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Lebedev A, Kuznetsova A, Kim K, Ozhmegova E, Antonova A, Kazennova E, Tumanov A, Mamatkulov A, Kazakova E, Ibadullaeva N, Brigida K, Musabaev E, Mustafaeva D, Rakhimova V, Bobkova M. Identifying HIV-1 Transmission Clusters in Uzbekistan through Analysis of Molecular Surveillance Data. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081675. [PMID: 36016298 PMCID: PMC9413238 DOI: 10.3390/v14081675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRF02_AG and sub-subtype A6 are currently the predominant HIV-1 variants in the Republic of Uzbekistan, but little is known about their time-spatial clustering patterns in high-risk populations. We have applied molecular evolution methods and network analyses to better understand the transmission patterns of these subtypes by analyzing 316 pol sequences obtained during the surveillance study of HIV drug resistance. Network analysis showed that about one third of the HIV infected persons were organized into clusters, including large clusters with more than 35 members. These clusters were composed mostly of injecting drug users and/or heterosexuals, with women having mainly high centrality within networks identified in both subtypes. Phylogenetic analyses of the 'Uzbek' sequences, including those publicly available, show that Russia and Ukraine played a role as the main sources of the current subtype A6 epidemic in the Republic. At the same time, Uzbekistan has been a local center of the CRF02_AG epidemic spread in the former USSR since the early 2000s. Both of these HIV-1 variants continue to spread in Uzbekistan, highlighting the importance of identifying transmission networks and transmission clusters to prevent further HIV spread, and the need for HIV prevention and education campaigns in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Lebedev
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (K.K.); (E.O.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kuznetsova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (K.K.); (E.O.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Kristina Kim
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (K.K.); (E.O.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Ekaterina Ozhmegova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (K.K.); (E.O.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Anastasiia Antonova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (K.K.); (E.O.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Elena Kazennova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (K.K.); (E.O.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Aleksandr Tumanov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (K.K.); (E.O.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Adkhamjon Mamatkulov
- Research Institute of Virology, Tashkent 100194, Uzbekistan; (A.M.); (E.K.); (N.I.); (K.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Evgeniya Kazakova
- Research Institute of Virology, Tashkent 100194, Uzbekistan; (A.M.); (E.K.); (N.I.); (K.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Nargiz Ibadullaeva
- Research Institute of Virology, Tashkent 100194, Uzbekistan; (A.M.); (E.K.); (N.I.); (K.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Krestina Brigida
- Research Institute of Virology, Tashkent 100194, Uzbekistan; (A.M.); (E.K.); (N.I.); (K.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Erkin Musabaev
- Research Institute of Virology, Tashkent 100194, Uzbekistan; (A.M.); (E.K.); (N.I.); (K.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Dildora Mustafaeva
- Republican AIDS Center, The Ministry of Health, Tashkent 100135, Uzbekistan;
| | - Visola Rakhimova
- Center for Development of Profession Qualification of Medical Workers, Tashkent 100007, Uzbekistan;
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (K.K.); (E.O.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (A.T.); (M.B.)
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is characterised by a vast genetic diversity classified into distinct phylogenetic strains and recombinant forms. We describe the HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and evolution of 129 consecutive HIV-1 positive migrants living in Milan (northern Italy). Polymerase gene sequences of 116 HIV-1 subtype-B positive patients were aligned with HIV-1 reference sequences (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) by using MAFFT alignment and edited by using Bioedit software. A maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was performed by MEGA7 and was visualised by using FigTree v1.4.3. Of 129 migrants, 35 were born in Europe (28 in Eastern Europe), 70 in the Americas (67 in South America), 15 in Africa and nine in Asia; 76.4% were men who have sex with men (MSM). The serotype HIV-1-B prevailed (89.9%), followed by -C, -F1, -D and -A. Compared with 116 HIV-B patients, the 13 with HIV-non-B showed lower Nadir of CD4+ cell/mmc (P = 0.043), more frequently had sub Saharan origin (38.5 vs. 1.72%, P = 0.0001) and less frequently were MSM (40 vs. 74.5%, P = 0.02). The ML phylogenetic tree of the 116 HIV-1 subtype-B positive patients showed 13 statistically supported nodes (bootstrap > 70%). Most of the sequences included in these nodes have been isolated from male patients from the Americas and the most common risk factor was MSM. The low number of HIV-1 non-B subtype patients did not allow to perform this analysis. These results suggest a shift of HIV-1 prevention projects' focus and a continuous monitoring of HIV-1 molecular epidemiology among entry populations. Prevention efforts based on HIV molecular epidemiology may improve public health surveillance setting.
