7
|
Functional treatment of temporal bone chondroblastoma: retrospective analysis of 3 cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:1271-1276. [PMID: 32661717 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe and analyse functional treatment of temporal bone chondroblastoma (TBCh). METHODS From January 2000 to June 2019, at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France, patients with TBCh were enrolled in this study. All cases routinely performed pre-operatory work-up including evaluation of performance status, audio-vestibular function test, ear endoscopy, contrasted CT scan and MRI of head and neck region; in one case we also performed an angio-CT scan. All patients underwent resection of the tumour with a "functional" approach RESULTS: Three male patients (mean age 46,6 years)-two primary tumours and one recurrence-were treated. In all three cases the tumour invaded the middle ear with a variable degree of hearing loss and infiltration of temporal bone structures. All surgeries were performed with a microscopic approach associated with open/endoscopic approach when necessary. Inner ear and facial nerve were speared in all cases and the TMJ was partially resected in 2 cases due to its moderate involvement. At present, after a mean follow-up of 103 months (range 40-225 months), only one case presented recurrence which has been successfully treated with radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results of treatment suggest that functional surgery can be relevant in the management of TBCh since it is focused on both treatment of this pathology and maintenance of a good quality of life.
Collapse
|
8
|
Biological Factors, Metals, and Biomaterials Regulating Osteogenesis through Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082789. [PMID: 32316424 PMCID: PMC7215394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone loss raises great concern in numerous situations, such as ageing and many diseases and in both orthopedic and dentistry fields of application, with an extensive impact on health care. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms and the determinants that can regulate osteogenesis and ensure bone balance. Autophagy is a well conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, which is known to be highly active during differentiation and development. This review provides a revision of the literature on all the exogen factors that can modulate osteogenesis through autophagy regulation. Metal ion exposition, mechanical stimuli, and biological factors, including hormones, nutrients, and metabolic conditions, were taken into consideration for their ability to tune osteogenic differentiation through autophagy. In addition, an exhaustive overview of biomaterials, both for orthopedic and dentistry applications, enhancing osteogenesis by modulation of the autophagic process is provided as well. Already investigated conditions regulating bone regeneration via autophagy need to be better understood for finely tailoring innovative therapeutic treatments and designing novel biomaterials.
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Abstract
Giant cell-containing tumors of bone are characterized morphologically by the presence of numerous osteoclastic giant cells. Correlation of clinical, radiologic, and laboratory findings is required for accurate histopathologic diagnosis and treatment of a giant cell-containing tumor of bone. In differential diagnosis, it is particularly important to note the age of the patient and the skeletal location of the lesion. This article considers the range of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions, which histologically contain numerous osteoclastic giant cells, and focuses on several lesions that frequently enter into the differential diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Orosz
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal and Sciences, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Nicholas A Athanasou
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal and Sciences, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Calvert N, Wood D. Use of denosumab in recurrent chondroblastoma of the squamous temporal bone: a case report. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:411-413. [PMID: 28396758 PMCID: PMC5378851 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroblastoma is a rare, benign bone tumor that represents 1–2% of all primary bone tumors. Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody, has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of giant cell tumors. We report a case of recurrent chondroblastoma of the squamous temporal bone that is currently suppressed with denosumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Calvert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - David Wood
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands Western Australia 6009 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nicoli TK, Saat R, Kontio R, Piippo A, Tarkkanen M, Tarkkanen J, Jero J. Multidisciplinary Approach to Management of Temporal Bone Giant Cell Tumor. J Neurol Surg Rep 2017; 77:e144-e149. [PMID: 28078198 PMCID: PMC5045306 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giant cell tumors (GCTs) are rare osseous tumors that rarely appear in
the skull. Methods We review the clinical course of a 28-year-old previously healthy woman
with a complicated GCT. Results The reviewed patient presented with a middle cranial fossa tumor acutely
complicated by reactive mastoiditis. Left tympanomastoidectomy was performed for
