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Domina G, Di Gristina E, Barone G. Main Poisonous and Allergenic Plant Species in Sicilian Gardens and Parks: Applications and Recommendations for Use. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1031. [PMID: 38611560 PMCID: PMC11013740 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This study identified the most common poisonous and allergenic plants occurring in Sicilian gardens and parks. Based on a survey conducted at 100 sites, a list was drawn up that reports the main biological and toxicological characteristics and ornamental uses of these plants. A total of 137 taxa were recorded, of which 108 were poisonous and 32 were allergenic. The most represented families were the Solanaceae, Moraceae, Apocynaceae and Fabaceae. The most represented geographical contingents were the European and the Mediterranean. A large number of toxic and allergenic plants recorded in Sicilian parks and gardens cause gastrointestinal disorders, 21 of which are deadly poisonous. Based on the results, actions for the management of existing gardens and the construction of new ones are discussed. The importance of environmental education for the population starting from school age is stressed. These recommendations aim to preserve cultivated biodiversity and, at the same time, protect human and pet health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilio Di Gristina
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Bldg. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.D.); (G.B.)
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Nagy AL. Animal Poisoning: Toxins from Plants or Feed-An Important Chemical Risk for Domestic Animals. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:39. [PMID: 38251255 PMCID: PMC10818542 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Feed-, food-, water- and plant-related toxins are a major threat for animal and human health worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Knapp C, Van Dyke T, Foster D. Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) toxicity in 5 sheep. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2478-2481. [PMID: 37855228 PMCID: PMC10658575 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Two sheep presented with acute tonic-clonic seizures, opisthotonos, absent pupillary light reflexes and abnormal vital signs within 18 hours after observed consumption of leaves from an ornamental shrub later identified as wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox). Despite symptomatic treatment, both sheep died. Three other sheep that consumed the plant died after displaying similar clinical signs, resulting in 2 deaths the prior evening and 1 recovery the next morning. Gross necropsy and histologic findings were diagnostically inconclusive. Rumen contents tested positive for the alkaloid calycanthine, a centrally-acting convulsant known to be present in wintersweet. Case reports of calycanthine toxicity in ruminants are limited, with no detailed reports published in the United States. Calycanthine has been isolated from the seeds, flowers, and leaves of the plant. Wintersweet is part of the family Calycanthaceae that including 3 species native to North America, all of which pose a neurologic risk to ruminants if consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cambrey Knapp
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Thomas Van Dyke
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Derek Foster
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyNorth Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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Zacometti C, Tata A, Stella R, Leone S, Pallante I, Merenda M, Catania S, Pozzato N, Piro R. DART-HRMS allows the detection of toxic alkaloids in animal autopsy specimens and guides the selection of confirmatory methods in accidental plant poisoning. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341309. [PMID: 37230724 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cases of suspected animal poisonings or intoxications, there is the need for high-throughput, rapid and accurate analytical tools capable of giving rapid answers and, thus, speeding up the early stages of investigations. Conventional analyses are very precise, but do not meet the need for rapid answers capable of orienting the decisions and the choice of appropriate countermeasures. In this context, the use of ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) screening methods in toxicology laboratories could satisfy the requests of forensic toxicology veterinarians in a timely manner. RESULTS As a proof of principle, direct analysis in real time high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) was applied to a veterinary forensic case in which 12 of a group of 27 sheep and goats died with an acute neurological onset. Because of evidence in the rumen contents, the veterinarians hypothesized an accidental intoxication after ingestion of vegetable materials. The DART-HRMS results showed abundant signals of the alkaloids calycanthine, folicanthidine and calycanthidine, both in the rumen content and at the liver level. The DART-HRMS phytochemical fingerprinting of detached Chimonanthus praecox seeds was also compared with those acquired from the autopsy specimens. Liver, rumen content and seed extracts were then subjected to LC-HRMS/MS analysis to gather additional insights and confirm the putative assignment of calycanthine anticipated by DART-HRMS. HPLC-HRMS/MS confirmed the presence of calycanthine in both rumen contents and liver specimens and allowed its quantification, ranging from 21.3 to 46.9 mg kg-1 in the latter. This is the first report detailing the quantification of calycanthine in liver after a deadly intoxication event. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY Our study illustrates the potential of DART-HRMS to offer a rapid and complementary alternative to guide the selection of confirmatory chromatography-MSn strategies in the analysis of autopsy specimens from animals with suspected alkaloid intoxication. This method offers the consequent saving of time and resources over those needed for other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Zacometti
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tata
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy.