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Niccolai LM, Blankenship KM, Keene DE. Eviction From Renter-occupied Households and Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infections: A County-level Ecological Analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46:63-68. [PMID: 30148755 PMCID: PMC6289707 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Housing instability is linked to numerous health outcomes, but the specific impact of eviction from renter-occupied households, an event that has immediate implications for residential stability for low-income individuals, on sexually transmitted infections (STI) rates has not been adequately studied. METHODS We examined county-level associations between eviction rates in 2014 and rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea in the following year using publicly available data sources (Eviction Lab National Database and AtlasPlus, respectively). Descriptive statistics compared medians and nonparametric distributions with Krusal-Wallis tests. Linear regression was used to compare tertile categories of eviction rates and STI rates while controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Median rates of chlamydia in counties with low, medium, and high rates of eviction were 229, 270, and 358 cases per 100,000 population, respectively (P < 0.001). The corresponding median rates of gonorrhea were 25, 37, and 75 cases per 100,000 population (P < 0.001). These associations remained statistically significant after controlling for all covariates in adjusted models. The beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for chlamydia and gonorrhea comparing high to low county-level eviction rates were 63.8 (95% CI, 45.1-82.5) and 20.4 (95% CI, 13.5-27.4), respectively. Similar associations were observed across levels of poverty and in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. CONCLUSIONS County-level eviction rates are associated with chlamydia and gonorrhea rates in a significant and robust way independent of other known predictors of STI. These results suggest that evictions result in residential instability in a way that may increase STI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danya E Keene
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
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Deziel NC, Humeau Z, Elliott EG, Warren JL, Niccolai LM. Shale gas activity and increased rates of sexually transmitted infections in Ohio, 2000-2016. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194203. [PMID: 29570712 PMCID: PMC5865738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growing shale gas (“fracking”) industry depends on a mobile workforce, whose influx could have social impacts on host communities. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can increase through sexual mixing patterns associated with labor migration. No prior studies have quantified the relationship between shale gas activity and rates of three reportable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Methods We conducted a longitudinal, ecologic study from 2000–2016 in Ohio, situated in a prolific shale gas region in the United States (US). Data on reported cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis by county and year were obtained from the Ohio Department of Health. All 88 counties were classified as none, low, and high shale gas activity in each year, using data from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Annual rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated from mixed-effects Poisson regression models evaluating the relationship between shale gas activity and reported annual STI rates while adjusting for secular trends and potential confounders obtained from the US Census. Results Compared to counties with no shale gas activity, counties with high activity had 21% (RR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.08–1.36) increased rates of chlamydia and 19% (RR = 1.27; 95%CI 0.98–1.44) increased rates of gonorrhea, respectively. No association was observed for syphilis. Conclusion This first report of a link between shale gas activity and increased rates of both chlamydia and gonorrhea may inform local policies and community health efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Deziel
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zoe Humeau
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elise G. Elliott
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Warren
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Niccolai