drainage of the mastoiditis and for biopsies of the tumor. Due to the challenging tumor
location, the patient was treated with denosumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody
against receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, for 7 months, which
resulted in significant preoperative tumor shrinkage. Extensive temporal craniotomy and
resection of the tumor followed utilizing a temporomandibular joint total endoprosthesis
for reconstruction. A recurrence of the tumor was detected on computed tomography at 19
months after surgery and treated with transtemporal tumor resection, parotidectomy, and
mandible re-reconstruction. Conclusion A multidisciplinary approach resulted in a good functional result and,
finally, an eradication of the challengingly located middle cranial fossa tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taija K Nicoli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riste Saat
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kontio
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Piippo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki Finland
| | - Maija Tarkkanen
- Cancer Centre, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Tarkkanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Jero
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Terasaki M, Terasaki Y, Yoneyama K, Kuwahara N, Wakamatsu K, Nagahama K, Kunugi S, Takeshita T, Shimizu A. Uterine leiomyosarcoma with osteoclast-like giant cells associated with high expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1679-84. [PMID: 26315618 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of osteoclast-like giant cells (OLGCs) in uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) is a rare phenomenon. The nature of OLGCs and the significance of their accumulation in these tumors are poorly understood. Recent studies revealed that the formation of osteoclasts requires a specific cytokine, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), in bone. In this study, we investigated the expression of RANKL in 2 cases of uterine LMS with OLGCs by means of immunohistochemistry and compared the extent of RANKL expression with that in conventional uterine LMSs and leiomyomas by using real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our cases of uterine LMS with OLGCs showed markedly high expression of RANKL messenger RNA with clear RANKL immunoreactivity compared with messenger RNA expression and immunoreactivity of conventional uterine LMSs and leiomyomas. These findings suggest that the tumors producing RANKL may account for accumulation of OLGCs in tumor tissue because of RANKL-related osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoneyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Naomi Kuwahara
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Kyoko Wakamatsu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nagahama
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kunugi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takeshita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cui X, Peng H, Jin J, Li T, Zhang S, Jin T, Li S, Liu C, Liang W, Li F, Chen Y. RANK overexpression as a novel esophageal cancer marker: validated immunohistochemical analysis of two different ethnicities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:2249-2258. [PMID: 25973136 PMCID: PMC4396230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) expression statuses of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN), low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), and normal esophageal tissues (NETs) in Chinese Han and Kazakh ethnic, as well as the correlation of RANK expression with clinicopathological characteristics. RANK immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to investigate the expression of RANK in 113 ESCC, 36 HGIN, 63 LGIN, and 98 NETs from Han ethnic patients and in 196 ESCC and 76 NETs from Kazakh ethnic patients. The associations of RANK expression with ethnic and clinicopathological characteristics were examined using χ(2)-test. Upregulated RANK expression was detected in both Han and Kazakh ethnic ESCC tissues, compared with NETs (P = 1.11 × 10(-5), 0.001, respectively). RANK expression was significantly increased during malignant transformation from normal epithelium into LGIN (P = 2.84 × 10(-7)) and HGIN (P = 7.83 × 10(-6)) tissues in Han ethnic patients. The increased expression of RANK also correlated with lymph node metastasis in Kazakh ethnic ESCC patients (P = 0.019). By contrast, no significant correlation existed between RANK expression and clinicopathological characteristics of Han ethnic ESCC patients. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that ESCC patients with higher expression of RANK protein had significantly worse prognosis than ESCC patients with low or no expression (P = 0.001). In conclusion, this study is the first to identify RANK overexpression as a novel esophageal cancer marker in both Kazakh and Han ethnic ESCC patients. The results support the association of RANK with ESCC across ethnicities. In summary, RANK could be a therapeutic target in ESCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Cui
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Shumao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Tingting Jin
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Su Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Weihua Liang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Yunzhao Chen