| | - Roberto Stella
- Laboratorio Farmaci Veterinari e Ricerca, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Stefania Leone
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Clinica e Sierologia di Piano, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via Bovolino, 1/C, 37060, Buttapietra, VR, Italy; Laboratorio di Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Ivana Pallante
- Laboratorio di Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Marianna Merenda
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Clinica e Sierologia di Piano, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via Bovolino, 1/C, 37060, Buttapietra, VR, Italy
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Clinica e Sierologia di Piano, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via Bovolino, 1/C, 37060, Buttapietra, VR, Italy
| | - Nicola Pozzato
- Laboratorio di Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Roberto Piro
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Fiume, 78, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
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Nagy AL, Ardelean S, Chapuis RJJ, Bouillon J, Pivariu D, Dreanca AI, Caloni F. Emerging Plant Intoxications in Domestic Animals: A European Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:442. [PMID: 37505711 PMCID: PMC10467095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to phytotoxins that are present in imported ornamental or native plants is an important cause of animal disease. Factors such as animal behaviors (especially indoor pets), climate change, and an increase in the global market for household and ornamental plants led to the appearance of new, previously unreported plant poisonings in Europe. This has resulted in an increase in the incidence of rarely reported intoxications. This review presents some of the emerging and well-established plant species that are responsible for poisoning episodes in companion animals and livestock in Europe. The main plant species are described, and the mechanism of action of the primary active agents and their clinical effects are presented. Data reflecting the real incidence of emerging poisoning cases from plant toxins are scarce to nonexistent in most European countries due to a lack of a centralized reporting/poison control system. The diversity of plant species and phytotoxins, as well as the emerging nature of certain plant poisonings, warrant a continuous update of knowledge by veterinarians and animal owners. The taxonomy and active agents present in these plants should be communicated to ensure awareness of the risks these toxins pose for domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.-L.N.); (R.J.J.C.)
| | - Sabrina Ardelean
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Ronan J. J. Chapuis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.-L.N.); (R.J.J.C.)
| | - Juliette Bouillon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Dalma Pivariu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Alexandra Iulia Dreanca
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Risk of Poisoning from Garden Plants: Misidentification between Laurel and Cherry Laurel. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110726. [PMID: 36355976 PMCID: PMC9697506 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The misidentification between edible and poisonous plants is an increasing problem because of the new trend to collect wild plants, especially by amateur collectors who do not have the botanical skills to distinguish between edible and toxic species. Moreover, morphologically similar species are sometimes responsible for accidental contamination or used in the intentional adulteration of products for human and animal consumption. Laurus nobilis L. (laurel) and Prunus laurocerasus L. (cherry laurel) are typical ornamental shrubs of the Mediterranean region. Laurel is considered a non-toxic plant, widely used as flavorings. Conversely, cherry laurel leaves, morphologically similar to those of laurel, contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides. Considering this, the aim of this study was to carry out an in-depth evaluation of laurel and cherry laurel leaves by using light and scanning electron microscopy coupled with three step phytochemical analyses (qualitative and quantitative colorimetric assays and liquid chromatography). This allowed to highlight the distinguishing features of plant species investigated features such as the venation pattern, presence/absence of nectaries, calcium oxalate crystals, secretory idioblasts, and cyanogenic glycosides. Concluding, this multidisciplinary approach can be useful for the identification of plants but also fragments or pruning residues containing cyanogenic glycosides, in quality control tests, intoxications, and criminal cases.