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Chaillon A, Avila-Ríos S, Wertheim JO, Dennis A, García-Morales C, Tapia-Trejo D, Mejía-Villatoro C, Pascale JM, Porras-Cortés G, Quant-Durán CJ, Lorenzana I, Meza RI, Palou EY, Manzanero M, Cedillos RA, Reyes-Terán G, Mehta SR. Identification of major routes of HIV transmission throughout Mesoamerica. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 54:98-107. [PMID: 28645708 PMCID: PMC5610625 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration and travel are major drivers of the spread of infectious diseases. Geographic proximity and a common language facilitate travel and migration in Mesoamerica, which in turn could affect the spread of HIV in the region. METHODS 6092 HIV-1 subtype B partial pol sequences sampled from unique antiretroviral treatment-naïve individuals from Mexico (40.7%), Guatemala (24.4%), Honduras (19%), Panama (8.2%), Nicaragua (5.5%), Belize (1.4%), and El Salvador (0.7%) between 2011 and 2016 were included. Phylogenetic and genetic network analyses were performed to infer putative relationships between HIV sequences. The demographic and geographic associations with clustering were analyzed and viral migration patterns were inferred using the Slatkin-Maddison approach on 100 iterations of random subsets of equal number of sequences per location. RESULTS A total of 1685/6088 (27.7%) of sequences linked with at least one other sequence, forming 603 putative transmission clusters (range: 2-89 individuals). Clustering individuals were significantly more likely to be younger (median age 29 vs 33years, p<0.01) and men-who-have-sex-with-men (40.4% vs 30.3%, p<0.01). Of the 603 clusters, 30 (5%) included sequences from multiple countries with commonly observed linkages between Mexican and Honduran sequences. Eight of the 603 clusters included >10 individuals, including two comprised exclusively of Guatemalans (52 and 89 individuals). Phylogenetic and migration analyses suggested that the Central and Southern regions of Mexico along with Belize were major sources of HIV throughout the region (p<0.01) with genetic flow southward from Mexico to the other nations of Mesoamerica. We also found evidence of significant viral migration within Mexico. CONCLUSION International clusters were infrequent, suggesting moderate migration between HIV epidemics of the different Mesoamerican countries. Nevertheless, we observed important sources of transnational HIV spread in the region, including Southern and Central Mexico and Belize.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago Avila-Ríos
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ann Dennis
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Claudia García-Morales
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Tapia-Trejo
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Juan M Pascale
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | - Ivette Lorenzana
- National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Rita I Meza
- Honduras National Reference HIV Laboratory, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Elsa Y Palou
- University School Hospital, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | | | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sanjay R Mehta
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Coppola N, Alessio L, Gualdieri L, Pisaturo M, Sagnelli C, Minichini C, Di Caprio G, Starace M, Onorato L, Signoriello G, Macera M, Angelillo IF, Pasquale G, Sagnelli E. Hepatitis B virus infection in undocumented immigrants and refugees in Southern Italy: demographic, virological, and clinical features. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:33. [PMID: 28179020 PMCID: PMC5299765 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The data on hepatitis b virus (HBV) infection in immigrants population are scanty. The porpoise of this study was to define the demographic, virological, and clinical characteristics of subjects infected with HBV chronic infection in a cohort of immigrants living in Naples, Italy. Methods A screening for HBV infection was offered to 1,331 immigrants, of whom 1,212 (91%) (831 undocumented immigrants and 381 refugees) accepted and were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis B core antibody (HBc). Those found to be HBsAg positive were further investigated at third-level infectious disease units. Results Of the 1,212 immigrants screened, 116 (9.6%) were HBsAg positive, 490 (40.4%) were HBsAg negative/anti-HBc positive, and 606 (50%) were seronegative for both. Moreover, 21 (1.7%) were anti-human immunodeficiency virus positive and 45 (3.7%) were anti-hepatitis C virus positive. The logistic regression analysis showed that male sex (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.28–2.51), Sub-Saharan African origin (OR: 6.18; 95%CI: 3.37–11.36), low level of schooling (OR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.94–0.99), and minor parenteral risks for acquiring HBV infection (acupuncture, tattoo, piercing, or tribal practices, OR: 1.54; 95%CI: 1.1–2.16) were independently associated with ongoing or past HBV infection. Of the 116 HBsAg-positive immigrants, 90 (77.6%) completed their diagnostic itinerary at a third-level infectious disease unit: 29 (32.2%) were asymptomatic non-viremic HBsAg carriers, 43 (47.8%) were asymptomatic viremic carriers, 14 (15.6%) had chronic hepatitis, and four (4.4%) had liver cirrhosis, with superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma in two. Conclusions The data illustrate the demographic, clinical and virological characteristics of HBV infection in immigrants in Italy and indicate the need for Italian healthcare authorities to enhance their support for providing screening, HBV vaccination, treatment, and educational programs for this populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0228-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni 5, 80133, Naples, Italy.
