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Sobotta K, Bonkowski K, Heydel C, Henning K, Menge C. Phenotype of Coxiella burnetii Strains of Different Sources and Genotypes in Bovine Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121422. [PMID: 36558755 PMCID: PMC9786247 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of C. burnetii in dairy herds and continuous shedding via milk by chronically infected cows, bovine milk is not recognized as a relevant source of human Q fever. We hypothesized that the bovine mammary gland epithelial cell line PS represents a suitable in vitro model for the identification of C. burnetii-strain-specific virulence properties that may account for this discrepancy. Fifteen C. burnetii strains were selected to represent different host species and multiple loci variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) genotypes (I, II, III and IV). The replication efficiencies of all strains were similar, even though strains of the MLVA-genotype II replicated significantly better than genotype I strains, and bovine and ovine isolates replicated better than caprine ones. Bovine milk isolates replicated with similar efficiencies to isolates from other bovine organs. One sheep isolate (Cb30/14, MLVA type I, isolated from fetal membranes) induced a remarkable up-regulation of IL-1β and TNF-α, whereas prototypic strains and bovine milk isolates tended to suppress pro-inflammatory responses. While infection with strain Nine Mile I rendered the cells partially refractory to re-stimulation with E. coli lipopolysaccharide, Cb30/14 exerted a selective suppressive effect which was restricted to IL-6 and TNF-α and spared IL-1β. PS cells support the replication of different strains of C. burnetii and respond in a strain-specific manner, but isolates from bovine milk did not display a common pattern, which distinguishes them from strains identified as a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sobotta
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Bonkowski
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Heydel
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University (JLU), Frankfurter Strasse 85-89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Henning
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Khatun M, García SC, Thomson PC, Parker AM, Bruckmaier RM, Bosward KL. Effect of Coxiella burnetii infection on milk constituents and cow behaviour. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tamba M, Pallante I, Petrini S, Feliziani F, Iscaro C, Arrigoni N, Di Sabatino D, Barberio A, Cibin V, Santi A, Ianniello M, Ruocco L, Pozzato N. Overview of Control Programs for EU Non-regulated Cattle Diseases in Italy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:665607. [PMID: 33981747 PMCID: PMC8107282 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cattle industry is a major driving force for the Italian agricultural sector totalling about 5. 6 million heads for dairy and meat production together. It is particularly developed in the northern part of the country, where 70% of the whole Italian cattle population is reared. The cattle industry development in the rest of the country is hampered by the hard orography of the territories and a variety of socioeconomic features leading to the persistence of the traditional rural farming systems. The differences in the farming systems (industrial vs. traditional) also affect the health status of the farms. Whereas, Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) is almost eradicated across the whole country, in Southern Italy where Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis are still present and Bluetongue is endemic due to the presence of the competent vector (Culicoides imicola), less investments are aimed at controlling diseases with economic impact or at improving farm biosecurity. On the other hand, with the eradication of these diseases in most part of the country, the need has emerged for reducing the economic burden of non-regulated endemic disease and control programs (CPs) for specific diseases have been implemented at regional level, based on the needs of each territory (for instance common grazing or trading with neighboring countries). This explains the coexistence of different types of programs in force throughout the country. Nowadays in Italy, among cattle diseases with little or no EU regulations only three are regulated by a national CP: Enzootic Bovine Leukosis, Bluetongue and Paratuberculosis, while Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis and Trichomonosis are nationwide controlled only in breeding bulls. For some of the remaining diseases (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Streptococcus agalactiae) specific CPs have been implemented by the regional Authorities, but for most of them a CP does not exist at all. However, there is a growing awareness among farmers and public health authorities that animal diseases have a major impact not only on the farm profitability but also on animal welfare and on the use of antibiotics in livestock. It is probable that in the near future other CPs will be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ivana Pallante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Barberio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Veronica Cibin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Ianniello
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Medicinal Products, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Medicinal Products, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Pozzato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Rabaza A, Fraga M, Corbellini LG, Turner KME, Riet-Correa F, Eisler MC. Molecular prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in bulk-tank milk from bovine dairy herds: Systematic review and meta-analysis. One Health 2020; 12:100208. [PMID: 33553561 PMCID: PMC7846927 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular zoonotic bacterium that causes Q fever. Ruminants, including cattle, are broadly known to be reservoirs for this bacterium. Since 2006, many research groups have evaluated the herd-level prevalence of C. burnetii in cattle by molecular techniques on composite milk samples. This study explored the global C. burnetii herd-level prevalence from studies done on bovine bulk-tank milk (BTM) samples using PCR-based analysis. Also, moderators were investigated to identify sources of heterogeneity. Databases (CAB Abstracts, Medline via Ovid, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for index articles on C. burnetii prevalence in BTM samples by PCR published between January-1973 and November-2018. Numerous studies (1054) were initially identified, from