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Hampton CE, Zhu X, Giori L. Validation of a human paper-based blood typing method for use in pet pigs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:619-623. [PMID: 37622633 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based medical practices for pet pigs are needed. EldonCard is a human blood-typing card shown to be rapid and reliable in identifying blood phenotypes of pet pigs. The objective of this study was to validate EldonCard by determining its reliability, reproducibility, and robustness for its routine use in the clinical setting. KEY FINDINGS Twenty-four venous blood samples from pet pigs were collected for a prospective in vitro study. Blood genotypes ("EAAA0 " and "EAA00 ") were identified in 15 samples via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All samples were phenotyped ("A," "Aweak ," and "0" or "-") via EldonCard. Kappa (κ) statistics measured the level of agreement between 2 raters, and between EldonCard and PCR. McNemar's test determined if an association between the blood types and EldonCard or PCR exists, with significance at P < 0.05. Agreement between raters and methods was perfect (60/60 [100%], κ:1, P < 0.001; 15/15 [100%], κ:1, P < 0.001). There was no difference in the proportions of blood groups based on method. SIGNIFICANCE In conjunction with previous data, EldonCard is a rapid, accurate, reliable, precise, and robust in-clinic blood-typing method for the A0 system of pet pigs. EldonCard is now a validated blood-typing tool for the A0 system of pet pigs and maybe used for pretransfusion screenings and identification of donors and recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara E Hampton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Office of Information and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luca Giori
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Hampton C, Dehghanpir S, Armstrong C, Scully C, Baker RE, Mitchell M. Prevalence of AO blood group and level of agreement for AO blood-typing methods in pet pigs from Louisiana. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:549-558. [PMID: 36426748 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pet pigs are a species of growing medical interest, and evidence-based practices for blood transfusions are needed. The objectives of this study were to quantify the prevalence of 3 blood group (Bg) phenotypes ("A" and "Aweak " resulting from EAAAA and EAAAO , "0" from EAA00 , or "-" from EAA00 or SSS alleles) in pet pigs and compare results using a human blood-typing card (EldonCard), standard saline agglutination (SSA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Ninety-seven pet pigs from Louisiana. INTERVENTIONS Blood was sampled from randomly selected pet pigs of various breeds, anticoagulated with EDTA, and typed using each investigated test according to the manufacturers' directions or standard laboratory technique. Samples for PCR analysis were stored at -80°C until analysis. Phenotypes were screened via EldonCard. Association between Bg and sex was investigated using chi-square test, with significance at P < 0.05. Kappa (κ) statistic was used to measure the level of agreement between the 3 tests. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pot-bellied pigs represented the majority (84.5%) of this population, with 52 (53.6%) males and 45 (46.4%) females. Genotypic frequencies were 30%, 30%, and 40% for "EAAAA ," "EAAAO ," and "EAA00 ," respectively. Based on EldonCard, 38 phenotypes were classified as "A," 5 as "Aweak ," and 54 as "0" or "-." Results were identical for Bg, with the 3 tested techniques in 90% (45/50) of samples. Agreement between EldonCard and PCR was almost perfect (49/50 [98%], κ = 0.959; P < 0.001). Agreement between SSA and PCR, and EldonCard and SSA was substantial (46/50 [92%], κ = 0.803, P < 0.001 and 93/97 [95.9%], κ = 0.764, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The most common blood type was "0" or "-" (55.7%), followed by "A" (39.2%) and "Aweak " (5.1%). There was strong agreement between EldonCard and PCR testing. EldonCard allowed for rapid and reliable phenotype identification ("A," "Aweak ," and "0" or "-") and represents a clinically applicable laboratory method for blood typing in pet pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Hampton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shannon Dehghanpir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chance Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Clare Scully
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rose E Baker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mark Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Smith JS, Gebert JE, Ebner LS, Bennett KO, Collins RJ, Hampton CE, Kleine SA, Mulon PY, Smith CK, Seddighi R, Bussieres G, Mochel JP, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular maropitant in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:158-164. [PMID: 36872454 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are at risk of vomiting from medical conditions as well as the emetic side effects of drugs administered for peri-operative manipulations, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for potential anti-emetic therapies, such as maropitant, in this species. The main objective of this study was to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for maropitant in pigs after a single intramuscular (IM) administration dosed at 1.0 mg/kg. A secondary objective was to estimate pilot pharmacokinetic parameters in pigs after oral (PO) administration at 2.0 mg/kg. Maropitant was administered to six commercial pigs at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg IM. Plasma samples were collected over 72 h. After a 7-day washout period, two pigs were administered maropitant at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg PO. Maropitant concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A non-compartmental analysis was used to derive pharmacokinetics parameters. No adverse events were noted in any of the study pigs after administration. Following single IM administration, maximum plasma concentration was estimated at 412.7 ± 132.0 ng/mL and time to maximum concentration ranged from 0.083 to 1.0 h. Elimination half-life was estimated at 6.7 ± 1.28 h, and mean residence time was 6.1 ± 1.2 h. Volume of distribution after IM administration was 15.9 L/kg. Area under the curve was 1336 ± 132.0 h*ng/mL. The relative bioavailability of PO administration was noted to be 15.5% and 27.2% in the two pilot pigs. The maximum systemic concentration observed in the study pigs after IM administration was higher than what was observed after subcutaneous administration in dogs, cats, or rabbits. The achieved maximum concentration exceeded the concentrations for anti-emetic purposes in dogs and cats; however, a specific anti-emetic concentration is currently not known for pigs. Further research is needed into the pharmacodynamics of maropitant in pigs to determine specific therapeutic strategies for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jessica E Gebert
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa S Ebner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kailee O Bennett
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca J Collins
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chiara E Hampton
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie A Kleine
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher K Smith
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Reza Seddighi
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Genevieve Bussieres
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Abstract
With their increase in popularity in North America as pets, miniature companion pigs are in need of veterinary professionals familiar with sedation and anesthesia for the species. This article provides a review of the agents used for sedation, premedication, induction, and maintenance of anesthesia for miniature companion pigs. This review also covers species-specific anatomic and physiologic factors of miniature companion pigs with respect to administration of anesthetics, endotracheal intubation, anesthetic maintenance, and common complications so that the reader can make an informed anesthetic plan for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA.
| | - Reza Seddighi
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA
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McOnie RC, Noel AM, Fubini SL, Reesink HL. Surgical treatment of uterine neoplasia in 13 production size pigs with a comparison to pot-bellied pigs. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1434-1442. [PMID: 34347882 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to describe the clinical management and surgical treatment of production size pigs (PrdP) with uterine neoplasia. A secondary objective was to compare tumor diagnoses as well as short- and long-term survival between PrdP and a published report of pot-bellied pigs (PBP) following surgical intervention. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION Client-owned PrdP (n = 13) treated with exploratory celiotomy ±ovariohysterectomy for uterine neoplasia. METHODS Medical records from a university hospital were reviewed for historical treatment, presenting complaint, clinical signs, diagnostics, surgical intervention, pathology, and outcome. An online owner survey was performed for follow-up. The novel PrdP cohort was compared to a previously published PBP cohort for differences in tumor diagnoses, surgical complications, and survival. Descriptive statistics, Fischer's exact tests and odds ratios were reported. RESULTS PrdP were affected by uterine leiomyoma (4/11), leiomyosarcoma (2/11), adenoma (1/11), adenocarcinoma (3/11), and carcinosarcoma (1/11) with no difference in tumor types between PrdP and PBP. PrdP surviving to hospital discharge (6/13) survived at least 1 year postoperatively, with median follow-up of 16 months (14-60 months). PrdP were less likely than PBP to survive in the short-term despite similar frequencies of marked intraoperative hemorrhage. PrdP and PBP had comparable rates of long-term survival following hospital discharge. CONCLUSION PrdP are afflicted by similar uterine neoplasia diagnoses as PBP, but they have lower rates of short-term survival to hospital discharge with surgical treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT PrdP have a guarded prognosis for survival to hospital discharge when operated for uterine neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C McOnie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Aliyyah M Noel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Susan L Fubini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Landolfi JA, Gaffney PM, McManamon R, Gottdenker NL, Ellis AE, Rech RR, Han S, Lowenstine LJ, Agnew D, Garner MM, McAloose D, Hollinger C, St Leger J, Terrell SP, Duncan M, Pessier AP. Reproductive tract neoplasia in adult female Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus). Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1131-1141. [PMID: 34269107 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211031843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have highlighted a lower-than-expected prevalence of neoplasia in elephants and suggested mechanisms for cancer resistance. But despite infrequent reports in the literature, uterine neoplasia is common in managed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This study is an archival review of reproductive tract neoplasia in 80 adult female Asian elephant mortalities in managed care facilities in the United States from 1988 to 2019. Neoplasms occurred in 64/80 (80%) of cases. Most were in the uterus (63/64; 98%) with only a single case of ovarian neoplasia. Myometrial leiomyomas were present in 57/63 (90%) cases with uterine neoplasia. Uterine adenocarcinoma was present in 8/63 (13%) cases. Remaining cases included endometrial adenoma (2), focal carcinoma in situ in endometrial polyps (1), anaplastic carcinoma (1), endometrial hemangioma (1), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET; 1), and angiosarcoma (1). One case with uterine adenocarcinoma had a separate pelvic mass histologically characterized as an anaplastic sarcoma. Distant metastases were documented in 5/8 (63%) cases of uterine adenocarcinoma, and in the uterine anaplastic carcinoma, PNET, and angiosarcoma. Four uterine adenocarcinomas and one carcinoma in situ were examined immunohistochemically for pan-cytokeratin, vimentin, and estrogen receptor. In all, neoplastic cells were pan-cytokeratin positive and vimentin negative, and in 2 cases were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor. Results show that female reproductive tract neoplasia, particularly of the uterus, is common in Asian elephants and is not limited to leiomyomas. Importantly, uterine neoplasms have the potential to impact fecundity and may represent obstacles to conservation in managed care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sushan Han
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Dalen Agnew
- 70726Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Denise McAloose
- 2015Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan P Pessier
- 7114San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, USA.,6760Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Collins D, Simons B. Significantly delayed polyglactin 910 suture-related pseudoinfection in a Yucatan pig. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:459. [PMID: 33238985 PMCID: PMC7687828 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyglactin 910 is a synthetic braided, absorbable suture commonly used in surgery. Though polyglactin 910 suture-related pseudoinfection is well documented in the human literature, it has not been previously reported in the veterinary literature. CASE DESCRIPTION A 3-year-old female, ovariectomized but otherwise experimentally naïve Yucatan pig was evaluated for a several week history of bilateral multifocal abscesses in the area of the paralumbar fossa, which continued to worsen despite oral antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. The multi-focal abscesses continued to worsen and additional diagnostics were pursued including cytology, culture (aerobic, anaerobic and fungal), and bloodwork. All supported a non-infectious etiology. Biopsy results indicated a suture-related pseudoinfection. Despite treatment including parenteral antibiotics, pain medications and superficial surgical debridement, the dermatologic lesions worsened. Euthanasia was elected. Post-mortem necropsy demonstrated a suture-related pseudoinfection with extrusion of suture material from the ovarian pedicle ligatures through the body wall and skin leading to numerous sterile abscesses in the bilateral paralumbar fossa. CONCLUSIONS This is the first published report of a significantly delayed polyglactin 910 suture-related pseudoinfection in a Yucatan pig. While likely an isolated incident, it supports further research into this area. Additionally for critical research studies using Yucatan pigs, pre-surgical assessment with hypersensitivity patch testing may be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalis Collins
- Center of Comparative Medicine (DC) and Diagnostic Pathology Laboratory (BS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Brian Simons
- Center of Comparative Medicine (DC) and Diagnostic Pathology Laboratory (BS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Strachota JR, Jacobs CC, Agnew DW, Roberts JN. Theriogenology Question of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 257:917-920. [PMID: 33064606 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.9.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Boorman S, Douglas H, Driessen B, Gillespie MJ, Schaer TP. Fatal Ovarian Hemorrhage Associated With Anticoagulation Therapy in a Yucatan Mini-Pig Following Venous Stent Implantation. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:18. [PMID: 32083102 PMCID: PMC7002391 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine models are commonly utilized in endovascular research for development of intravascular interventions and medical device development. As part of a pilot study for a venous vascular stent device, a 5-year-old female Yucatan mini-pig underwent bilateral external iliac vein stent placement under general anesthesia. To reduce thrombotic complications by reduction of thrombus formation on wires, sheaths, and catheters, the pig was heparinized with a total of 300 IU/kg of heparin, establishing an activated clotting time (ACT) of 436 s. The ACT had returned to below 200 s by the end of the procedure. To prevent postoperative thrombosis, the pig received an anticoagulation therapy protocol consisting of enoxaparin, clopidogrel, and aspirin. There were no complications during the immediate postoperative period. However, the pig died 4 days after surgery. Necropsy established the cause of death as abdominal exsanguination due to severe, acute, intra-ovarian hemorrhage, most likely related to ovulation. Life-threatening ovarian hemorrhage is occasionally seen in women with congenital or acquired bleeding disorders; to our knowledge this is the first report of fatal ovarian hemorrhage in an animal enrolled in a pre-clinical research trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Boorman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Hope Douglas
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bernd Driessen
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew J Gillespie
- Department of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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