| | - Loredana Alessio
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni 5, 80133, Naples, Italy.,Medical Center, Social center "ex Canapificio", Caserta, Italy
| | - Luciano Gualdieri
- Medical Center, Center for the wardship of the immigrants, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Pisaturo
- Medical Center, Welcome center 'La tenda di Abramo', Caserta, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, AORN Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano, Caserta, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Medical center, Center of missionary nuns of carithy, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Minichini
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni 5, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Caprio
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni 5, 80133, Naples, Italy.,Medical Center, Social center "ex Canapificio", Caserta, Italy
| | - Mario Starace
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni 5, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Onorato
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni 5, 80133, Naples, Italy.,Medical Center, Social center "ex Canapificio", Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Signoriello
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Statistic, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Macera
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni 5, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pasquale
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni 5, 80133, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Mineworkers are considered a population at risk for HIV due to risk behaviors associated with migratory work patterns. This was the first study in Mozambique to determine the prevalence of HIV and associated demographic and risk behaviors, and assess use and access to prevention and healthcare services among Mozambicans working in South African mines. Men who had worked in a South African mine in the past 12 months were recruited between February and May 2012 using time location sampling (TLS) at the Ressano Garcia border between Mozambique and South Africa. Demographic and behavioral data were collected through a standardized questionnaire, and HIV prevalence was estimated by testing dried blood spots (DBS) with two enzyme immunoassays. In total, 432 eligible mine workers were recruited. Mean age was 43 years. Most were married or cohabitating; among them, 12.6 % had two or more wives/marital partners in Mozambique. In the 12 months preceding the survey, 24.7 % had an occasional sexual partner, and 6.6 % had at least one partner who was a female sex worker. Only one in five (18.5 %) used a condom during last sex. HIV prevalence among mineworkers was 22.3 %, and 74.6 % of those who tested positive as part of the survey did not know their status. HIV prevalence was significantly higher (p = 0.018) among those that were uncircumcised (31.2 %) than those who were circumcised (18.5 %). Multiple partners (multiple spouses, cross-border relations, and multiple occasional partnerships), inconsistent condom use, and a high proportion of infected mineworkers who do not know their HIV status increases the risk of HIV transmission in this population. Combination strategies involving the promotion of condom use, HIV testing, and male circumcision should be strengthened among mineworkers.
