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Wise JTF, Hein DW. N-Acetyltransferase Metabolism and DNA Damage Following Exposure to 4,4'-Oxydianiline in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Toxicol Lett 2024; 398:S0378-4274(24)00129-2. [PMID: 38906436 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking is increasingly popular and understanding how chemicals found in hookah smoke may be harmful to human bronchial epithelial cells is of great importance. 4,4'-Oxydianiline (ODA), is an aromatic amine which is present at comparatively high levels in hookah smoke. The metabolism and the subsequent toxicity of ODA to human bronchial epithelial cells remains unknown. Given that ODA is an aromatic amine, we hypothesized that ODA is N-acetylated and induces DNA damage following exposure to immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEP2D cells). We measured the N-acetylation of ODA to mono-acetyl-ODA and the N-acetylation of mono-acetyl-ODA to diacetyl-ODA by BEP2D cells following separation and quantitation by high performance liquid chromatography. For ODA, the apparent KM in cells was 12.4 ± 3.7µM with a Vmax of 0.69 ± 0.03 nmol/min/106 cells, while for mono-acetyl-ODA, the apparent KM was 111.2 ± 48.3µM with a Vmax of 17.8 ± 5.7 nmol/min/106 cells ODA exposure for 24h resulted in DNA damage to BEP2D cells following concentrations as low as 0.1µM as measured by yH2Ax protein expression These results demonstrate that ODA, the most prevalent aromatic amine identified in hookah smoke, is N-acetylated and induces DNA damage in human bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T F Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Wise Laboratory of Nutritional Toxicology and Metabolism, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Alaouie H, Krishnamurthy Reddiar S, Tleis M, El Kadi L, A Afifi R, Nakkash R. Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) control policies: global analysis of available legislation and equity considerations. Tob Control 2022; 31:187-197. [PMID: 35241587 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) offers guidance on evidence-based policies to reduce tobacco consumption and its burden of disease. Recently, it has provided guidance for alternative tobacco products, such as the waterpipe. Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is prevalent worldwide and policies to address it need to take into consideration its specificities as a mode of smoking. In parallel, a growing body of literature points to the potential of evidence-based tobacco control policies to increase health inequities. This paper updates a previous global review of waterpipe tobacco policies and adds an equity lens to assess their impact on health inequities. METHODS We reviewed policies that address WTS in 90 countries, including 10 with state-owned tobacco companies; 47 were included in our final analysis. We relied primarily on the Tobacco-Free Kids organisation's Tobacco Control Laws website, providing access to tobacco control laws globally. We categorised country tobacco policies by the clarity with which they defined and addressed waterpipe tobacco in relation to nine FCTC articles. We used the PROGRESS (Place of residence, Race/ethnicity/culture/language, Occupation, Gender/sex, Religion, Education, Socioeconomic status and Social capital) framework for the equity analysis, by reviewing equity considerations referenced in the policies of each country and including prevalence data disaggregated by equity axis and country where available. RESULTS Our results revealed very limited attention to waterpipe policies overall, and to equity in such policies, and highlight the complexity of regulating WTS. We recommend that WTS policies and surveillance centre equity as a goal. CONCLUSIONS Our recommendations can inform global policies to reduce WTS and its health consequences equitably across population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Alaouie
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Malak Tleis
- Health Promotion and Community Health Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lama El Kadi
- Health Promotion and Community Health Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima A Afifi
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Health Promotion and Community Health Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Global and Community Health Department, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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Xiong Y, Xi S, Gara SK, Shan J, Gao J, Zhang M, Shukla V, Wang R, Hoang CD, Chen H, Schrump DS. Hookah Smoke Mediates Cancer-Associated Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Signatures in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells. JTO Clin Res Rep 2021; 2:100181. [PMID: 34790904 PMCID: PMC8479631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2021.