1
|
Lee JGL, Kong AY, Sewell KB, Golden SD, Combs TB, Ribisl KM, Henriksen L. Associations of tobacco retailer density and proximity with adult tobacco use behaviours and health outcomes: a meta-analysis. Tob Control 2022; 31:e189-e200. [PMID: 34479990 PMCID: PMC9421913 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence to inform policies that reduce density and proximity of tobacco retailers. DATA SOURCES Ten databases were searched on 16 October 2020: MEDLINE via PubMed, PsycINFO, Global Health, LILACS, Embase, ABI/Inform, CINAHL, Business Source Complete, Web of Science and Scopus, plus grey literature searches using Google and the RAND Publication Database. STUDY SELECTION Included studies used inferential statistics about adult participants to examine associations between tobacco retailer density/proximity and tobacco use behaviours and health outcomes. Of 7373 studies reviewed by independent coders, 37 (0.5%) met inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION Effect sizes were converted to a relative risk reduction (RRR) metric, indicating the presumed reduction in tobacco use outcomes based on reducing tobacco retailer density and decreasing proximity. DATA SYNTHESIS We conducted a random effects meta-analysis and examined heterogeneity across 27 studies through subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Tobacco retailer density (RRR=2.55, 95% CI 1.91 to 3.19, k=155) and proximity (RRR=2.38, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.37, k=100) were associated with tobacco use behaviours. Pooled results including both density and proximity found an estimated 2.48% reduction in risk of tobacco use from reductions in tobacco retailer density and proximity (RRR=2.48, 95% CI 1.95 to 3.02, k=255). Results for health outcomes came from just two studies and were not significant. Considerable heterogeneity existed. CONCLUSIONS Across studies, lower levels of tobacco retailer density and decreased proximity are associated with lower tobacco use. Reducing tobacco supply by limiting retailer density and proximity may lead to reductions in tobacco use. Policy evaluations are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kerry B Sewell
- Laupus Health Sciences Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd B Combs
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Travis N, Levy DT, McDaniel PA, Henriksen L. Tobacco retail availability and cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth and adults: a scoping review. Tob Control 2022; 31:e175-e188. [PMID: 34301839 PMCID: PMC9126034 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE States and localities are formulating strategies to reduce the widespread retail availability of tobacco products. Evidence of associations between retailer density/proximity and tobacco use outcomes can help inform those strategies. We conducted a scoping review on tobacco retail availability and cigarette/e-cigarette use in adults and youth, and considered variations in spatial units, measures of retailer exposure and outcomes across studies. METHODS A systematic search for studies examining the association between retailer density/proximity and youth and adult cigarette/e-cigarette use was conducted across MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science and Google Scholar through 27 August 2020 with no restrictions. RESULTS Thirty-five studies were included in our qualitative synthesis. While there were differences in neighbourhood definitions (eg, egocentric vs administrative), there is evidence for a positive association between higher retailer density in egocentric neighbourhoods around homes and current smoking in adults and adolescents. Administrative unit measures in some studies showed associations with adult current smoking, and adolescent lifetime and current smoking. Studies on tobacco outlet proximity to homes obtained mixed results. Density/proximity of tobacco outlets around schools showed no or inverse association with adolescent smoking, but suggests higher susceptibility to smoking. Evidence of an association between e-cigarette retail availability and e-cigarette use is limited due to a small number of studies. CONCLUSION The current literature provides limited empirical evidence of the association between tobacco retailer availability and smoking or e-cigarette use. More research with uniform measures of environmental exposure to tobacco retailers is needed to allow for greater comparability between studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nargiz Travis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David T Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patricia A McDaniel
