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Huang FFY, Liu HT. Path Model Analysis of the Effects of Perceived Formalism, and Fear of COVID-19 on Police Officers' PTSD and Insomnia. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:867. [PMID: 37887517 PMCID: PMC10604008 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines whether law enforcement officers' fear of COVID-19, job burnout, and job stress have increased their PTSD and insomnia during the epidemic. This article introduces the perceived formalism of police agencies into the causal model to explore whether perceived formalism increases the job burnout and job stress of police officers. The formalism of administrative agencies is rarely included in epidemic research. This study collected 306 Taiwanese police officers as research subjects. We used confirmatory factor analysis and SEM for hypothesis testing. The study found that perceived formalism positively affects the job burnout and job stress of police officers. Job stress, fear of COVID-19, and job burnout positively affect PTSD and insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fu-Yuan Huang
- Department of Criminal Justice, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Te Liu
- Department of Public Affairs and Administration, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
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Tang YM, Wu TL, Liu HT. Causal Model Analysis of the Effect of Formalism, Fear of Infection, COVID-19 Stress on Firefighters' Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome and Insomnia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1097. [PMID: 36673852 PMCID: PMC9859103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the front line of epidemic prevention, firefighters are responsible for the transportation of infected cases. Firefighters are under a lot of stress from the new COVID-19, especially the fear that they may contract the virus at work and spread the virus to their families. In particular, the framework of this study incorporates Riggs' formalism variables. When firefighters think that the epidemic prevention regulations are inconsistent with the actual epidemic prevention, it will increase their work pressure on COVID-19. In this study, firefighters from all over Taiwan were used as the respondents, and a total of 453 respondents were obtained. This study uses confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the established hypotheses. The findings confirm that formalism, fear of self and family infection are positively influencing COVID-19 stress. COVID-19 stress positively affects PTSD and insomnia. COVID-19 stress negatively affects problem-focused strategies. Problem-focused strategies negatively affect post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ming Tang
- Asia Pacific Society of Fire Engineering, Kaohsiung City 825, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Wu
- Department of Leisure Management, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Te Liu
- Department of Public Affairs and Administration, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
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3
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Zhen B, Yao B, Zhou X. Pandemic Exposure, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Conflict Behaviors, and Online Aggressive Behaviors Among College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Examining the Moderating Role of Gender. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:809173. [PMID: 35370842 PMCID: PMC8967964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.809173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic impacts people's mental health and behaviors, but the influence mechanism between pandemic exposure, conflict behaviors, and online aggressive behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak remains unclear. This study will address this gap. Data were collected from 1,153 college students in an online survey that included an pandemic experiences scale, a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scale, a conflict behaviors scale, and an online aggressive behaviors scale. Structural equation modeling and multi-group comparisons were used to analyze the data. Pandemic exposure positively predicted conflict and online aggressive behaviors through hyperarousal symptoms, and negatively predicted these behaviors through intrusive symptoms. The mediating roles of avoidance and negative alterations in cognition and mood symptoms in the relations between pandemic exposure and conflict behaviors and online aggressive behaviors were non-significant. Among male students, pandemic exposure directly predicted conflict and online aggressive behaviors, but for female students, pandemic exposure indirectly influenced these behaviors through intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms. The intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms play mediating roles in the relations between pandemic exposure and conflict behaviors and online aggressive behaviors. Gender plays a moderating role in the above mediating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhen
- College of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Benxian Yao
- College of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kukreti S, Ahorsu DK, Strong C, Chen IH, Lin CY, Ko NY, Griffiths MD, Chen YP, Kuo YJ, Pakpour AH. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Chinese Teachers during COVID-19 Pandemic: Roles of Fear of COVID-19, Nomophobia, and Psychological Distress. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1288. [PMID: 34682968 PMCID: PMC8535533 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited data concerning the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among teachers. Therefore, the present study estimated the prevalence of PTSD among mainland Chinese teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic and to construct a model with mediation and moderation effects to explain the PTSD. Data collection was conducted in schools in the Jiangxi province between October and November 2020 among k-12 schoolteachers. An online survey, including five different psychometric scales, was used to collect data. All participants were assessed for PTSD using the Chinese version of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Hayes' PROCESS Model 8 was used to examine the potential factors explaining a higher PTSD scores. A total of 2603 teachers from k-12 schools participated. With the cutoff score at 31, the prevalence of PTSD was 12.3% but decreased to 1.0% when the cutoff score was at 49. Nomophobia moderated the effects of Fear of COVID-19 Scale on PTSD. The findings suggest that fear of COVID-19 among teachers leads to PTSD via psychological distress, highlighting the moderating effect of nomophobia in this association. Based on the study's findings, psychological interventions and educational training are needed to reduce fear among teachers at higher risk of developing PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kukreti
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong;
| | - Carol Strong
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.K.); (C.S.)