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although communal smoking of hookah by means of water pipes is perceived to be a safe alternative to cigarette smoking, the effects of hookah smoke in respiratory epithelia have not been well characterized. This study evaluated epigenomic and transcriptomic effects of hookah smoke relative to cigarette smoke in human respiratory epithelial cells. Methods Primary normal human small airway epithelial cells from three donors and cdk4 and hTERT-immortalized small airway epithelial cells and human bronchial epithelial cells were cultured for 5 days in normal media with or without cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) or water pipe condensates (WPCs). Cell count, immunoblot, RNA sequencing, quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques were used to compare effects of hookah and cigarette smoke on cell proliferation, global histone marks, gene expression, and promoter-related chromatin structure. Results CSC and WPC decreased global H4K16ac and H4K20me3 histone marks and mediated distinct and overlapping cancer-associated transcriptome signatures and pathway modulations that were cell line dependent and stratified across lung cancer cells in a histology-specific manner. Epiregulin encoding a master regulator of EGFR signaling that is overexpressed in lung cancers was up-regulated, whereas FILIP1L and ABI3BP encoding mediators of senescence that are repressed in lung cancers were down-regulated by CSC and WPC. Induction of epiregulin and repression of FILIP1L and ABI3BP by these condensates coincided with unique epigenetic alterations within the respective promoters. Conclusions These findings support translational studies to ascertain if hookah-mediated epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations in cultured respiratory epithelia are detectable and clinically relevant in hookah smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiong
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sichuan Xi
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sudheer Kumar Gara
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jigui Shan
- The Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - James Gao
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Zhang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vivek Shukla
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chuong D Hoang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haobin Chen
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Edwards RL, Venugopal PD, Hsieh JR. Aquatic toxicity of waterpipe wastewater chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111206. [PMID: 33932480 PMCID: PMC8187307 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent increase in U.S. popularity and use prevalence of water pipe (WP) tobacco smoking raises concerns about the potential environmental impacts of WP waste disposal and the need for strategies to reduce such impacts. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required to assess the environmental impacts of its tobacco regulatory actions per the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify specific chemical constituents in WP wastewater and to determine their potential aquatic toxicity. METHODS Using a modified Beirut smoking regimen, five different WP charcoal brands (n = 70) and ten WP tobacco brands (n = 35) were smoked separately using a WP smoking machine in which smoke was passed through the WP base water. We analyzed and quantified specific chemical constituents in the WP bowl wastewater through standardized U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Hazardous Waste Test Methods. We then characterized the ecological hazard for acute and chronic aquatic toxicity posed by the specific chemicals through compilations of Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and hazardous concentration values (concentration affecting 50% of the species). RESULTS Among the list of 31 specific chemicals analyzed, we detected 22 and 11 chemicals in wastewater from WP tobacco and WP charcoal smoking, respectively. Nearly half of the 22 WP wastewater chemicals were classified as "very toxic" or "toxic" for acute and chronic aquatic toxicity per GHS classification. The most hazardous compounds with acute and chronic toxicity in aquatic organisms include acrolein, acrylonitrile, and metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, cobalt) found in both WP tobacco and charcoal wastewater, and N-nitrosonornicotine, nicotine, crotonaldehyde and selenium were additionally found in WP tobacco wastewater. All the identified chemicals are considered harmful or potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke per FDA's list, and seventeen of them represent hazardous waste per EPA's list. CONCLUSION Our study expands the identification and quantifies several WP wastewater chemical constituents. It characterizes the ecological hazard of these chemicals and identifies chemicals of concern, aiding our evaluation of the environmental impacts of WP waste products. Our results add to the existing evidence that WP wastewater is a source of toxins that could affect water quality and aquatic organisms, and bioaccumulate in the environment if disposed of into public sewers, on the ground, or in an onsite septic system. These findings highlight the importance of concerted efforts to raise awareness of appropriate WP waste disposal practices in both retail and residential settings, and applicable regulatory compliance requirements for WP retailer establishments, thereby limiting hazards from WP wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Edwards
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - P Dilip Venugopal
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jason R Hsieh