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Immunohistochemical identification of osteoclasts and multinucleated macrophages. Cell Immunol 2014; 292:53-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Peng X, Guo W, Ren T, Lou Z, Lu X, Zhang S, Lu Q, Sun Y. Differential expression of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system is associated with bone metastasis in human non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58361. [PMID: 23516466 PMCID: PMC3596380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients exhibit a high propensity to develop skeletal metastasis, resulting in excessive osteolytic activity. The RANKL/RANK/OPG system, which plays a pivotal role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast formation and activity, is of potential interest in this context. Materials and Methods Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis were used to examine the expression of RANKL, RANK, and OPG in human NSCLC cell lines with different metastatic potentials, as well as in 52 primary NSCLC samples and 75 NSCLC bone metastasis samples. In primary NSCLC patients, the expression of these proteins was correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Recombinant human RANKL and transfected RANKL cDNA were added to the PAa cell line to evaluate the promoter action of RANKL during the process of metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Results Up-regulated RANKL, RANK, and OPG expression and increased RANKL:OPG ratio were detected in NSCLC cell lines and in tumor tissues with bone metastasis, and were correlated with higher metastatic potential. The metastatic potential of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo, including migration and invasion ability, was significantly enhanced by recombinant human RANKL and the transfection of RANKL cDNA, and was impaired after OPG was added. The increased expression of RANKL and OPG correlated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Conclusions Differential expression of RANKL, RANK, and OPG is associated with the metastatic potential of human NSCLC to skeleton, raising the possibility that the RANKL/RANK/OPG system could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Peng
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Tingting Ren
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Lou
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchang Lu
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunshan Lu
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Sun
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Taylor RM, Kashima TG, Hemingway FKE, Dongre A, Knowles HJ, Athanasou NA. CD14- mononuclear stromal cells support (CD14+) monocyte-osteoclast differentiation in aneurysmal bone cyst. J Transl Med 2012; 92:600-5. [PMID: 22330339 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign osteolytic bone lesion in which there are blood-filled spaces separated by fibrous septa containing giant cells. The nature of the giant cells in this lesion and the mechanism of bone destruction in ABC is not certain. In this study, we have analysed several characteristics of mononuclear and multinucleated cells in the ABC and examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms of ABC osteolysis. The antigenic and functional phenotype of giant cells in ABC was determined by histochemistry/immunohistochemistry using antibodies to macrophage and osteoclast markers. Giant cells and CD14+ and CD14- mononuclear cells were isolated from ABC specimens and cultured on dentine slices and coverslips with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)+/- macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and functional and cytochemical evidence of osteoclast differentiation sought. Giant cells in ABC expressed an osteoclast-like phenotype (CD51+, CD14-, cathepsin K+, TRAP+) and were capable of lacunar resorption, which was inhibited by zoledronate, calcitonin and osteoprotegerin (OPG). When cultured with RANKL±M-CSF, CD14+, but not CD14-, mononuclear cells differentiated into TRAP+ multinucleated cells that were capable of lacunar resorption. M-CSF was not necessary for osteoclast formation from CD14+ cell cultures. CD14- cells variably expressed RANKL, OPG and M-CSF but supported osteoclast differentiation. Our findings show that the giant cells in ABC express an osteoclast-like phenotype and are formed from CD14+ macrophage precursors. CD14- mononuclear stromal cells express osteoclastogenic factors and most likely interact with CD14+ cells to form osteoclast-like giant cells by a RANKL-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mi Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Putative multifunctional signature of lung metastases in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Sarcoma 2012; 2012:820254. [PMID: 22448124 PMCID: PMC3289931 DOI: 10.1155/2012/820254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are among the most malignant skeletal tumors. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a highly aggressive subtype of chondrosarcoma, with lung metastases developing within a few months of diagnosis in 90% of patients. In this paper we performed comparative analyses of the transcriptomes of five individual metastatic lung lesions that were surgically resected from a patient with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. We document for the first time a high heterogeneity of gene expression profiles among the individual lung metastases. Moreover, we reveal a signature of “multifunctional” genes that are expressed in all metastatic lung lesions. Also, for the first time, we document the occurrence of massive macrophage infiltration in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma lung metastases.