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Lubian E, Capitelli R, Nappi S, Semenza Esposito R, Russo RP, Lodi G, Ravasio G, Bardi E. Use of intralipid emulsion therapy to treat suspected oleander toxicosis in a domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Moshobane MC, Bertero A, Marks C, Stephen C, Mothapo NP, Middleton L, Caloni F. Plants and mushrooms associated with animal poisoning incidents in South Africa. Vet Rec Open 2020; 7:e000402. [PMID: 33262890 PMCID: PMC7678378 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is extensive literature on animal poisoning from plants and mushrooms worldwide; however, there is limited account of poisoning from South Africa. Methods This study sought to describe and provide an overview of animal poison exposures in South Africa. Poisoning episodes reported to the Poisons Information Helpline of the Western Cape, jointly run by the Poisons Information Centres at the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Tygerberg Hospital over a period of approximately 2.5 years, from June 2015 to November 2017, were analysed to identify exposure patterns, severity and clinical outcomes. Results Alien plant species accounted for most cases (n=10) of reported poison exposures. Among the 26 recorded animal poisoning episodes, the dog was the most commonly implicated species (n=24), whereas just two enquiries were related to other animals (one rabbit and one cow). There were 20 plant cases and 6 mushroom cases (all dogs). There was only one fatal case involving cycad in a dog. Conclusion Features of animal poisoning in South Africa were similar to those in other countries. The reported cases of animals exposed to poisonous plants and mushrooms could represent only a fraction of the actual exposures. Since most reported cases involved taxa that could not be identified to species level, more attention should be paid in case reporting and in animal poisoning prevention, engaging the public to enable people to recognise potentially hazardous plants and reduce the risk of poisoning in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moleseng Claude Moshobane
- Department of Biological Invasions, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Biology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Alessia Bertero
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carine Marks
- Tygerberg Poisons Information Centre, Division Clinical Pharmacology, Stellenbosch University - Tygerberg Campus, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Cindy Stephen
- Poisons Information Centre, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Natasha Palesa Mothapo
- Division for Research and Development, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Middleton
- Department of Biology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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Silva JJMD, Campanharo SC, Paschoal JAR. Ethnoveterinary for food-producing animals and related food safety issues: A comprehensive overview about terpenes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:48-90. [PMID: 33443807 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternatives to the use of conventional veterinary drugs in food-producing animals have gained attention, such as the use of natural products (NPs), mainly to soften the risks to the animal, the environment, and consumer's health. Although NPs have consistent advantages over conventional drugs, they cannot be considered risk free under food safety matters. In this way, this document presents a comprehensive overview of the importance of considering both the pharmacological and toxicological properties of the constituents of a NP from plants intending the standardization and regulation of its use in food-producing animals. Terpenes are the most diverse class of natural substances present in NP of vegetal origin with a broad range of biological activities that can be explored in veterinary science; however, certain plants and terpenes also have significant toxic effects, a fact that can harm the health of animals and consequently generate economic losses and risks for humans. In this context, this review gathered scientific data of vegetal species of importance to ethnoveterinary for food-producing animals, which produce terpenes, its biological effects, and their implications on food safety issues for consumers. For this, more than 300 documents were selected from different online scientific databases. The present data and discussion may contribute to the rational commercial exploration of this class of NPs in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Bertero A, Fossati P, Caloni F. Indoor Companion Animal Poisoning by Plants in Europe. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:487. [PMID: 32851047 PMCID: PMC7427442 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor plant poisoning poses serious threats to companion animals. One of the major reasons of this kind of hazard can be identified in the increased amount of time that the pets spend indoor, sharing the domestic environment with their owners. In this review, the toxic houseplants most commonly associated with companion animal poisoning in Europe and well-documented in the literature are emphasized. An analysis of the major and emerging plant species accountable for companion animal poisoning is proposed, in order to provide a framework of the factors influencing these incidents. Indeed, knowing the way substances may induce toxic effects in companion animals can be useful in allowing easier diagnosis and treatment processes. In conclusion, the Authors argue that a better characterization of the phenomenon, as well as of its extent, would be allowed by the availability of a centralized system for the data collection. Furthermore, better information and awareness on the issue may help developing a focused corrective approach to prevent indoor pet poisoning in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bertero
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fossati