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Wohlgemut J, Lawes T, Laing RBS. Trends in missed presentations and late HIV diagnosis in a UK teaching hospital: a retrospective comparative cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:72. [PMID: 22455558 PMCID: PMC3337293 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late diagnosis is an important cause of HIV-related morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs in the UK and undiagnosed infection limits efforts to reduce transmission. National guidelines provide recommendations to increase HIV testing in all healthcare settings. We evaluated progress towards these recommendations by comparing missed opportunities for HIV testing and late diagnosis in two six year cohorts from North East Scotland. METHODS We reviewed diagnostic pathways of all patients newly diagnosed with HIV referred to infectious diseases and genito-urinary medicine services between 1995 and 2000 (n=48) and 2004 to 2009 (n=117). Missed presentations (failure to diagnose≤1 month of a clinical or non-clinical indicator for testing), late diagnosis (CD4<350 cells/mm3), and time to diagnosis (months from first presentation to diagnosis) were compared between cohorts using χ2 and log-rank tests. Determinants of missed presentation were explored by multivariate logistic regression. Breslow-Day tests assessed change in diagnostic performance by patient subgroup. RESULTS There were significant decreases in missed presentations (33% to 17%; P=0.02) and time to diagnosis (mean 17 months to 4 months; P=0.005) but not in late diagnosis (56% vs. 60%; P=0.57) between earlier and later cohorts. In the later cohort patients were significantly more likely to have acquired HIV abroad and presented with early HIV disease, and testing was more likely to be indicated by transmission risk or contact with GUM services than by clinical presentation. Missed presentation remained significantly less likely in the later cohort (OR=0.28, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.72; P=0.008) after adjustment for age, transmission risks and number of clinical indicators. Reductions in missed presentation were greater in patients<40 years, of non-UK origin, living in least deprived neighbourhoods and with early disease at presentation (P<0.05). 27% of missed presentations occurred in primary care and 46% in general secondary care. CONCLUSIONS While early diagnosis has improved in epidemiological risk groups, clinical indications for HIV testing continue to be missed, particularly in patients who are older, of UK origin and from more deprived communities. Increasing testing in non-specialist services is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Wohlgemut
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Tamiru M, Hailemariam D, Mitike G, Haidar J. HIV-Related Sexual Behaviors among Migrants and Non-migrants in Rural Ethiopia: Role of Rural to Urban Migration in HIV Transmission. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2011; 7:295-303. [PMID: 23675250 PMCID: PMC3614846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare HIV-related sexual risk behavior among temporary rural to urban migrants and non-migrants and to explore the role of migration in HIV transmission in a rural area of Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Bure Woreda, West Gojam, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. A total of 1,310 male subjects (655 rural to urban migrants and 655 non-migrants) were selected randomly and were assessed, analyzed using SPSS version 17 software for their HIV related sexual risk behaviours including the role of migration in HIV transmission in a rural Ethiopia. Two parts of questionnaires were prepared and used for comparing the above groups. The first part of the questionnaires included non-sensitive questions such as demographics and HIV knowledge while the second part comprised sensitive questions related to sexual behaviors. RESULTS When multiple sexual partners, sex with commercial sex workers, sexual transmitted infections and premarital sex compared between the two groups, the proportions of rural to urban migrants Vs non- migrants who had multiple sexual partners (31.4 % Vs 7.4 %), sex with commercial sex workers (22.3% Vs 13.3%), sexual transmitted infections (11.7% Vs 3.2%) and premarital sex (20.8% Vs 14.2 %) were significantly higher in rural to urban migrants than non-migrants. Among those who had multiple sexual partners, only 12.7 % of, rural to urban migrants and 9.8 % of non-migrants reported consistent condom use with sexual partners other than their spouse. CONCLUSIONS As both rural to urban migrants and non-migrants are at risk for HIV infection, intervention programmes targeting both groups are recommended. However, in order to contain the bridging effect on HIV transmission from urban to rural areas particular attention should be given for the rural to urban migrant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melesse Tamiru
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
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Agadjanian V, Arnaldo C, Cau B. Health Costs of Wealth Gains: Labor Migration and Perceptions of HIV/AIDS Risks in Mozambique. SOCIAL FORCES; A SCIENTIFIC MEDIUM OF SOCIAL STUDY AND INTERPRETATION 2011; 89:1097-1117. [PMID: 22500057 PMCID: PMC3322614 DOI: 10.1093/sf/89.4.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study employs survey data from rural Mozambique to examine how men's labor migration affects their non-migrating wives' perceptions of HIV/AIDS risks. Using a conceptual framework centered on tradeoffs between economic security and health risks that men's migration entails for their left-behind wives, it compares women married to migrants and those married to non-migrants while also distinguishing between economically successful and unsuccessful migration. The analysis finds that the economic success of men's migration, rather than migration itself, significantly predicts women's worries about getting infected by their husbands or their own extramarital partners, and their husbands' stance on condom use. These findings are situated within a broader context of socio-economic, gender, and marital dynamics and vulnerabilities produced or amplified by male labor migration in sub-Saharan and similar developing settings.