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong J, Cho SI. Effect of tobacco outlet density on quit attempts in Korea: a multi-level analysis of the 2015 Korean Community Health Survey. Epidemiol Health 2021; 43:e2021048. [PMID: 34525776 PMCID: PMC8510837 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine whether the regional density of tobacco outlets in Korea was associated with the likelihood of attempting to quit among smokers METHODS This study was designed as a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional study. Data from the 2015 Korean Community Health Survey and tobacco outlet registrations in 17 metropolitan cities and provinces with 254 communities in Korea were used for the analysis. In total, 41,013 current smokers (≥19 years of age) were included. Multi-level logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate regional differences associated with smokers’ attempts to quit and to evaluate the effects of individual and regional characteristics on quit attempts. RESULTS Higher tobacco outlet density was associated with lower odds of attempting to quit. Smokers who resided in districts with the highest tobacco outlet density were 18% less likely to attempt quitting (odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 0.98) than smokers who resided in the regions with the lowest tobacco outlet density (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.030). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that quit attempts were related to community-level factors, such as tobacco outlet density, as well as other individual factors. These findings support the implementation of national policies restricting the number of tobacco outlets within communities or zones and limiting tobacco marketing in tobacco outlets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Kong
- National Tobacco Control Centre, Korea Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Il Cho
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valiente R, Escobar F, Urtasun M, Franco M, Shortt NK, Sureda X. Tobacco Retail Environment and Smoking: A Systematic Review of Geographic Exposure Measures and Implications for Future Studies. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1263-1273. [PMID: 33155040 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To review the geographic exposure measures used to characterize the tobacco environment in terms of density of tobacco outlets and proximity to tobacco outlets, and its association with smoking-related outcomes. METHODS We used PubMed and Google Scholar to find articles published until December 2019. The search was restricted to studies that (1) measured the density of and/or proximity to tobacco outlets and (2) included associations with smoking outcomes. The extraction was coordinated by several observers. We gathered data on the place of exposure, methodological approaches, and smoking outcomes. RESULTS Forty articles were eligible out of 3002 screened papers. Different density and proximity measures were described. 47.4% density calculations were based on simple counts (number of outlets within an area). Kernel density estimations and other measures weighted by the size of the area (outlets per square kilometer), population, and road length were identified. 81.3% of the articles which assessed proximity to tobacco outlets used length distances estimated through the street network. Higher density values were mostly associated with higher smoking prevalence (76.2%), greater tobacco use and smoking initiation (64.3%), and lower cessation outcomes (84.6%). Proximity measures were not associated with any smoking outcome except with cessation (62.5%). CONCLUSION Associations between the density of tobacco outlets and smoking outcomes were found regardless of the exposure measure applied. Further research is warranted to better understand how proximity to tobacco outlets may influence the smoking outcomes. This systematic review discusses methodological gaps in the literature and provides insights for future studies exploring the tobacco environment. IMPLICATIONS Our findings pose some methodological lessons to improve the exposure measures on the tobacco outlet environment. Solving these methodological gaps is crucial to understand the influence of the tobacco environment on the smoking outcomes. Activity spaces should be considered in further analyses because individuals are exposed to tobacco beyond their residence or school neighborhood. Further studies in this research area demand density estimations weighted by the size of the area, population, or road length, or measured using Kernel density estimations. Proximity calculations should be measured through the street network and should consider travel times apart from the length distance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Valiente
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Escobar
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Urtasun
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Cooperativa APLICA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Franco
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Niamh K Shortt
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBER en Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baker J, Masood M, Rahman MA, Thornton L, Begg S. Tobacco retailer density and smoking behavior in a rural Australian jurisdiction without a tobacco retailer licensing system. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:39. [PMID: 34045936 PMCID: PMC8133357 DOI: 10.18332/tid/134190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An emerging body of research has developed around tobacco retailer density and its contribution to smoking behavior. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between tobacco retailer density and smoking behavior in a rural Australian jurisdiction without a tobacco retailer licensing system in place. METHODS A local government database (updated 2018) of listed tobacco retailers (n=93) was accessed and potential unlisted tobacco retailers (n=230) were added using online searches. All retailers (n=323) were visited in 2019 and GPS coordinates of retailers that sold tobacco (n=125) were assigned to suburbs in ArcMap. A community survey conducted in the Local Government Area provided smoking and sociodemographic data amongst adult respondents (n=8981). Associations between tobacco retailer density (calculated as the number of retailers per km2 based on respondents’ suburb of residence) and daily, occasional and experimental smoking were assessed using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Separate models with and without covariates were undertaken. RESULTS Without adjusting for possible confounders, living in suburbs with greater retailer density did not increase the odds of daily smoking (OR=1.01; 95% CI: 0.92–1.12), occasional smoking (OR=1.05; 95% CI: 0.94–1.18), or experimental smoking (OR=0.98; 95% 0.92– 1.05). However, after adjustment, living in suburbs with greater retailer density increased the odds of occasional smoking behavior (AOR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.10–1.71) but not daily or experimental smoking. CONCLUSIONS This study found a significant positive association between tobacco retailer density and the likelihood of occasional smoking in a rural Australian jurisdiction without a tobacco retailer licensing system in place. The findings strengthen calls for the introduction of a comprehensive, positive tobacco retailer licensing system to provide a framework for improving compliance with legislation and to reduce the overall availability of tobacco products in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Baker
- Department of Community and Allied Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Mohd Masood
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia.,Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- Australian Institute for Primary Care and Ageing, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Health, Federation University, Berwick, Australia
| | - Lukar Thornton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Stephen Begg
- Department of Community and Allied Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brooks MM, Siegel SD, Curriero FC. Characterizing the spatial relationship between smoking status and tobacco retail exposure: Implications for policy development and evaluation. Health Place 2021; 68:102530. [PMID: 33609995 PMCID: PMC7986985 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco retail density and smoking prevalence remain elevated in marginalized communities, underscoring the need for strategies to address these place-based disparities. The spatial variation of smokers and tobacco retailers is often measured by aggregating them to area-level units (e.g., census tracts), but spatial statistical methods that use point-level data, such as spatial intensity and K-functions, can better describe their geographic patterns. We applied these methods to a case study in New Castle County, DE to characterize the cross-sectional spatial relationship between tobacco retailers and smokers, finding that current smokers experience greater tobacco retail exposure and clustering relative to former smokers. We discuss how analysis at different geographic scales can provide complementary insights for tobacco control policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Brooks
- Value Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States.
| | - Scott D Siegel
- Value Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Frank C Curriero
- Johns Hopkins Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghenadenik AE, Gauvin L, Frohlich KL. Smoking in Young Adults: A Study of 4-Year Smoking Behavior Patterns and Residential Presence of Features Facilitating Smoking Using Data From the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking Cohort. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1997-2005. [PMID: 32052039 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults have the highest prevalence of smoking among all age groups in most industrialized countries and exhibit great variability in smoking behavior. Differences in associations between features in residential environments and smoking initiation, prevalence, and cessation have been extensively examined in the literature. Nonetheless, in many cases, findings remain inconsistent. This paper proposes that a potential driver of these inconsistencies is an almost exclusive focus on point-specific smoking outcomes, without consideration for the different behavior patterns that this age group may experience over time. AIMS AND METHODS Based on data from the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking cohort of 18- to 25-year-old Montreal residents (n = 1025), we examined associations between 4-year smoking patterns measured at three timepoints and proximal presence/density of tobacco retail outlets and presence of smoker accommodation facilities in Montreal, Canada. Associations were tested using two-level multinomial and logistic models. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, compared to never-smokers, residents of areas with a higher density of tobacco retail were more likely to (1) be characterized as established smokers, (2) have experienced repeated changes in smoking status (being "switchers") during the 4-year study period, and (3) be former smokers. CONCLUSIONS From a conceptual standpoint, these findings highlight the importance of acknowledging and examining smoking behavior patterns among young adults. Furthermore, specific pattern-feature associations may point to unique mechanisms by which features could influence smoking behavior patterns. These findings require replication and extension, including testing hypotheses regarding tobacco retail density's role in sustaining smoking and in influencing changes in smoking status. IMPLICATIONS Results from this study highlight the importance of describing and examining different young adult smoking behavior patterns and how they may be influenced by residential environment features such as the density of tobacco retail. Findings suggest that young adults residing in areas with a higher density of tobacco retailers are more likely to have experienced repeated changes in smoking status and to be established smokers. Further research in this area is needed to advance knowledge of the putative mechanisms by which residential features may influence smoking behavior patterns and to ultimately orient policy and interventions seeking to curb smoking at the local level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Ghenadenik
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montreal, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Katherine L Frohlich
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kong AY, Baggett CD, Gottfredson NC, Ribisl KM, Delamater PL, Golden SD. Associations of tobacco retailer availability with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related hospital outcomes, United States, 2014. Health Place 2021; 67:102464. [PMID: 33276261 PMCID: PMC7854476 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There are associations between tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviors, but little is known about whether places with more tobacco retailers have more smoking-related health problems. Using cross-sectional data from 2014, we investigated the relationships between tobacco retailer density and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) related outcomes in a sample of 1510 counties across the United States. Higher retailer density was associated with a 19% (IRR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12-1.27) higher COPD-related hospital discharge rate and 30% (IRR, 1.30; 95% CI 1.21-1.39) higher total COPD-related hospital costs per population. The tobacco retailer environment may be an important target for reducing smoking-related health burdens and costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA.
| | - Christopher D Baggett
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Nisha C Gottfredson
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Paul L Delamater
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA; Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Carolina Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kong AY, Robichaud MO, Ribisl KM, Kirkland JH, Golden SD. Characteristics of proposed and enacted state tobacco control legislation in the United States, 2010-2015. J Public Health Policy 2020; 41:334-350. [PMID: 32665610 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-020-00234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study documents all tobacco control proposals (bills) introduced in the United States into all 50 state legislatures from the start of 2010 through 2015 and assesses associations between tobacco-related strategies and tobacco product types with enactment of the bills into law. In total, members of state legislatures introduced 2801 tobacco control bills, and state legislatures enacted 17.4%. Bills most introduced addressed clean air (n = 696) and tax or price bills (n = 582), yet both had lower likelihood of enactment (each OR, 0.51; 95% CI 0.38-0.69) compared to bills on any other tobacco control strategy. Legislators introduced only 147 product manufacturing bills, but these had the highest odds of enactment (OR, 3.70, 95% CI 2.52-5.44) compared to any other intended strategy, followed by tax evasion (OR, 3.08; 95% CI 2.33-4.08) and retailer licensing or location (OR, 1.73; 95 CI 1.24-2.41). Compared to other products, bills regulating e-cigarettes had the highest enactment rate (21.2%). Despite introduction of many bills promoting traditional, evidence-based tobacco control strategies, these had less likelihood of enactment than others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Meagan O Robichaud
- Department of Health Sciences, NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin H Kirkland