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety "Carlo Cantoni" (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ceci L, Girolami F, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Nebbia C, Gosetti F, Marengo E, Iarussi F, Carelli G. Outbreak of Oleander ( Nerium oleander) Poisoning in Dairy Cattle: Clinical and Food Safety Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080471. [PMID: 32722138 PMCID: PMC7472096 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleander is a spontaneous shrub widely occurring in Mediterranean regions. Poisoning is sporadically reported in livestock, mainly due to the ingestion of leaves containing toxic cardiac glycosides (primarily oleandrin). In this study, 50 lactating Fleckvieh cows were affected after being offered a diet containing dry oleander pruning wastes accidentally mixed with fodder. Clinical examination, electrocardiogram, and blood sampling were conducted. Dead animals were necropsied, and heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine were submitted to histological investigation. Oleandrin detection was performed through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in blood, serum, liver, heart, milk, and cheese samples. Severe depression, anorexia, ruminal atony, diarrhea, serous nasal discharge, tachycardia, and irregular heartbeat were the most common clinical signs. The first animal died within 48 h, and a total of 13 cows died in 4 days. Disseminated hyperemia and hemorrhages, multifocal coagulative necrosis of the cardiac muscle fibers, and severe and diffuse enteritis were suggestive of oleander poisoning. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of oleandrin in serum, liver, heart, milk, and cheese. Our results confirm the high toxicity of oleander in cattle and report for the first time the transfer into milk and dairy products, suggesting a potential risk for the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ceci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Iarussi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Grazia Carelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
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Abstract
Potentially poisonous plants are a common part of the environment of many farm animals. Risk of poisoning varies season by season and year by year with variation in the environmental conditions. In the autumn there is risk of poisoning from seeds and fruits and autumn flowering plants. This includes plants containing cyanogenic glycosides (such as cherry laurel) and yew which contains taxine alkaloids. These plants commonly cause sudden death in livestock. Oak, although part of the natural diet of many animals, can cause episodic outbreaks of poisoning, particularly following hot, dry summers. Signs mainly involve the gastrointestinal and renal systems. Poisoning with horse chestnut is not common but can cause neurological and gastrointestinal signs. Ingestion of autumn crocus can also cause gastrointestinal signs in livestock. Prevention of poisoning by recognising the risks and limiting potential circumstances of exposure and ensuring access to forage is essential, as treatment options for management of poisoning in livestock are limited and, in some cases, the only sign of exposure is sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bates
- Senior Information Scientist, Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS), 2nd Floor, Godfree Court, 29-35 Long Lane, London, SE1 4PL
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13
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McFarland SE, Mischke RH, Hopster-Iversen C, von Krueger X, Ammer H, Potschka H, Stürer A, Begemann K, Desel H, Greiner M. Systematic account of animal poisonings in Germany, 2012-2015. Vet Rec 2017; 180:327. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. McFarland
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - R. H. Mischke
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - C. Hopster-Iversen
- Clinic for Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - X. von Krueger
- Veterinary Drugs Department; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Safety; Berlin Germany
| | - H. Ammer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - H. Potschka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - A. Stürer
- The Society of Clinical Toxicology; Mainz Germany
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - K. Begemann
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - H. Desel
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - M. Greiner
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
- Virtual Centre for Animal Health and Food Quality, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation; Hannover Germany
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Poisonous or non-poisonous plants? DNA-based tools and applications for accurate identification. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:1-19. [PMID: 27796590 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant exposures are among the most frequently reported cases to poison control centres worldwide. This is a growing condition due to recent societal trends oriented towards the consumption of wild plants as food, cosmetics, or medicine. At least three general causes of plant poisoning can be identified: plant misidentification, introduction of new plant-based supplements and medicines with no controls about their safety, and the lack of regulation for the trading of herbal and phytochemical products. Moreover, an efficient screening for the occurrence of plants poisonous to humans is also desirable at the different stages of the food supply chain: from the raw material to the final transformed product. A rapid diagnosis of intoxication cases is necessary in order to provide the most reliable treatment. However, a precise taxonomic characterization of the ingested species is often challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of the emerging DNA-based tools and technologies to address the issue of poisonous plant identification. Specifically, classic DNA barcoding and its applications using High Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM) ensure high universality and rapid response respectively, whereas High Throughput Sequencing techniques (HTS) provide a complete characterization of plant residues in complex matrices. The pros and cons of each approach have been evaluated with the final aim of proposing a general user's guide to molecular identification directed to different stakeholder categories interested in the diagnostics of poisonous plants.