Collapse
|
19
|
Akpalo H, Lange C, Zustin J. Discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumour 1 (DOG1): a useful immunohistochemical marker for diagnosing chondroblastoma. Histopathology 2012; 60:1099-106. [PMID: 22335248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cellular areas of chondroblastoma are composed of polygonal chondroblasts with indented nuclei and scattered osteoclast-type multinucleated cells. To learn more about the phenotype of chondroblasts, we investigated the expression of several established immunohistochemical markers in chondroblastomas. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine chondroblastomas were analysed using immunohistochemical antibodies [CD34, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), DOG1, CD117, AE1/AE3 and CD163]. Ten chondromyxoid fibromas, seven giant cell tumours of bone and four foetal proximal femurs were also analysed. The cellular areas of each chondroblastoma contained nests of DOG1(+) αSMA(+) CD117(-) CD34(-) chondroblasts, a phenotype that was not detected in chondromyxoid fibroma cases or in giant cell tumours. Although AE1/AE3 was expressed in all chondroblastomas, the staining intensity and proportion of the positive cells varied widely. Intra-lesional CD163(+) macrophages were detected in all cases of chondroblastoma, chondromyxoid fibroma and giant cell tumours. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated nests of membranous DOG1(+) chondroblasts located within cellular portions of chondroblastoma containing diffuse heterogeneous infiltrates of mostly DOG1(-) chondroblasts, CD163(+) macrophages and multinucleated osteoclastic giant cells. Thus, chondroblastoma can be added to the tumours that are usually positive for DOG1, alongside gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), rare solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas and exceptional mesenchymal tumours including uterine type retroperitoneal leiomyoma, peritoneal leiomyomatosis and synovial sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Akpalo
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
AIMS The interactions between the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and the decoy receptor for RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), play a pivotal role in promoting osteoclast differentiation and activation leading to bone resorption. Giant cell tumours, chondroblastomas, and aneurysmal bone cysts harbour osteolytic lesions containing osteoclast-like giant cells. We investigated the characteristics of the RANKL signalling pathway in each of these bone lesions. METHODS We evaluated 44 cases of giant cell tumour, 12 cases of chondroblastoma, six cases of aneurysmal bone cyst, and five cases of metastatic giant cell tumour (including paired primary giant cell tumours). We assessed RANK, RANKL, and OPG expression in chondroblastomas, giant cell tumours, and aneurysmal bone cysts using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Our findings revealed that RANK, RANKL, and OPG expression differed significantly among disease types. Giant cells of chondroblastomas showed significantly higher RANK expression than the giant cells of giant cell tumours and aneurysmal bone cysts; similarly, stromal cells of chondroblastomas showed significantly higher OPG expression than the stromal cells of giant cell tumours and aneurysmal bone cysts. Furthermore, giant cells of giant cell tumours expressed significantly more RANK than the giant cells of aneurysmal bone cysts. CONCLUSIONS The expression of RANK, RANKL, and OPG in osteoclast-like giant cells differs significantly by disease; OPG expression differs significantly between giant cell tumours and chondroblastomas.