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Frequency of HIV Infection among Sailors in South of Iran by Rapid HIV Test. AIDS Res Treat 2011; 2011:612475. [PMID: 21541248 PMCID: PMC3085304 DOI: 10.1155/2011/612475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Information on the prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among sailors is scarce. The aim of this seroprevalence study was to evaluate the frequency of HIV infection among sailors in south of Iran using rapid HIV test. The study included 400 consecutive participants in Lengeh, Shahid Rajaie, and Shahid Bahonar ports in south of Iran in May 2010. We observed only one case (0.25%) of HIV infection in this sample of sailors. While prevalence appears low at present, we recommend periodic HIV serosurveillance with detailed behavioral measures for this population in the future.
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Virginie S, Yasmin H, Sally B. Assessing the impact of mass rape on the incidence of HIV in conflict-affected countries. AIDS 2010; 24:2841-7. [PMID: 20859191 PMCID: PMC2978669 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833fed78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the potential impact of mass rape on HIV incidence in seven conflict-afflicted countries (CACs), with severe HIV epidemics, in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN Uncertainty analysis of a risk equation model. METHODS A mathematical model was used to evaluate the potential impact of mass rape on increasing HIV incidence in women and girls in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, southern Sudan and Uganda. The model was parameterized with data from UNAIDS/WHO and the US Census Bureau's International Database. Incidence data from UNAIDS/WHO were used for calibration. RESULTS Mass rape could cause approximately five HIV infections per 100,000 females per year in the DRC, Sudan, Somalia and Sierra Leone, double the number in Burundi and Rwanda, and quadruple the number in Uganda. The number of females infected per year due to mass rape is likely to be relatively low in Somalia and Sierra Leone at 127 [median (interquartile range [IQR] 55-254)] and 156 [median (IQR 69-305)], respectively. Numbers could be high in the DRC and Uganda: 1120 [median (IQR 527-2360)] and 2172 [median (IQR 1031-4668)], respectively. In Burundi, Rwanda and Sudan, the numbers are likely to be intermediate. Under extreme conditions, 10,000 women and girls could be infected per year in the DRC and 20 000 women and girls could be infected per year in Uganda. Mass rape could increase annual incidence by approximately 7% [median (IQR 3-15)]. CONCLUSION Interventions and treatment targeted to rape survivors during armed conflicts could reduce HIV incidence. Support should be provided both on the basis of human rights and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supervie Virginie
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Halima Yasmin
- Global Campaign for Microbicides, Washington DC and School of International Studies, American University, Washington DC
| | - Blower Sally
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Tafuri S, Prato R, Martinelli D, Melpignano L, De Palma M, Quarto M, Germinario C. Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, HIV and syphilis markers among refugees in Bari, Italy. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:213. [PMID: 20646306 PMCID: PMC2916911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) serological markers and the prevalence of VDRL positive subjects in a population of refugees of various nationalities, living in the Asylum Seeker Centre in Bari Palese, Southern Italy. Methods The study was carried out in the period May-July 2008 and recruited only voluntarily enrolled healthy refugees. HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HCV and anti-HIV virus antibodies were detected. VDRL syphilis screening was also carried out on the serum samples. Results A total of 529 refugees, 442 males and 87 females, aged between 7 and 52 years, were studied. Of these, 510 were from Africa and 19 from Asia. Forty-four individuals (8.3%) were HBsAg positive and 241 (45.6%) were anti-HBc positive. A total of 24 (4.5%) individuals were anti-HCV positive. Eight asylum seekers (1.5%) were HIV positive. VDRL tests were performed on 269 subjects and 4 (1.5%) were positive. 12.3% of the study population had serological markers of chronic and transmissible infections with potential blood-borne or sexual transmission. Conclusions In Italy, a suitable protocol is necessary for the early diagnosis of infectious diseases on entering Asylum Centres, so allowing the adoption of prevention measures to safeguard the health of the individuals, the residents and workers in the Centres and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Puglia Regional Observatory for Epidemiology, Bari, Italy
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