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Nixon E, Chittenden JT, Baynes RE, Messenger KM. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of ketoprofen and flunixin at piglet castration and tail-docking. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:450-466. [PMID: 35833463 PMCID: PMC9541024 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study performed population‐pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pop‐PK/PD) modeling of ketoprofen and flunixin in piglets undergoing routine castration and tail‐docking, utilizing previously published data. Six‐day‐old male piglets (8/group) received either ketoprofen (3.0 mg/kg) or flunixin (2.2 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Two hours post‐dose, piglets were castrated and tail docked. Inhibitory indirect response models were developed utilizing plasma cortisol or interstitial fluid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration data. Plasma IC50 for ketoprofen utilizing PGE2 as a biomarker was 1.2 μg/ml, and ED50 for was 5.83 mg/kg. The ED50 calculated using cortisol was 4.36 mg/kg; however, the IC50 was high, at 2.56 μg/ml. A large degree of inter‐individual variability (124.08%) was also associated with the cortisol IC50 following ketoprofen administration. IC50 for flunixin utilizing cortisol as a biomarker was 0.06 μg/ml, and ED50 was 0.51 mg/kg. The results show that the currently marketed doses of ketoprofen (3.0 mg/kg) and flunixin (2.2 mg/kg) correspond to drug responses of 33.97% (ketoprofen‐PGE2), 40.75% (ketoprofen‐cortisol), and 81.05% (flunixin‐cortisol) of the maximal possible responses. Given this information, flunixin may be the best NSAID to use in mitigating castration and tail‐docking pain at the current label dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nixon
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ronald E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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De Koster J, Boucher JF, Tena JK, Gehring R, Stegemann MR. Co-formulation of ketoprofen with tulathromycin alters pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of ketoprofen in cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:69-82. [PMID: 34387365 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The current studies aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile and to establish a PK-PD model for ketoprofen in a new fixed combination product containing tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg) and ketoprofen (3 mg/kg) to treat bovine respiratory disease associated with pyrexia in cattle. Firstly, the effect of different ketoprofen doses as mono-substance (1, 3, and 6 mg/kg subcutaneous) on lipopolysaccharide-induced fever was evaluated which indicated that rectal temperature reduction lasted longer in the calves receiving 3 and 6 mg/kg ketoprofen. Secondly, the PK profile of the combination product was compared with mono-substance products (3 mg/kg subcutaneous and intramuscular). The PK profile of ketoprofen in the combination product was characterized by longer t1/2 , lower Cmax and increased AUC in comparison with mono-substance products. Due to prolonged ketoprofen exposure in the combination product, the pyrexia reducing effect of the combination product lasted longer in a second lipopolysaccharide challenge study in comparison with mono-substance products. Finally, a PK-PD model for the anti-pyretic effect of ketoprofen was developed based on the data from the different studies. The PK-PD model eliminated the need for additional animal experiments and indicated that a 3 mg/kg ketoprofen dose in the combination product provided optimal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenne De Koster
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Joseph F Boucher
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jezaniah-Kira Tena
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Division of Veterinary and Comparative Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Kleinhenz KE, Kukanich B, Rajewski SM, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. The impact of pain on the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine administered at the time of cautery dehorning in Holstein calves. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:849-857. [PMID: 30122634 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the influence of pain on the pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory actions of transdermal flunixin administered at dehorning. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, crossover, clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 16 male Holstein calves, aged 6-8 weeks weighing 61.3 ± 6.6 kg. METHODS Calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: transdermal flunixin and dehorning (PAIN) or transdermal flunixin and sham dehorning (NO PAIN). Flunixin meglumine (3.33 mg kg-1) was administered topically as a pour-on concurrently with hot iron dehorning or sham dehorning. The calves were subjected to the alternative treatment 14 days later. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points up to 72 hours for measurement of plasma flunixin concentrations. Pharmacokinetics parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration was determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 80% inhibition concentration (IC80) of PGE2 was determined using nonlinear regression. Pharmacokinetic data were statistically analyzed using paired t tests and Wilcoxon rank sums for nonparametric data. Flunixin and PGE2 concentrations were log transformed and analyzed using repeated measures. RESULTS A total of 15 calves completed the study. Plasma half-life of flunixin was significantly longer in PAIN (10.09 hours) than NO PAIN (7.16 hours) (p = 0.0202). Bioavailability of transdermal flunixin was 30% and 37% in PAIN and NO PAIN, respectively (p = 0.097). Maximum plasma concentrations of flunixin were 0.95 and 1.16 μg mL-1 in PAIN and NO PAIN, respectively (p = 0.089). However, there was a treatment (PAIN versus NO PAIN) by time interaction (p = 0.0353). PGE2 concentrations were significantly lower in the PAIN treatment at 48 and 72 hours (p = 0.0092 and p = 0.0287, respectively). The IC80 of PGE2 by flunixin was similar in both treatments (p = 0.88). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pain alters the pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effects of transdermally administered flunixin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas K Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Katie E Kleinhenz
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Butch Kukanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Suzanne M Rajewski
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Philip Walsh
- Orchard Veterinary Centre, Armagh, Co. Armagh, UK
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Petherick JC, Small AH, Mayer DG, Colditz IG, Ferguson DM, Stafford KJ. A comparison of welfare outcomes for weaner and mature Bos indicus bulls surgically or tension band castrated with or without analgesia: 2. Responses related to stress, health and productivity. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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A comparison of welfare outcomes for weaner and mature Bos indicus bulls surgically or tension band castrated with or without analgesia: 1. Behavioural responses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Thiry J, González-Martín JV, Elvira L, Pagot E, Voisin F, Lequeux G, Weingarten A, de Haas V. Treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in juvenile calves with a single administration of a florfenicol plus flunixin meglumine formulation. Vet Rec 2014; 174:430. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Thiry
- MSD Animal Health Innovation; Beaucouzé 49071 France
| | | | - L. Elvira
- Trialvet S.L.; Cabanillas de la Sierra 2872 Spain
| | - E. Pagot
- Centre Technique des Productions Animales; Ploufragan 22440 France
| | - F. Voisin
- Centre Technique des Productions Animales; Ploufragan 22440 France
| | - G. Lequeux
- Institut Santé et Agro-Environnement; Fougères 35306 France
| | | | - V. de Haas
- MSD Animal Health Innovation; Beaucouzé 49071 France
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7
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Miciletta M, Cuniberti B, Barbero R, Re G. In vitro
enantioselective pharmacodynamics of Carprofen and Flunixin-meglumine in feedlot cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:43-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Miciletta
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Animal Pathology; University of Torino; Grugliasco Torino Italy
- Pfizer Animal Health Italia; Roma Italy
| | - B. Cuniberti
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Animal Pathology; University of Torino; Grugliasco Torino Italy
| | - R. Barbero
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Animal Pathology; University of Torino; Grugliasco Torino Italy
| | - G. Re
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Animal Pathology; University of Torino; Grugliasco Torino Italy
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Mustonen K, Niemi A, Raekallio M, Heinonen M, Peltoniemi OAT, Palviainen M, Siven M, Peltoniemi M, Vainio O. Enantiospecific ketoprofen concentrations in plasma after oral and intramuscular administration in growing pigs. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:55. [PMID: 22998765 PMCID: PMC3509396 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which has been widely used for domestic animals. Orally administered racemic ketoprofen has been reported to be absorbed well in pigs, and bioavailability was almost complete. The objectives of this study were to analyze R- and S-ketoprofen concentrations in plasma after oral (PO) and intra muscular (IM) routes of administration, and to assess the relative bioavailability of racemic ketoprofen for both enantiomers between those routes of administration in growing pigs. Methods Eleven pigs received racemic ketoprofen at dose rates of 4 mg/kg PO and 3 mg/kg IM in a randomized, crossover design with a 6-day washout period. Enantiomers were separated on a chiral column and their concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and relative bioavailability (Frel) was determined for S and R –ketoprofen. Results S-ketoprofen was the predominant enantiomer in pig plasma after administration of the racemic mixture via both routes. The mean (± SD) maximum S-ketoprofen concentration in plasma (7.42 mg/L ± 2.35 in PO and 7.32 mg/L ± 0.75 in IM) was more than twice as high as that of R-ketoprofen (2.55 mg/L ± 0.99 in PO and 3.23 mg/L ± 0.70 in IM), and the terminal half-life was three times longer for S-ketoprofen (3.40 h ± 0.91 in PO and 2.89 h ± 0.85 in IM) than R-ketoprofen (1.1 h ± 0.90 in PO and 0.75 h ± 0.48 in IM). The mean (± SD) relative bioavailability (PO compared to IM) was 83 ± 20% and 63 ± 23% for S-ketoprofen and R-ketoprofen, respectively. Conclusions Although some minor differences were detected in the ketoprofen enantiomer concentrations in plasma after PO and IM administration, they are probably not relevant in clinical use. Thus, the pharmacological effects of racemic ketoprofen should be comparable after intramuscular and oral routes of administration in growing pigs.
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Giraudel JM, King JN, Jeunesse EC, Lees P, Toutain PL. Use of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approach in the cat to determine a dosage regimen for the COX-2 selective drug robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:18-30. [PMID: 19161452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic efficacy of the new COX-2 selective inhibitor robenacoxib in the cat and established pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters for these effects. Robenacoxib, at a dosage of 2 mg/kg administered subcutaneously, was evaluated in a kaolin-induced paw inflammation model in 10 cats, using both clinically relevant endpoints (lameness scoring, locomotion tests) and other indicators of inflammation (body and skin temperature, thermal pain threshold) to establish its pharmacological profile. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling approach, based on indirect response models, was used to describe the time course and magnitude of the responses to robenacoxib. All endpoints demonstrated good responsiveness to robenacoxib administration and both the magnitude and time courses of responses were well described by the indirect pharmacodynamic response models. Pharmacokinetic and clinically relevant pharmacodynamic parameters were used to simulate dosage regimens that will assist the planning of clinical trials and the selection of an optimal dosage regimen for robenacoxib in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Giraudel
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, UMR 181 Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales INRA, ENVT, Toulouse Cedex, France
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10
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Giraudel JM, Toutain PL, King JN, Lees P. Differential inhibition of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes in the cat by the NSAID robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:31-40. [PMID: 19161453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed for use in companion animal medicine. The objectives of this study were: to quantify the inhibitory actions of robenacoxib on cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes in feline whole blood assays; to establish blood concentration-time profiles of robenacoxib after intravenous and subcutaneous dosing in the cat and; to predict the time courses of inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib. COX-1 and COX-2 activities in heparinized feline whole blood samples were induced with calcium ionophore and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Inhibition of thromboxane B2 provided a marker of both COX-1 and COX-2 activities and a nonlinear parametric mixed effects modelling approach was used to establish the pharmacodynamic parameters describing this inhibition. Mean values (and prediction intervals) of IC50 were 28.9 (16.4-51.1) microM (COX-1) and 0.058 (0.010-0.340) microM (COX-2). These parameters were used to compute several selectivity indices. Selectivity IC ratios (COX-1:COX-2) were 502.3 (IC50/IC50), 451.6 (IC95/IC95) and 17.05 (IC20/IC80). Based on a clinically recommended dosage regimen of 2 mg/kg, it was predicted that the corresponding mean robenacoxib blood concentration over the first 12 h after drug administration corresponded to 5% inhibition of COX-1 and 90% inhibition of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Giraudel
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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11
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Laven RA, Lawrence KE, Weston JF, Dowson KR, Stafford KJ. Assessment of the duration of the pain response associated with lameness in dairy cows, and the influence of treatment. N Z Vet J 2008; 56:210-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2008.36835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Costa D, Moutinho L, Lima JLFC, Fernandes E. Antioxidant activity and inhibition of human neutrophil oxidative burst mediated by arylpropionic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1659-70. [PMID: 16880623 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be partly due to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), as well as to inhibit the respiratory burst of neutrophils triggered by various activating agents. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate and compare the potential scavenging activity for an array of ROS (O2*-, H2O2, HO*, ROO* and HOCl) and RNS (*NO and ONOO-) using in vitro non-cellular screening systems as well as a cellular screening system (human neutrophil oxidative burst), mediated by the arylpropionic acid derivatives (APAs) NSAIDs ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, naproxen and indoprofen. The results obtained in the present work demonstrate that under the present experimental conditions, many of the studied APA NSAIDs showed O2*- scavenging activity (fenbufen approximately equal to flurbiprofen approximately equal to indoprofen approximately equal to ketoprofen), H2O2 (ketoprofen approximately equal to indoprofen approximately equal to fenbufen>flurbiprofen>naproxen), HO* (fenoprofen approximately equal to ibuprofen>fenbufen approximately equal to flurbiprofen>ketoprofen>indoprofen approximately equal to naproxen), *NO (indoprofen>naproxen), ONOO- (indoprofen>naproxen>fenoprofen approximately equal to flurbiprofen approximately equal to ibuprofen), as well as inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (indoprofen) and scavenge human neutrophil derived ROS (ketoprofen>indoprofen>fenbufen>flurbiprofen). The observed effects, if confirmed in vivo, may strongly contribute to the anti-inflammatory therapeutical activity observed with these NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Costa
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Sidhu PK, Landoni MF, Lees P. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of tolfenamic acid and marbofloxacin in goats. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80:79-90. [PMID: 16005916 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in goats of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug tolfenamic acid (TA), administered both alone and in combination with the fluoroquinolone marbofloxacin (MB), were established in a tissue cage model of acute inflammation. Both drugs were injected intramuscularly at a dose rate of 2 mg kg(-1). After administration of TA alone and TA+MB pharmacokinetic parameters of TA (mean values) were Cmax=1.635 and 1.125 microg ml(-1), AUC=6.451 and 3.967 microgh ml(-1), t1/2K10=2.618 and 2.291 h, Vdarea/F=1.390 and 1.725Lkg(-1), and ClB/F=0.386 and 0.552 L kg(-1) h(-1), respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Tolfenamic acid inhibited prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthesis in vivo in inflammatory exudate by 53-86% for up to 48 h after both TA treatments. Inhibition of synthesis of serum thromboxane (Tx)B2 ex vivo ranged from 16% to 66% up to 12h after both TA and TA+MB, with no significant differences between the two treatments. From the pharmacokinetic and eicosanoid inhibition data for TA, pharmacodynamic parameters after dosing with TA alone for serum TxB2 and exudate PGE2 expressing efficacy (Emax=69.4 and 89.7%), potency (IC50=0.717 and 0.073 microg ml(-1)), sensitivity (N=3.413 and 1.180) and equilibration time (t1/2Ke0=0.702 and 16.52 h), respectively, were determined by PK-PD modeling using an effect compartment model. In this model TA was a preferential inhibitor of COX-2 (COX-1:COX-2 IC50 ratio=12:1). Tolfenamic acid, both alone and co-administered with MB, did not affect leucocyte numbers in exudate, transudate or blood. Compared to placebo significant attenuation of skin temperature rise over inflamed tissue cages was obtained after administration of TA and TA+MB with no significant differences between the two treatments. Marbofloxacin alone did not significantly affect serum TxB2 and exudate PGE2 concentrations or rise in skin temperature over exudate tissue cages. These data provide a basis for the rational use of TA in combination with MB in goat medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Sidhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
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Elmas M, Yazar E, Uney K, Karabacak A. Pharmacokinetics of Flunixin after Intravenous Administration in Healthy and Endotoxaemic Rabbits. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:73-81. [PMID: 16362612 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-3227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of flunixin were determined after intravenous bolus injection at a single dose (2.2 mg/kg) in healthy rabbits and diseased rabbits with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. Six adult New Zealand White rabbits were used. Concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetics were best described by a two-compartment open model. In healthy rabbits, there was a high plasma clearance (0.62 L/(h kg)), and a relatively short elimination half-life (1.19 h). In endotoxaemic rabbits, total plasma clearance (0.43 L/(h kg)) was significantly lower (p<0.05), and elimination half-life (1.90 h) and AUC(0-infinity) (5.29 (microg h)/ml) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in healthy animals. The changes of pharmacokinetics of flunixin in rabbits with septic shock could be of clinical significance, and may require monitoring of plasma flunixin levels in endotoxaemic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elmas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey.