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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Crape BL, Yakhiyayeva T, Kadyrzhanuly K, Gusmanov A, Sadykova D. Hookah venue employees' knowledge and perceptions of hookah tobacco smoking. Tob Control 2021; 30:299-304. [PMID: 32300027 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent years showed sharp proliferation of hookah bars worldwide with scarcity of workplace safety regulations. Hookah server employees are at high risk for elevated harm. This study reported hookah smoke exposure, assessed acute problems and evaluated factors related to knowledge of hookah-smoking harm and toxicity among high-risk hookah servers. METHODS A mixed methods design was employed. A self-reported questionnaire was distributed online, and semistructured in-depth interviews were used. Hookah server employees were recruited using snowball sampling, with 52 participants included in quantitative analyses and 10 participating in semistructured interviews. RESULTS Hookah server employees took a median 389 hookah puffs per workday compared with 169-170 per session for customers. Servers were limited in knowledge of potential hookah harms and smoke toxicant exposure. Almost all believed that hookah water bowls filtered out toxicants. Smoking with family members (p=0.012) was associated with lower knowledge scores for hookah harms and exposure. Hookah server employees reported carbon monoxide-poisoning symptoms of dizziness, headaches and fainting during work but believed their bodies would adapt. Home remedies were taken to alleviate symptoms. Work environment and salary attracted hookah server employees to their position and none considered quitting for reasons of harm. CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate need for workplace policies and regulations to protect hookah server employees and provide targets for educational interventions for high-risk hookah server employees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arnur Gusmanov
- Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Dzhamilya Sadykova
- Public Fund 'Temekisiz' and National Coalition 'Smoke Free Kazakhstan', Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Erythropel HC, Garcia Torres DS, Woodrow JG, de Winter TM, Falinski MM, Anastas PT, O’Malley SS, Krishnan-Sarin S, Zimmerman JB. Quantification of Flavorants and Nicotine in Waterpipe Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke and Comparison to E-cigarette Aerosol. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:600-604. [PMID: 32598451 PMCID: PMC7885788 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waterpipe use remains popular among youth with the availability of flavored shisha tobacco being one of the main drivers of waterpipe use. Although waterpipe mainstream toxicant emissions are well understood, less is known about the carryover of flavorants such as vanillin, benzaldehyde, and eugenol. In this study, flavored waterpipe tobacco was analyzed for flavorants and nicotine, and subsequent carryover to mainstream smoke. METHODS Flavorants vanillin, benzaldehyde, and eugenol, and nicotine were quantified in vanilla-, cherry-, and cinnamon-flavored shisha tobacco by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector and subsequently in waterpipe mainstream smoke generated by a smoking machine. The setup allowed for sampling before and after the water-filtration step. RESULTS Flavorant and nicotine content in smoke was reduced 3- to 10-fold and 1.4- to 3.1-fold, respectively, due to water filtration. Per-puff content of filtered waterpipe mainstream smoke ranged from 13 to 46 µg/puff for nicotine and from 6 to 55 µg/puff for flavorants. CONCLUSIONS Although water filtration reduced flavor and nicotine content in waterpipe mainstream smoke, the detected flavorant concentrations were similar or higher to those previously reported in e-cigarette aerosol. Therefore, users could be drawn to waterpipes due to similar flavor appeal as popular e-cigarette products. Absolute nicotine content of waterpipe smoke was lower than in e-cigarette aerosol, but the differential use patterns of waterpipe (>100 puffs/session) and e-cigarette (mostly <10 puffs/session, multiple session throughout the day) probably result in higher flavorant and nicotine exposure during a waterpipe session. Strategies to reduce youth introduction and exposure to nicotine via waterpipe use may consider similar flavor restrictions as those for e-cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS Although waterpipe mainstream smoke is well characterized for toxicants content, little is known about carryover of molecules relevant for appeal and addiction: flavorants and nicotine. This study shows that flavorant content of waterpipe mainstream smoke is comparable or higher than e-cigarette aerosol flavorant content. Regulatory action to address tobacco use behaviors targeting the availability of flavors should also include other tobacco products such as flavored shisha tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno C Erythropel
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Tamara M de Winter
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Mark M Falinski
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Paul T Anastas
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stephanie S O’Malley
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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