Collapse
|
21
|
Schramek D, Penninger JM. The many roles of RANKL-RANK signaling in bone, breast and cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1138/20110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
22
|
Santini D, Schiavon G, Vincenzi B, Gaeta L, Pantano F, Russo A, Ortega C, Porta C, Galluzzo S, Armento G, La Verde N, Caroti C, Treilleux I, Ruggiero A, Perrone G, Addeo R, Clezardin P, Muda AO, Tonini G. Receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK) expression in primary tumors associates with bone metastasis occurrence in breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19234. [PMID: 21559440 PMCID: PMC3084800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor activator of NFkB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL) and the decoy receptor of RANKL (osteoprotegerin, OPG) play a pivotal role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclasts formation and activity. RANKL stimulates migration of RANK-expressing tumor cells in vitro, conversely inhibited by OPG. Materials and Methods We examined mRNA expression levels of RANKL/RANK/OPG in a publicly available microarray dataset of 295 primary breast cancer patients. We next analyzed RANK expression by immunohistochemistry in an independent series of 93 primary breast cancer specimens and investigated a possible association with clinicopathological parameters, bone recurrence and survival. Results Microarray analysis showed that lower RANK and high OPG mRNA levels correlate with longer overall survival (P = 0.0078 and 0.0335, respectively) and disease-free survival (P = 0.059 and 0.0402, respectively). Immunohistochemical analysis of RANK showed a positive correlation with the development of bone metastases (P = 0.023) and a shorter skeletal disease-free survival (SDFS, P = 0.037). Specifically, univariate analysis of survival showed that “RANK-negative” and “RANK-positive” patients had a SDFS of 105.7 months (95% CI: 73.9–124.4) and 58.9 months (95% CI: 34.7–68.5), respectively. RANK protein expression was also associated with accelerated bone metastasis formation in a multivariate analysis (P = 0.029). Conclusions This is the first demonstration of the role of RANK expression in primary tumors as a predictive marker of bone metastasis occurrence and SDFS in a large population of breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fanourakis G, Lazaris AC, Krithinakis S, Tosios KI, Sklavounou A, Tseleni-Balafouta S. Expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in peripheral giant cell granulomas of the jaws. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:687-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Matsuura S, Oda Y, Matono H, Izumi T, Yamamoto H, Tamiya S, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M. Overexpression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 28 is correlated with high histologic grade in conventional chondrosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:343-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
25
|
Romeo S, Szuhai K, Nishimori I, Ijszenga M, Wijers-Koster P, Taminiau AHM, Hogendoorn PCW. A balanced t(5;17) (p15;q22-23) in chondroblastoma: frequency of the re-arrangement and analysis of the candidate genes. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:393. [PMID: 19903358 PMCID: PMC2778658 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chondroblastoma is a benign cartilaginous tumour of bone that predominantly affects the epiphysis of long bones in young males. No recurrent chromosomal re-arrangements have so far been observed. Methods: We identified an index case with a balanced translocation by Combined Binary Ratio-Fluorescent in situ Hybridisation (COBRA-FISH) karyotyping followed by breakpoint FISH mapping and array-Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (aCGH). Candidate region re-arrangement and candidate gene expression were subsequently investigated by interphase FISH and immunohistochemistry in another 14 cases. Results A balanced t(5;17)(p15;q22-23) was identified. In the index case, interphase FISH showed that the translocation was present only in mononucleated cells and was absent in the characteristic multinucleated giant cells. The t(5;17) translocation was not observed in the other cases studied. The breakpoint in 5p15 occurred close to the steroid reductase 5α1 (SRD5A1) gene. Expression of the protein was found in all cases tested. Similar expression was found for the sex steroid signalling-related molecules oestrogen receptor alpha and aromatase, while androgen receptors were only found in isolated cells in a few cases. The breakpoint in 17q22-23 was upstream of the carbonic anhydrase × (CA10) gene region and possibly involved gene-regulatory elements, which was indicated by the lack of CA10 protein expression in the index case. All other cases showed variable levels of CA10 expression, with low expression in three cases. Conclusion We report a novel t(5;17)(p15;q22-23) translocation in chondroblastoma without involvement of any of the two chromosomal regions in other cases studied. Our results indicate that the characteristic multinucleated giant cells in chondroblastoma do not have the same clonal origin as the mononuclear population, as they do not harbour the same translocation. We therefore hypothesise that they might be either reactive or originate from a distinct neoplastic clone, although the occurrence of two distinct clones is unlikely. Impairment of the CA10 gene might be pathogenetically relevant, as low expression was found in four cases. Diffuse expression of SRD5A1 and sex steroid signalling-related molecules confirms their role in neoplastic chondrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Romeo