which seventeen original publications were included in the meta-analysis based on the pre-defined selection criteria. These studies comprised 4031 BTM samples from twelve countries. A random-effects model was used because of considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 98%) to estimate the herd-level prevalence of C. burnetii as 37.0%(CI95%25.2–49.5%). The average herd size appeared to account for a high level of the heterogeneity. No other moderators (geographic location, gross national income or notification criteria for Q fever) seemed to be determinant. This systematic evaluation demonstrated a high molecular prevalence of C. burnetii in BTM samples both in European and non-European countries, evidencing a widespread herd-level circulation of this agent in bovine dairy farms around the world. Meta-regression showed herd size as the most relevant moderator with the odds of a BTM sample testing positive doubling with every unit increase. First meta-analysis of the PCR-based prevalence of C. burnetii in bovine milk Results showed a high molecular prevalence of C. burnetii in bulk-tank milk samples. C. burnetii is widely distributed in dairy farms in Europe and the wider world. Current results reinforce the need for further investigations on this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rabaza
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 Km 11, Colonia, Uruguay.,Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Martín Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 Km 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Luis Gustavo Corbellini
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 Km 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Katy M E Turner
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50 Km 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Mark C Eisler
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Villari S, Galluzzo P, Arnone M, Alfano M, Geraci F, Chiarenza G. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection (Q fever) in sheep farms located in Sicily (Southern Italy) and related risk factors. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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6
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Pexara A, Solomakos N, Govaris A. Q fever and prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Guidi F, Petruzzelli A, Ciarrocchi F, Duranti A, Valiani A, Amagliani G, Blasi G. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cows’ and ewes’ bulk tank milk samples from selected dairy farms of Central Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1321474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Guidi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Floriana Ciarrocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Duranti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Amagliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giuliana Blasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
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Rizzo F, Vitale N, Ballardini M, Borromeo V, Luzzago C, Chiavacci L, Mandola ML. Q fever seroprevalence and risk factors in sheep and goats in northwest Italy. Prev Vet Med 2016; 130:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Q fever is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution with the exception of New Zealand. It is caused by an intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. The disease often goes underdiagnosed because the main manifestation of its acute form is a general self-limiting flu-like syndrome. The Dutch epidemics renewed attention to this disease, which was less considered before. This review summarizes the description of C. burnetii (taxonomy, intracellular cycle, and genome) and Q fever disease (description, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathogenesis). Finally, vaccination in humans and animals is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Boarbi
- Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique.,Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - David Fretin
- Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique.,Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Marcella Mori
- Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique.,Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique
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Kargar M, Rashidi A, Doosti A, Najafi A, Ghorbani-Dalini S. The Sensitivity of the PCR Method for Detection of Coxiella burnetii in the Milk Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/zjrms988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Boarbi S, Mori M, Rousset E, Sidi-Boumedine K, Van Esbroeck M, Fretin D. Prevalence and molecular typing of Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk in Belgian dairy goats, 2009-2013. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:117-24. [PMID: 24598136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Q fever, a worldwide zoonosis, is an arousing public health concern in many countries since the recent Dutch outbreak. An emerging C. burnetii clone, genotype CbNL01, was identified as responsible for the Dutch human Q fever cluster cases. Since 2009, Q fever surveillance in the goat industry was implemented by the Belgian authorities. The herd prevalence (December 2009-March 2013) ranged between 6.3 and 12.1%. Genotypic analysis highlighted the molecular diversity of the Belgian strains from goats and identified an emerging CbNL01-like genotype. This follow-up allowed the description of shedding profiles in positive farms which was either continuous (type I) and associated to the CbNL01-like genotype; or intermittent (type II) and linked to other genotypes. Despite the circulation of a CbNL01-like strain, the number of notified Belgian human cases was very low. The mandatory vaccination (in June 2011) on positive dairy goat farms in Belgium, contributed to a decrease in shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Boarbi
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, VAR-CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcella Mori
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, VAR-CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elodie Rousset
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Anses, Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, France
| | - Karim Sidi-Boumedine
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Anses, Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, France
| | | | - David Fretin
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, VAR-CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium.
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