- Department of Politics and Frank Batter School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vyas P, Tsoh JY, Gildengorin G, Stewart SL, Yu E, Guan A, Pham A, Burke NJ, McPhee SJ. Disentangling individual and neighborhood differences in the intention to quit smoking in Asian American male smokers. Prev Med Rep 2020; 18:101064. [PMID: 32226728 PMCID: PMC7093831 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have assessed individual-level factors associated with intention to quit smoking. However, fewer studies have assessed how neighborhood and built environment also contribute towards individual-level behavior. We used baseline data of 340 Chinese and Vietnamese male daily smokers from August 2015 to November 2017 living in the San Francisco Bay Area, who enrolled in a lifestyle intervention trial. The outcome variable was intention to quit in 30 days. To understand the role of contextual factors participants' residential addresses were geocoded, and neighborhood median income, ethnic composition, and tobacco retail density were computed. Individual level analysis suggested that Vietnamese American men had greater intention to quit smoking (OR = 2.90 CI = 1.59, 5.26) in comparison to Chinese Americans. However, after adding neighborhood level factors to the model, no ethnic group difference was observed. Neighborhood household median income (OR = 0.74, CI = 0.64, 0.86) and tobacco retail counts (OR = 0.79, CI = 0.67, 0.94) were negatively associated with intention to quit. Years lived in the U.S. was the only individual level factor associated with intention to quit. By comparing two Asian American groups that live in heterogeneous neighborhoods, we identify key environmental and policy drivers that are associated with quit intention. Future studies aimed at influencing individual-level behavior should take into consideration the neighborhood context and built environment characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Vyas
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Janice Y. Tsoh
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ginny Gildengorin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Susan L. Stewart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Edgar Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alice Guan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amber Pham
- DePaul University, Chicago, United States
| | | | - Steven J. McPhee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kong AY, Myers AE, Isgett LF, Ribisl KM. Neighborhood racial, ethnic, and income disparities in accessibility to multiple tobacco retailers: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 2015. Prev Med Rep 2020; 17:101031. [PMID: 32021758 PMCID: PMC6993011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
•Existing studies assess an individual's proximity to a single tobacco retailer.•Measuring proximity to more than one retailer may better capture accessibility.•Disparities in multi-retailer proximity exist by neighborhood race and income.•Policies to address disparities in tobacco retailer exposure are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y. Kong
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA
- Counter Tools, 205 Lloyd Street #210 & 211, Carrboro, NC, 27510, USA
| | - Allison E. Myers
- Counter Tools, 205 Lloyd Street #210 & 211, Carrboro, NC, 27510, USA
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 160 SW 26th Street, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Lisa F. Isgett
- Counter Tools, 205 Lloyd Street #210 & 211, Carrboro, NC, 27510, USA
| | - Kurt M. Ribisl
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haw S, Currie D, Eadie D, Pearce J, MacGregor A, Stead M, Amos A, Best C, Wilson M, Cherrie M, Purves R, Ozakinci G, MacKintosh AM. The impact of the point-of-sale tobacco display ban on young people in Scotland: before-and-after study. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/phr08010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Tobacco displays at point of sale have been shown to increase young people’s pro-smoking attitudes, susceptibility to smoking and smoking initiation. In Scotland, legislation that prohibited tobacco point-of-sale displays was implemented in large stores (i.e. those > 280 m2) in April 2013 and in small retailers in April 2015.
Objective
To assess the impact of the point-of-sale tobacco display ban on young people’s exposure to tobacco advertising, their attitudes to smoking and smoking susceptibility, and their risk of smoking initiation.
Design
Multimodal before-and-after study design using mixed methods to collect data at baseline (2013) and then longitudinally for 4 years.
Setting
Four main study communities in the central belt of mainland Scotland, UK, purposively selected to reflect two levels of urbanity (urban vs. small town) and two levels of deprivation (high vs. medium/low). Four matched communities.
Participants
In the main study communities, 94 tobacco retail outlets. All Secondary 2 (aged 13 years) and Secondary 4 (aged 15 years) pupils in 2013 and 2014 together with all Secondary 1 to Secondary 6 (aged 12–17 years) pupils in 2015–17. This included 6612 pupils who completed 14,344 questionnaires over 5 years. Three hundred and eighty-two participants in 80 focus groups who were recruited from Secondary 2 and Secondary 4 in 2013–17. In matched communities, 24 retail panel members in 2013–17.
Main outcome measures
Tobacco product and tobacco storage visibility, density of retail outlets (the number of retailers in a pre-defined area such as a residential neighbourhood), tobacco product exposure, brand awareness, perceived accessibility of tobacco, pro-smoking attitudes, pro-smoking norms, smoking susceptibility and smoking initiation.
Data platform and methods
The study had four components – a mapping and spatial analysis of retail outlets; a tobacco marketing audit, including retail panel interviews in matched communities; school surveys; and focus group discussions with secondary school pupils.
Limitations
The study was based on a small number of communities and did not include communities in remote areas.