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Targeted therapies: the rare cancer paradigm. Mol Oncol 2009; 4:19-37. [PMID: 19913465 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the state of the art of targeted therapies for several tumors, starting from the paradigmatic example of Imatinib treatment in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We discuss how rare tumors can be models for various mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation, and provide the opportunity to develop new therapies also for more common cancer types. We discuss the activation of the downstream RTK effectors as further targets for therapies in colorectal cancer. Finally, we highlight how a novel multidimensional approach which adds an in silico dimension to the in vitro and in vivo approach, can predict clinical results.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Benign cartilaginous tumors of bones, intrinsic to their name, are tumors forming cartilaginous matrix with a clinically benign behavior. In this group, we recognize osteochondromas, (en)chondromas, chondroblastomas, and chondromyxoid fibromas. This group includes common tumors, that is, osteochondroma and (en)chondroma as well as rare tumors such as chondroblastoma and chondromyxoid fibroma. Several benign and malignant tumors may mimic benign cartilaginous tumors of bones. We reviewed the main morphologic features and the differential diagnosis is discussed. The genetics of these tumors is intriguing ranging from single gene event (ie, EXT mutation in multiple osteochondromas) to heterogeneous rearrangements with no recurrent involved chromosomal regions such as in chondroblastoma. The main genetic findings are hereby reviewed.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sasaki A, Ishikawa K, Haraguchi N, Inoue H, Ishio T, Shibata K, Ohta M, Kitano S, Mori M. Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand (RANKL) Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Bone Metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 14:1191-9. [PMID: 17195907 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-006-9277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) seems to be involved in the development of bone metastases in several malignant tumors, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated. METHODS We retrospectively examined the immunohistochemical expression of RANKL in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resected specimens obtained from 96 patients with HCC with (n = 16) and without (n = 80) bone metastases. In addition, tumor RANKL mRNA expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in five selected patients. We analyzed the relationship between RANKL expression level, bone metastasis development, and survival rate of patients with HCC after hepatic resection. RESULTS Of the 96 patients with HCC, serum hepatitis C virus antibody was detected in 43.5% of patients and hepatitis B surface antigen in 29.5% of patients. Thirty-three patients (36.5%) also had liver cirrhosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that RANKL protein was present in 10 (62.5%) of 16 patients with HCC with bone metastasis compared with 21 (26.3%) of 80 patients with HCC without bone metastasis; we found that RANKL expression was statistically significantly correlated to bone metastasis development (P < .01). RANKL mRNA expression was confirmed by RT-PCR in patients positive for RANKL protein expression by immunohistochemistry. The 5-year cancer-related (P < .01) and disease-free survival (P < .01) rates after hepatic resection were statistically significantly worse in patients positive for RANKL expression compared with RANKL-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS Some HCC cells produced the crucial bone resorption regulator RANKL. Because RANKL modulates bone turnover, its presence would have profound implications for the establishment and development of bone metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen G, Sircar K, Aprikian A, Potti A, Goltzman D, Rabbani SA. Expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer as markers of disease stage and functional regulation. Cancer 2006; 107:289-98. [PMID: 16752412 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-stage prostate cancer patients are refractory to hormone therapy and exhibit a high propensity to develop skeletal metastasis. In this regard, the role of a novel cytokine system belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that is critical for osteoclastic osteolysis and that consists of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), its receptor (RANK), and decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) is of potential interest. METHODS Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis was used to examine the expression