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Torres MDM, Almeida ADBPFD, Paula DAJD, Mendonça AJ, Nakazato L, Pescador CA, Sousa VRF. Hemostatic assessment of dogs associated with hepatic parasite load of Leishmania infantum chagasi. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:244-247. [PMID: 27334828 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum chagasi liver parasite load was compared to hemostatic abnormalities, as well as to clinical, laboratorial, and histopathological findings in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. The liver parasite load of 30 dogs L. infantum chagasi naturally-infected was evaluated by quantitative real- time PCR and the results were compared with serum biochemistry and primary and secondary hemostasis findings. Moreover, hepatic histological lesions were described in these dogs. Prolonged bleeding time, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), were observed in the group with visceral leishmaniasis. Eleven dogs presented inflammatory liver lesions, with predominance of mild multifocal mononuclear periportal hepatitis. No association between the presence of parasites and abnormalities in screening tests was observed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The clinical progression in leishmaniasis is associated with the occurrence of hemorrhagic diathesis, which depends not only on the presence of the parasite but also the inflammatory process, compromised immunological response, hepatic and renal failure in symptomatic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Medeiros Torres
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Daphine Ariadne Jesus de Paula
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Adriane Jorge Mendonça
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Caroline Argenta Pescador
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Valéria Régia Franco Sousa
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
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Bruno B, Maurella C, Falco S, Tarducci A, Zanatta R, D'Angelo A, Borrelli A. Thromboelastometric evaluation of hemostasis in dogs infected withLeishmania infantum. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:502-11. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bruno
- Department of Veterinary Science; Clinical Medicine Section; via Leonardo da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte; Liguria e Valle D'Aosta (Maurella); via Bologna 148 10154 Torino Italy
| | - Sara Falco
- Department of Veterinary Science; Clinical Medicine Section; via Leonardo da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - Alberto Tarducci
- Department of Veterinary Science; Clinical Medicine Section; via Leonardo da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - Renato Zanatta
- Department of Veterinary Science; Clinical Medicine Section; via Leonardo da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - Antonio D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Science; Clinical Medicine Section; via Leonardo da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - Antonio Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Science; Clinical Medicine Section; via Leonardo da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco (TO) Italy
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Koutinas AF, Koutinas CK. Pathologic mechanisms underlying the clinical findings in canine leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum/chagasi. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:527-38. [PMID: 24510947 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814521248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In dogs with symptomatic or asymptomatic leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum appears to induce a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response that in the sick dog may eventually result in tissue damage via different pathomechanisms, notably granulomatous inflammation (eg, nodular dermatitis, osteomyelitis), immune complex deposition (eg, glomerulonephritis), and/or autoantibody production (eg, polymyositis). This is a compensatory but detrimental mechanism generated mainly because of the insufficient killing capacity of macrophages against the parasite in the susceptible dog. Clinical disease is typically exemplified as exfoliative and/or ulcerative dermatitis, with or without nasodigital hyperkeratosis and onychogryphosis, glomerulonephritis, atrophic myositis of masticatory muscles, anterior uveitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, epistaxis, and/or polyarthritis, appearing alone or in various combinations. The pathogenesis of these clinical conditions has recently been highlighted, to a greater or lesser extent. The usually subclinical conditions expressed as chronic colitis, chronic hepatitis, vasculitis, myocarditis, osteomyelitis, orchiepididymitis, and meningoencephalomyelitis, though uncommon, are of pathologic importance from a differential point of view. The leading cause of death among canine leishmaniasis patients is chronic proteinuric nephritis that may progress to end-stage kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, and/or systemic hypertension. However, even the asymptomatic proteinuria, when profuse, may be a serious problem because it predisposes to arterial thromboembolism and eventually contributes to the deterioration of the body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Koutinas
- Private Practice, Volos' Quality Veterinary Practice, Kapodistriou 90, 38333, Volos, Greece.
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Honse CO, Figueiredo FB, de Alencar NX, Madeira MDF, Gremião IDF, Schubach TMP. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi from Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:43. [PMID: 23497531 PMCID: PMC3599858 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired disorder characterized by the activation of intravascular coagulation and excessive fibrin formation. It always occurs in association with other clinical conditions, including parasitic diseases. DIC has been described as a unusual complication in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. CASE PRESENTATION DIC was found in a seven-year-old male mongrel dog naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Haemostasis parameters demonstrated changes in primary and secondary haemostasis and fibrinolysis. CONCLUSION DIC is a unusual condition described in canine visceral leishmaniasis and it seems to be associated with several immunological and pathological mechanisms involved in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla O Honse
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av, Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brasil.