Results
Compliance with the point-of-sale legislation in Scotland was high. This led to a large reduction in the visibility of tobacco products in retail outlets. However, when the results were stratified by socioeconomic status, declines in retailer density, weighted by total product visibility, were restricted to the least disadvantaged tertile of participants. Nevertheless, the implementation of the legislation was associated with a reduction in risk of both smoking susceptibility and smoking initiation in young people, as well as a reduction in the perceived accessibility of tobacco and in pro-smoking attitudes after both the partial and the comprehensive bans were introduced.
Conclusions
The Scottish point-of-sale legislation has been successful in reducing the overall visibility of tobacco products and is associated with improvements in attitudinal and behavioural outcomes in young people. However, cues that tobacco is for sale are still highly visible, particularly in retail outlets in areas of deprivation. In addition, the increase in retailer density that was observed after 2015 increased inequalities in product visibility. There was also evidence that the emergence of e-cigarettes may have disrupted the full impact of the legislation.
Future work
Our research indicates that further research is needed to examine the longitudinal relationships between tobacco outlet availability and product visibility inequalities; and the impact of e-cigarettes and standardised packaging on smoking initiation and prevalence.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 8, No. 1. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Haw
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Dorothy Currie
- Centre for Adolescent and Child Health Research, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Douglas Eadie
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jamie Pearce
- Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Amanda Amos
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine Best
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Michael Wilson
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Mark Cherrie
- Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Purves
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Gozde Ozakinci
- School of Medicine, Medical & Biological Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Anne Marie MacKintosh
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Golden SD, Kuo TM, Kong AY, Baggett CD, Henriksen L, Ribisl KM. County-level associations between tobacco retailer density and smoking prevalence in the USA, 2012. Prev Med Rep 2019; 17:101005. [PMID: 31934535 PMCID: PMC6951276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine whether county-level tobacco retailer density and adult smoking prevalence are positively associated in the United States and determine whether associations differ in metropolitan vs. nonmetropolitan counties. We merged a list of likely tobacco retailers from the 2012 National Establishment Time-Series with smoking prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 2828 US counties, as well as state tobacco policy information and county-level demographic data for the same year. We modeled adult smoking prevalence as a function of tobacco retailer density, accounting for clustering of counties within states. Average density in US counties was 1.25 retailers per 1000 people (range = 0.3–4.5). Smoking prevalence was 0.86 percentage points higher in the most retailer-dense counties, compared to the least. This association, however, was only significant for metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties in the highest tobacco retailer density quartile had smoking prevalence levels that were 1.9 percentage points higher than metropolitan counties in the lowest density quartile. Research should examine whether policies limiting the quantity, type and location of tobacco retailers could reduce smoking prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D. Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA.
| | - Tzy-Mey Kuo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Amanda Y. Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA
| | - Christopher D. Baggett
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, 3300 Hillview Ave Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kurt M. Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kirchner TR, Gao H, Lewis DJ, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Carlos HA, House B. Individual Mobility and Uncertain Geographic Context: Real-time Versus Neighborhood Approximated Exposure to Retail Tobacco Outlets Across the US. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS RESEARCH 2019; 3:70-85. [PMID: 35415418 PMCID: PMC8982724 DOI: 10.1007/s41666-018-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the way exposure to neighborhood risk and protective factors affects the health of residents. Although multiple approaches have been reported, empirical methods for contrasting the spatial uncertainty of exposure estimates are not well established. The objective of this paper was to contrast real-time versus neighborhood approximated exposure to the landscape of tobacco outlets across the contiguous US. A nationwide density surface of tobacco retail outlet locations was generated using kernel density estimation (KDE). This surface was linked to participants' (N p = 363) inferred residential location, as well as to their real-time geographic locations, recorded every 10 min over 180 days. Real-time exposure was estimated as the hourly product of radius of gyration and average tobacco outlet density (N hour = 304, 164 h). Ordinal logit modeling was used to assess the distribution of real-time exposure estimates as a function of each participant's residential exposure. Overall, 61.3% of real-time, hourly exposures were of relatively low intensity, and after controlling for temporal and seasonal variation, 72.8% of the variance among these low-level exposures was accounted for by residence in one of the two lowest residential exposure quintiles. Most moderate to high intensity exposures (38.7% of all real-time, hourly exposures) were no more likely to have been contributed by subjects from any single residential exposure cluster than another. Altogether, 55.2% of the variance in real-time exposures was not explained by participants' residential exposure cluster. Calculating hourly exposure estimates made it possible to directly contrast real-time observations with static residential exposure estimates. Results document the substantial degree that real-time exposures can be misclassified by residential approximations, especially in residential areas characterized by moderate to high retail density levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Kirchner