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15
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Sidhu PK, Landoni MF, Lees P. Influence of marbofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolfenamic acid in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 28:109-19. [PMID: 15720523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of tolfenamic acid (TA) in calves were determined in serum and fluids of inflamed (carrageenan administered) and non-inflamed subcutaneously implanted tissue cages after intramuscular administration both alone and in combination with marbofloxacin (MB). MB significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of TA: mean values were Cmax = 2.14 and 1.64 microg/mL, AUC = 27.38 and 16.80 microg.h/mL, Vd(area)/F = 0.87 and 1.17 L/kg, and ClB/F = 0.074 and 0.128 L/kg/h, respectively, after administration of TA alone and TA + MB. T(1/2)K10 and MRT were not significantly different for the two treatments. The pharmacodynamic properties of TA were not influenced by MB co-administration, in spite of the alterations in some TA pharmacokinetic parameters. TA inhibited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in vivo in inflammatory exudate by 50-88% for up to 48 h after both TA treatments. Inhibition of synthesis of serum thromboxane B2 (TxB2) ex vivo ranged from 40 to 85% up to 24 h after both TA and TA + MB. From the derived pharmacokinetic and eicosanoid inhibition data for TA, pharmacodynamic parameters for serum TxB2 and exudate PGE2 inhibition expressing efficacy (Emax = 78.1 and 97.5%), potency (IC50 = 0.256 and 0.265 microg/mL), sensitivity (N = 1.96 and 2.29) and the pharmacokinetic parameter equilibration time (t(1/2)K(e0) = 0.695 and 24.0 h), respectively, were determined. In this model TA was a nonselective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) (COX-1:COX-2 IC50 ratio = 1.37). TA, both alone and co-administered with MB, did not affect leucocyte numbers in exudate, transudate or blood. Partial attenuation of skin temperature rise over inflamed tissue cages and reduction of zymosan-induced skin swelling were recorded after administration of TA and TA + MB with no significant differences between the two treatments. These data provide a basis for the rational use of TA in combination with MB in calf medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Sidhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Lees P, Landoni MF, Giraudel J, Toutain PL. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in species of veterinary interest. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 27:479-90. [PMID: 15601442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises selected aspects of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is not intended to be comprehensive, in that it covers neither minor species nor several important aspects of NSAID PD. The limited objective of the review is to summarise those aspects of NSAID PK and PD, which are important to an understanding of PK-PD integration and PK-PD modelling (the subject of the next review in this issue). The general features of NSAID PK are: usually good bioavailability from oral, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration routes (but with delayed absorption in horses and ruminants after oral dosing), a high degree of binding to plasma protein, low volumes of distribution, limited excretion of administered dose as parent drug in urine, marked inter-species differences in clearance and elimination half-life and ready penetration into and slow clearance from acute inflammatory exudate. The therapeutic effects of NSAIDs are exerted both locally (at peripheral inflammatory sites) and centrally. There is widespread acceptance that the principal mechanism of action (both PD and toxicodynamics) of NSAIDs at the molecular level comprises inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme in the arachidonic acid cascade, which generates inflammatory mediators of the prostaglandin group. However, NSAIDs possess also many other actions at the molecular level. Two isoforms of COX have been identified. Inhibition of COX-1 is likely to account for most of the side-effects of NSAIDs (gastrointestinal irritation, renotoxicity and inhibition of blood clotting) but a minor contribution also to some of the therapeutic effects (analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions) cannot be excluded. Inhibition of COX-2 accounts for most and possibly all of the therapeutic effects of NSAIDs. Consequently, there has been an intensive search to identify and develop