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Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5301-7. [PMID: 26670251 PMCID: PMC4690134 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids, nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites, are of major interest to veterinary toxicology because of their occurrence in plant species commonly involved in animal poisoning. Based on epidemiological data, the poisoning of cattle and horses by alkaloid-containing plants is a relatively common occurrence in Europe. Poisoning may occur when the plants contaminate hay or silage or when forage alternatives are unavailable. Cattle and horses are particularly at risk of poisoning by Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron), Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), Datura stramonium (jimson weed), Equisetum palustre (marsh horsetail), Senecio spp. (ragwort and groundsel) and Taxus baccata (European yew). This review of poisonous alkaloid-containing plants describes the distribution of these plants, conditions under which poisoning occurs, active toxic principles involved and subsequent clinical signs observed.
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Abstract
CASE HISTORY A one-year-old female goat presented with acute onset of recumbency, seizures and vocalisation approximately 5 hours after being given access to branch trimmings from a neighbour's garden. The plant from which the pruned branches came was subsequently identified as wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox). Three other goats kept in the same paddock displayed similar clinical signs over a period of 4 hours following the initial presentation. CLINICAL FINDINGS All four goats were ataxic, displayed tetanic seizures and were in lateral recumbency; they had dilated pupils and were hyperaesthetic, with elevated heart and respiratory rates. After symptomatic treatment, including sedation with diazepam, one of the three goats continued to deteriorate and was subjected to euthanasia. The remaining three goats recovered over 1-14 days with nursing care and physiotherapy. DIAGNOSIS Toxicity due to ingestion of wintersweet, which contains the alkaloid calycanthine. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Calycanthine is a central nervous system toxin, causing convulsions. Wintersweet shrubs are present in many New Zealand gardens. Practitioners should be aware that the seeds and flowers, and possibly the leaves, of this plant are highly toxic with signs of toxicity including ataxia, hyperaesthesia and seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Numan
- a Vetora Te Awamutu , 565 Mahoe Street, Te Awamutu , New Zealand
| | - S S Ackermann
- a Vetora Te Awamutu , 565 Mahoe Street, Te Awamutu , New Zealand
| | - J S Shelgren
- a Vetora Te Awamutu , 565 Mahoe Street, Te Awamutu , New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Caloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - C. Cortinovis
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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Kovacevic Z, Davidovic G, Vuckovic-Filipovic J, Janicijevic-Petrovic MA, Janicijevic K, Popovic A. A Toxic Hepatitis Caused the Kombucha Tea – Case Report. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2014.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toxic hepatitis may clinically manifest as other diseases of the liver, where it must always be considered in differential diagnoses of unexplained liver damage, such as poisoning with kombucha tea.Case report: 47-year old female patient was hospitalized and has consumed daily ounces of kombucha tea. During hospitalization patient was diagnosed with toxic hepatitis and treated with intravenous solutions of hepatic protective and ursodeoxycholic-acid (effective therapy). Conclusion: Examinations showed that kombucha tea has potential to revert the CCl4-induced hepatic toxicity, but used in overdose can induce toxicity himself.
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