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 715 Broadway, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10003 USA
- Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, New York, NY USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 715 Broadway, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Daniel J. Lewis
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brooks-Russell A, Ma M, Levinson AH, Kattari L, Kirchner T, Anderson Goodell EM, Johnson RM. Adolescent Marijuana Use, Marijuana-Related Perceptions, and Use of Other Substances Before and After Initiation of Retail Marijuana Sales in Colorado (2013-2015). PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 20:185-193. [PMID: 30043198 PMCID: PMC8086773 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the recentness of changes to marijuana policies in a number of states, the effect on adolescent use and perceptions is not yet well understood. This study examines change in adolescent marijuana use and related perceptions in Colorado, before and after the implementation of legal commercial sale of recreational marijuana for adults starting on January 1, 2014. The data are from a repeated cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of Colorado high school students, with separately drawn samples surveyed in fall 2013 (prior to implementation) and fall 2015 (18 months after implementation). We examined change in the prevalence of adolescent marijuana use, measured by lifetime use, past 30-day use, frequent use, and use on school property. To consider the possibility of heterogeneity in the change in marijuana use, we examined change in past 30-day marijuana use by demographic characteristics (sex, grade, race/ethnicity), school characteristics (poverty, percent minority), urbanicity of the school district, and whether the city or county permitted retail marijuana stores. There was an absence of significant effects for change in lifetime or past 30-day marijuana use. Among those reporting past 30-day use, frequent use and use on school property declined. There was a significant decline in the perceived harm associated with marijuana use, but we did not find a significant effect for perceived wrongfulness, perceived ease of access, or perceived parental disapproval. We did not find significant variability in past 30-day use by demographic characteristics or by school and community factors from 2013 to 2015. We did not find a significant effect associated with the introduction of legal sales of recreational marijuana to adults in Colorado on adolescent (illegal) use, but ongoing monitoring is warranted, including consideration of heterogeneity in the effects of marijuana policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Brooks-Russell
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place B119, Bldg 500, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place B119, Bldg 500, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Arnold H Levinson
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place B119, Bldg 500, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Leo Kattari
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Tom Kirchner
- College of Global Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin M Anderson Goodell
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kirchner TR, Shiffman S. Spatio-temporal determinants of mental health and well-being: advances in geographically-explicit ecological momentary assessment (GEMA). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:1211-23. [PMID: 27558710 PMCID: PMC5025488 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Overview of geographically explicit momentary assessment research, applied to the study of mental health and well-being, which allows for cross-validation, extension, and enrichment of research on place and health. METHODS Building on the historical foundations of both ecological momentary assessment and geographic momentary assessment research, this review explores their emerging synergy into a more generalized and powerful research framework. RESULTS Geographically explicit momentary assessment methods are rapidly advancing across a number of complimentary literatures that intersect but have not yet converged. Key contributions from these areas reveal tremendous potential for transdisciplinary and translational science. CONCLUSIONS Mobile communication devices are revolutionizing research on mental health and well-being by physically linking momentary experience sampling to objective measures of socio-ecological context in time and place. Methodological standards are not well-established and will be required for transdisciplinary collaboration and scientific inference moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Kirchner
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 41 E. 11th St., 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
- Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Population Health, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Saul Shiffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kingsbury JH, Parks MJ, Amato MS, Boyle RG. Deniers and Admitters: Examining Smoker Identities in a Changing Tobacco Landscape. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:2130-2137. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|