of RANKL, RANK, and OPG in human prostate cancer cell lines and in 89 archival samples of primary and metastatic (lymph nodes, skeleton) prostate cancer patients. Expression of these proteins was correlated with clinicopathogic parameters of the prostate cancer. RESULTS Expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG was low in normal but markedly higher in prostate cancer cell lines. Analysis of surgical biopsy specimens showed the expression of RANKL (31%), RANK (38%), and OPG (19%) in primary carcinoma. The expression frequency was significantly higher (RANKL [44%], RANK [49%], and OPG [73%]) in metastatic prostate cancer. OPG (83%) production was more common in skeletal as compared with lymph node metastases (46%), whereas the expression of RANKL expression was less discordant in bone (47%) and lymph node metastases (36%). The increased expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG observed correlated with Gleason score, TNM stage, androgen status, and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the prostate cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG correlates with more aggressive, advanced, metastatic prostate carcinoma to suggest their role as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma/diagnosis
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Carcinoma/secondary
- Carrier Proteins/analysis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Osteoprotegerin
- Prognosis
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RANK Ligand
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoping Chen
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Papachristou DJ, Goodman MA, Cieply K, Hunt JL, Rao UNM. Comparison of allelic losses in chondroblastoma and primary chondrosarcoma of bone and correlation with fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Hum Pathol 2006; 37:890-8. [PMID: 16784990 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondroblastoma (CBL) is a benign neoplasm of bone for which the genomic characteristics remain unclear. We compared the status of allelic losses of CBL with that seen in a set of chondrosarcomas (CS) to determine whether differences in their natural history and behavior are also reflected genetically. Eleven cases of CBL and 10 cases of CS of different grades were included. Tumors were subjected to microdissection and polymerase chain reaction using 17 markers located near genes on chromosomes 5, 9, 11, 13, 17, and 19. The selected chromosomes are known to be involved in several mesenchymal neoplasms. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was also performed on tumors displaying allelic losses, with dual-color probes for 9p, 17p, and 13q. Fractional allelic losses per gene ranged from 18.2% to 63.7% in CBLs and from 28.6% to 66.7% in CSs. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 5q, 9p, 11p, 13q, and 19q occurred in both CBLs and CSs. Loss of heterozygosity of 17p (p53 locus) occurred in 7 of 11 CBLs and in only 1 case of recurrent CS. The pattern of allelic loss was similar in low-grade CSs and CBLs. Loci with LOH in both tumor types suggest possible involvement of the genes p53, RB1, CDKN2/p16, ERC, and XRCC in tumorigenesis. Overall correlation between LOH and fluorescence in situ hybridization results was 90% with 17p13, 80% with 9p, and 60% with 13q. The role of p53 in CBL is uncertain; however, given the benign behavior of this tumor, it is probably unrelated to tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios J Papachristou
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian-Shadyside, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Blair JM, Zhou H, Seibel MJ, Dunstan CR. Mechanisms of disease: roles of OPG, RANKL and RANK in the pathophysiology of skeletal metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:41-9. [PMID: 16407878 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) and RANK ligand as critical molecular determinants of osteoclastogenesis and regulators of bone resorption, has revolutionized our understanding of the processes of normal and pathological bone biology. Altering the relative biological availabilities of these molecules has direct consequences for the regulation of both bone resorption and bone remodeling. Importantly, recent research suggests a pivotal role for these molecules in mediating cancer-induced bone destruction. This review summarizes the current evidence of osteoprotegerin, RANK ligand and RANK involvement in the pathophysiology of skeletal metastasis, and of therapeutic targeting of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Blair