| | - I-Hua Chen
- Chinese Academy of Education Big Data, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (S.K.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Ying Ko
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Yu-Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (Y.-J.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (Y.-J.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, 55318 Jönköping, Sweden;
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He Y, Wu B, He P, Gu W, Liu B. Wind disasters adaptation in cities in a changing climate: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248503. [PMID: 33730069 PMCID: PMC7968717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind-related disasters will bring more devastating consequences to cities in the future with a changing climate, but relevant studies have so far provided insufficient information to guide adaptation actions. This study aims to provide an in-depth elaboration of the contents discussed in open access literature regarding wind disaster adaptation in cities. We used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to refine topics and main contents based on 232 publications (1900 to 2019) extracted from Web of Science and Scopus. We conducted a full-text analysis to filter out focal cities along with their adaptation measures. The results show that wind disaster adaptation research in cities has formed a systematic framework in four aspects: 1) vulnerability and resilience of cities, 2) damage evaluation, 3) response and recovery, and 4) health impacts of wind disaster. Climate change is the background for many articles discussing vulnerability and adaptation in coastal areas. It is also embedded in damage evaluation since it has the potential to exacerbate disaster consequences. The literature is strongly inclined towards more developed cities such as New York City and New Orleans, among which New York City associated with Hurricane Sandy ranks first (38/232). Studies on New York City cover all the aspects, including the health impacts of wind disasters which are significantly less studied now. Distinct differences do exist in the number of measures regarding the adaptation categories and their subcategories. We also find that hard adaptation measures (i.e., structural and physical measures) are far more popular than soft adaptation measures (i.e., social and institutional measures). Our findings suggest that policymakers should pay more attention to cities that have experienced major wind disasters other than New York. They should embrace the up-to-date climate change study to defend short-term disasters and take precautions against long-term changes. They should also develop hard-soft hybrid adaptation measures, with special attention on the soft side, and enhance the health impact study of wind-related disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Boqun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan He
- Department of Earth System Science/Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Weiyi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The John Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Liang L, Gao T, Ren H, Cao R, Qin Z, Hu Y, Li C, Mei S. Post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological distress in Chinese youths following the COVID-19 emergency. J Health Psychol 2020; 25:1164-1175. [PMID: 32627606 PMCID: PMC7342938 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320937057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the relationship between psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese participants as the result of COVID-19 outbreak. This study was conducted within 1 month after COVID-19 appeared in China, it included 570 participants age from 14 to 35. The results indicated that 12.8% of all participants with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and the effects of psychological distress on post-traumatic stress disorder was mediated by negative coping style. Gender moderated the direct effect between psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder, which is a significant discovery for relevant departments to take further measures.
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Wild J, Greenberg N, Moulds ML, Sharp ML, Fear N, Harvey S, Wessely S, Bryant RA. Pre-incident Training to Build Resilience in First Responders: Recommendations on What to and What Not to Do. Psychiatry 2020; 83:128-142. [PMID: 32338579 DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2020.1750215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Emergency services are under enormous pressure to offer programmes that could protect their staff from the psychological impact of stressors encountered in their roles. There has been a surge in the number of pre-incident training programmes aimed at first responders to maintain their psychological wellbeing after critical incidents. These include pre-employment screening programmes, psychoeducation, operational training, line manager training and interventions aimed at improving resilience, wellbeing or stress management. Whilst developed with the best intentions, these programmes vary in efficacy. Therefore, knowing what training to offer first responders prior to exposure to critical incidents is far from clear. In this review, we critique the available evidence and make recommendations about what to offer and what to avoid offering first responders prior to exposure to critical incidents. We found no evidence of the effectiveness of pre-employment screening or psychoeducation offered as a standalone package, and little evidence for interventions aimed to improve wellbeing and resilience to stress - although current trials of empirically-driven interventions for first responders are underway and show promise in preventing stress-related psychopathology. Operational and line manager training showed the most promise but need to be evaluated in high quality trials with sufficient follow-up to draw conclusions about their preventative benefits.
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