drugs with selectivity for inhibition of COX-2. Whole blood in vitro assays are used to investigate quantitatively the three key PD parameters (efficacy, potency and sensitivity) for NSAID inhibition of COX isoforms, providing data on COX-1:COX-2 inhibition ratios. Limited published data point to species differences in NSAID-induced COX inhibition, for both potency and potency ratios. Members of the 2-arylpropionate sub-groups of NSAIDs exist in two enantiomeric forms [R-(-) and S-(+)] and are licensed as racemic mixtures. For these drugs there are marked enantiomeric differences in PK and PD properties of individual drugs in a given species, as well as important species differences in both PK and PD properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Lees P, Giraudel J, Landoni MF, Toutain PL. PK-PD integration and PK-PD modelling of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: principles and applications in veterinary pharmacology. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 27:491-502. [PMID: 15601443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Much useful information relevant to elucidation of mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) at the molecular level can be obtained from integrating pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data, such data being obtained usually, although not necessarily, in separate studies. Integrating PK and PD data can also provide a basis for selecting clinically relevant dosing schedules for subsequent evaluation in disease models and clinical trials. The principles underlying and uses of PK-PD integration are illustrated in this review for phenylbutazone in the horse and cow, carprofen and meloxicam in the horse, carprofen and meloxicam in the cat and nimesulide in the dog. In the PK-PD modelling approach for NSAIDs, the PK and PD data are generated (usually though not necessarily) in vivo in the same investigation and then modelled in silico, usually using the integrated effect compartment or indirect response models. Drug effect is classically modelled with the sigmoidal E(max) (Hill) equation to derive PD parameters which define efficacy, potency and sensitivity. The PK-PD modelling approach for NSAIDs can be undertaken at the molecular level using surrogates of inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms (or indeed other enzymes e.g. 5-lipoxygenase). Examples are provided of the generation of PD parameters for several NSAIDs (carprofen, ketoprofen, vedaprofen, flunixin and tolfenamic acid) in species of veterinary interest (horse, calf, sheep and goat), which indicate that all drugs investigated except vedaprofen were non-selective for COX-1 and COX-2 in the four species investigated under the experimental conditions used, vedaprofen being a COX-1 selective NSAID. In these studies, plasma concentration was linked to COX inhibitory action in the biophase using an effect compartment model. Data for S-(+)-ketoprofen have been additionally subjected to inter-species modelling and allometric scaling of both PK and PD parameters. For several species values of four PK parameters were highly correlated with body weight, whilst values for PD parameters based on COX inhibition lacked allometric relationship with body weight. PK-PD modelling of NSAIDs has also been undertaken using clinical end-points and surrogates for clinical end-points in disease models. By measurement of clinically relevant indices in clinically relevant models, data generated for PD parameters have been used to set dosages and dose intervals for evaluation and confirmation in clinical trials. PK-PD modelling of NSAIDs is likely to prove superior to conventional dose titration studies for dosage schedule determination, as it sweeps the whole of the concentration-effect relationship for all animals and therefore permits determination of genuine PD parameters. It also introduces time as a second independent variable thus allowing prediction of dosage interval. Using indirect response models and clinically relevant indices, PD data have been determined for flunixin, phenylbutazone and meloxicam in the horse, nimesulide in the dog and meloxicam in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Ting STL, Earley B, Crowe MA. Effect of repeated ketoprofen administration during surgical castration of bulls on cortisol, immunological function, feed intake, growth, and behavior. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1253-64. [PMID: 12772853 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8151253x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of repeated ketoprofen (K) administration to surgically castrated bulls on cortisol, acute-phase proteins, immune function, feed intake, growth and behavior, 50 Holstein x Friesian bulls (11 mo old; 300 +/- 3.3 kg) were assigned to one of five treatments: 1) untreated control (C); 2) surgical castration at 0 min (S); 3) S following an i.v. injection of 3 mg/kg of BW of K at -20 min (SK1); 4) S following 1.5 mg/kg of BW of K at -20 and 0 min (SK2); or 5) S following 1.5 mg/kg of BW of K at -20 and 0 min and 3 mg/kg of BW of K at 24 h (SK3). Castration acutely increased plasma cortisol concentrations in S- and K-treated animals compared with C, with no differences in peak and interval to peak cortisol responses among the castration groups. Overall, the integrated cortisol response was greater (P < 0.05) in the castrates than in C, whereas K treatments decreased (P < 0.05) this response compared with S alone, with no differences between K treatments. Plasma haptoglobin and fibrinogen concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) on d 3 in the castration groups compared with C as the result of tissue trauma induced by castration, whereas SK1 and SK2 had lower (P < 0.05) haptoglobin concentrations than S animals. On d 1, concanavalin A-induced interferon-gamma production was suppressed (P < 0.05) in S and SK3 compared with C, SK1, and SK2 animals. Overall from d 1 to 33, DMI were lower (P < 0.05) in S, SK1, and SK3 than in C animals. From d -1 to 35, ADG were lower (P < 0.05) in S, SK2, and SK3 compared with C animals. A higher (P < 0.05) incidence of standing postures and lower incidence of lying postures was observed in S compared with C during the first 6 h after treatment. However, the higher (P = 0.02) incidence of abnormal standing activities observed for S was reversed (P < 0.05) by the K treatments. In conclusion, surgical castration increased plasma cortisol and acute-phase proteins and decreased immune function, feed intake, and growth rate. Ketoprofen effectively reduced the cortisol response to castration, but there was no advantage in treating with two split doses of K (1.5 mg/kg of BW per dose). A repeated K dose 24 h after treatment (3 mg/kg of BW) had no influence on changes in acute-phase proteins and immune response. Systemic analgesia with K is an effective method for alleviating acute inflammatory stress associated with castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T L Ting
- Teagasc, Grange Research Centre, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
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Lockwood PW, Johnson JC, Katz TL. Clinical efficacy of flunixin, carprofen and ketoprofen as adjuncts to the antibacterial treatment of bovine respiratory disease. Vet Rec 2003; 152:392-4. [PMID: 12696705 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.13.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), flunixin, ketoprofen and carprofen, were used in conjunction with ceftiofur, in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease. Sixty-six mixed-breed beef cattle weighing on average 197 kg met the inclusion criteria of pyrexia of at least 40 degrees C, an illness score indicating at least moderate illness and at least moderate dyspnoea. They were allocated randomly to four treatment groups. All the groups received ceftiofur for three days at a dose rate of 1.1 mg/kg by intramuscular injection, and three groups received, in addition, a single dose of either flunixin (2.2 mg/kg by intravenous injection) or ketoprofen (3 mg/kg by intravenous injection) or carprofen (1.4 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection). During the first 24 hours of the study, the pyrexia of the three groups treated with a NSAID was reduced significantly more than the pyrexia of the group treated with ceftiofur alone, and two and four hours after treatment the reduction in pyrexia was significantly greater in the groups treated with flunixin and ketoprofen than in the group treated with carprofen. There were no statistically significant differences between the four groups with respect to depression, illness scores, dyspnoea or coughing. There was less lung consolidation in the three groups treated with a NSAID than in the animals treated with ceftiofur alone, but the difference was significant only in the group treated with flunixin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Lockwood
- Schering-Plough Animal Health, 2458 Chamberlain Street, Terre Haute, IN 47805, USA