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Theoleyre S, Wittrant Y, Tat SK, Fortun Y, Redini F, Heymann D. The molecular triad OPG/RANK/RANKL: involvement in the orchestration of pathophysiological bone remodeling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15:457-75. [PMID: 15561602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosion in the field of bone biology. The area of bone biology over this period of time has been marked by a number of key discoveries that have opened up entirely new areas for investigation. The recent identification of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), its cognate receptor RANK, and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) has led to a new molecular perspective on osteoclast biology and bone homeostasis. Specifically, the interaction between RANKL and RANK has been shown to be required for osteoclast differentiation. The third protagonist, OPG, acts as a soluble receptor antagonist for RANKL that prevents it from binding to and activating RANK. Any dysregulation of their respective expression leads to pathological conditions such as bone tumor-associated osteolysis, immune disease, or cardiovascular pathology. In this context, the OPG/RANK/RANKL triad opens novel therapeutic areas in diseases characterized by excessive bone resorption. The present article is an update and extension of an earlier review published by Kwan Tat et al. [Kwan Tat S, Padrines M, Theoleyre S, Heymann D, Fortun Y. IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004;15:49-60].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Theoleyre
- EA 3822, INSERM ESPRI, Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wittrant Y, Théoleyre S, Chipoy C, Padrines M, Blanchard F, Heymann D, Rédini F. RANKL/RANK/OPG: new therapeutic targets in bone tumours and associated osteolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1704:49-57. [PMID: 15363860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the molecular triad osteoprotegerin (OPG)/Receptor Activator of NF-kB (RANK)/RANK Ligand (RANKL) has helped elucidate a key signalling pathway between stromal cells and osteoclasts. The interaction between RANK and RANKL plays a critical role in promoting osteoclast differentiation and activation leading to bone resorption. OPG is a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL that blocks osteoclast formation by inhibiting RANKL binding to RANK. The OPG/RANK/RANKL system has been shown to be abnormally regulated in several malignant osteolytic pathologies such as multiple myeloma [MM, where enhanced RANKL expression (directly by tumour cells or indirectly by stromal bone cells or T-lymphocytes)] plays an important role in associated bone destruction. By contrast, production of its endogenous counteracting decoy receptor OPG is either inhibited or too low to compensate for the increase in RANKL production. Therefore, targeting the OPG/RANK/RANKL axis may offer a novel therapeutic approach to malignant osteolytic pathologies. In animal models, OPG or soluble RANK was shown both to control hypercalcaemia of malignancy and the establishment and progression of osteolytic metastases caused by various malignant tumours. To this day, only one phase I study has been performed using a recombinant OPG construct that suppressed bone resorption in patients with multiple myeloma or breast carcinoma with radiologically confirmed bone lesions. RANK-Fc also exhibits promising therapeutic effects, as revealed in animal models of prostate cancer and multiple myeloma. If the animal results translate to similar clinical benefits in humans, using RANK-Fc or OPG may yield novel and potent strategies for treating patients with established or imminent malignant bone diseases and where standard therapeutic regimens have failed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wittrant
- Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM ESPRI, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex 1, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Grimaud E, Soubigou L, Couillaud S, Coipeau P, Moreau A, Passuti N, Gouin F, Redini F, Heymann D. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio is increased in severe osteolysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:2021-31. [PMID: 14578201 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological osteolyses are considered a consequence of a disturbance in the mechanisms that govern the bone remodeling, mainly the communication between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) are newly discovered molecules that play a key role in these communications. RANKL is essential for osteoclast differentiation via its receptor RANK located on the osteoclast membrane. OPG is a soluble decoy receptor that inhibits osteoclast differentiation through its binding to RANKL. The aim of this study is the analysis of the RANKL/OPG balance by complementary methods (semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in human osteolysis associated to various bone etiologies (n = 60), tumoral (primitive, secondary) or not, compared to healthy tissues (n = 16). Results demonstrated that RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly increased in patients suffering from severe osteolysis compared to the control group and that this imbalance is involved in bone resorption mechanisms. In this study, OPG expression appears to reflect a protective mechanism of the skeleton to compensate increased bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast formation and bone resorbing activity. Moreover, as revealed by immunohistochemistry, RANKL and OPG were colocalized in all of the tissues analyzed. To define the veracity of RANKL/OPG index in assessing and managing patients with severe osteolysis, an extended population of patients suffering from severe osteolysis must be now monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Grimaud
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|