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Sidhu P, Shojaee Aliabadi F, Andrews M, Lees P. Tissue chamber model of acute inflammation in farm animal species. Res Vet Sci 2003; 74:67-77. [PMID: 12507568 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(02)00149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A tissue chamber model of acute inflammation for use in comparative studies in calves, sheep, goats and pigs has been established and validated. Tissue chambers were prepared from silicon rubber tubing, of inner diameter 12.7 mm, length 115 mm and volume 15 ml, with 10 holes, each of 6mm diameter, at each end. In each animal two or four chambers were inserted at subcutaneous sites. Six weeks after implantation an acute inflammatory reaction in a single cage was generated by the intracaveal injection of 0.5 ml of 1% carrageenan solution. Serial samples of exudate (injected chamber), transudate (non-injected chamber) and blood were collected for measurement of exudate and transudate leucocyte count, prostaglandin (PG)E(2) concentration in exudate and serum thromboxane (Tx)B(2) concentration. In addition, skin temperature changes over exudate and transudate chambers were recorded. In all four species, carrageenan induced an acute inflammatory response, indicated by increases to peak values followed by return towards baseline in skin temperature, leucocyte count and PGE(2) concentration. For each of these variables in calves, sheep and goats the increases were significantly greater for exudate than for transudate. The degree of intra-species variation in each variable was acceptable. Marked inter-species differences were recorded: skin temperature rise was greatest in calves and least in sheep and goats; exudate PGE(2) concentration was increased in the order sheep>goat>pig>calf; serum TxB(2) concentration was increased in the order calf>goat>sheep>pig and exudate leucocyte count was increased to a greater extent in the pig than in the three ruminant species. The model has advantages over some previously described tissue chamber models of inflammation and will be suitable for use in comparative studies of inflammatory mechanisms and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sidhu
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK
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Musser JM, Anderson KL, Tyczkowska KL. Pharmacokinetic parameters and milk concentrations of ketoprofen after administration as a single intravenous bolus dose to lactating goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1998; 21:358-63. [PMID: 9811435 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Six clinically normal lactating does were administered ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.)). Blood and milk samples were collected prior to and for 24 h after drug administration. Drug concentrations in serum and milk were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters from each goat were combined to obtain mean estimates (mean +/- SD) of half-life of elimination (t1/2beta) of 0.32 +/- 0.14 h, systemic clearance (Cl) of 0.74 +/- 0.12 L/kg x h, and volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)) of 0.23 +/- 0.051 L/kg. In milk, ketoprofen was unmeasurable by the method employed (level of detection 25 ng/mL) for all samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Musser
- Department of Food Animal and Equine Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA
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Abstract
Two dialysis sacs each containing 50 ml dextran sulphate solution were implanted into the peritoneal cavities of five three month-old calves. One sac was inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica or Streptococcus uberis and the second sac served as an uninoculated control. Samples of sac fluid removed after 0, four, six, eight, 15, 24, 36 and 48 hours and then at 24 hour intervals after inoculation revealed bacterial growth up to 9.0 log10 cfu ml-1 by two to three days after inoculation. Concentrations of 25 to 48 ng ml-1 of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were detected six to 96 hours after inoculation, similar amounts being generated in sacs inoculated with either bacterium, but the concentrations in control sacs remained below 10 ng ml-4 over the seven day experiment. Post mortem, a tissue cast invested each of the inoculated sacs. Histologically, the reaction was an acute inflammatory response similar to that evoked by each bacterium in the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Thomas
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire
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