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Petanides T, Koutinas A, Mylonakis M, Day M, Saridomichelakis M, Leontides L, Mischke R, Diniz P, Breitschwerdt E, Kritsepi M, Garipidou V, Koutinas C, Lekkas S. Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Epistaxis in Natural Canine Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum). J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:866-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Mylonakis ME, Saridomichelakis MN, Lazaridis V, Leontides LS, Kostoulas P, Koutinas AF. A retrospective study of 61 cases of spontaneous canine epistaxis (1998 to 2001). J Small Anim Pract 2007; 49:191-6. [PMID: 17850275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and identify possible clinicopathologic indicators of the diseases associated with canine epistaxis. METHODS The medical records of 61 dogs with epistaxis were reviewed. RESULTS Systemic diseases, diagnosed in fifty-six dogs, included canine leishmaniasis in twenty-three dogs, canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in twenty-two, concurrent canine leishmaniasis and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in six, rodenticide toxicity in two and primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, suspected oestrogen toxicity and systemic arterial hypertension in one dog each. Intranasal diseases were documented in the remaining five dogs, including transmissible venereal tumour in three dogs, and nasal adenocarcinoma and nasal aspergillosis in one dog each. Mucosal pallor and a generalised bleeding tendency were significantly more common among dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis compared with those with canine leishmaniasis, whereas the opposite was true for peripheral lymphadenomegaly. Also, dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis presented with pancytopenia more frequently compared with those with canine leishmaniasis; in the latter dogs, the median values of haematocrit, leucocyte and platelet counts and serum total protein concentrations were higher. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Canine leishmaniasis and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis are the leading causes of canine epistaxis in Greece. Mucosal pallor, bleeding tendency and pancytopenia are more likely to be indicative of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, as opposed to peripheral lymphadenomegaly and hyperproteinaemia in canine leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutrya Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Cortese L, Pelagalli A, Piantedosi D, Mastellone V, Di Loria A, Lombardi P, Ciaramella P, Avallone L. The effects of prednisone on haemostasis in leishmaniotic dogs treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. Vet J 2007; 177:405-10. [PMID: 17629526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thirty dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum were studied in order to determine the effects of treatment on haemostatic function. The animals were divided randomly into two treatment groups: Group 1 received meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol; Group 2 dogs were given the same treatment plus prednisone. Ten healthy animals were used as untreated controls. Clinical examination and determination of platelet aggregation, coagulation factors and biochemical parameters were undertaken before treatment and after 15, 30 and 60 days. A significant improvement in platelet aggregation was detected after 60 days in Group 1, but only after 15 days in Group 2. In both treated groups, platelet aggregation was lower than in the control group at the end of the study. The results suggest that prednisone may be a useful tool in the treatment of haemostatic disorders during canine leishmaniosis. The potential benefits and risks due to the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of leishmaniosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137, Italy
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Ciaramella P, Pelagalli A, Cortese L, Pero ME, Corona M, Lombardi P, Avallone L, Persechino A. Altered platelet aggregation and coagulation disorders related to clinical findings in 30 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet J 2005; 169:465-7. [PMID: 15848791 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Ciaramella
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Naples, Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
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Pelagalli A, Ciaramella P, Lombardi P, Pero ME, Cortese L, Corona M, Oliva G, Avallone L. Evaluation of adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in canine leishmaniasis. J Comp Pathol 2004; 130:124-9. [PMID: 15003469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2003.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania-infected dogs, which represent an important reservoir of infection in many parts of the world, frequently suffer from haematological disorders, including thrombocytopenia. In this study, the ability of platelets from healthy (control) dogs (n = 11) and from dogs with naturally acquired clinical leishmaniasis (n = 24) to aggregate in the presence of two different agonists (adenosine 5'-diphosphate [ADP] and collagen) was assayed. Haematological parameters examined consisted of the platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen concentration and D-dimer concentration. In dogs with leishmaniasis, a significant decrease in ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation was observed. Compared with platelets from the control dogs, those from leishmania-infected dogs showed a higher sensitivity to collagen, as demonstrated by a reduction in platelet aggregation of up to 20.4%, and a significant (P < 0.0001) difference for all the doses tested. With ADP the reduction was up to 10.4%, the difference reaching a significant level of P < 0.0001 only at the maximum dose used. The nature of this response, which was not accompanied by any clinical signs of bleeding other than an increase in aPTT, emphasizes the role of platelets in the parasite-host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pelagalli
- Dipartimento di Strutture, Funzioni e Tecnologie Biologiche, University of Napoli, Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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Blavier A, Keroack S, Denerolle P, Goy-Thollot I, Chabanne L, Cadoré JL, Bourdoiseau G. Atypical forms of canine leishmaniosis. Vet J 2001; 162:108-20. [PMID: 11531395 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is a common disease in the Mediterranean area, but sporadic cases in dogs having travelled through endemic regions are also reported. The disease's evolution is usually chronic and symptoms are either non-specific (fever, weight loss, lethargy, enlarged lymph nodes), dermatological, renal or ocular. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and to describe our own experience of certain atypical forms of canine leishmaniosis. These include specific skin lesions, monoclonal gammopathy, renal failure (without any other signs), chronic colitis, haemostatic problems and disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory and musculo-skeletal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blavier
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, B.P. 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Jüttner C, Rodríguez Sánchez M, Rollán Landeras E, Slappendel RJ, Fragío Arnold C. Evaluation of the potential causes of epistaxis in dogs with natural visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Rec 2001; 149:176-9. [PMID: 11530902 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.6.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Haemostasis was evaluated in 19 dogs with natural Leishmania infection, six of them with a history of epistaxis, and the results were compared with the results from 24 healthy dogs. In addition, the dogs' blood pressure was measured and biopsies were taken from the nasal mucosa. Buccal mucosa bleeding time was prolonged in the dogs with leishmaniasis (P < 0.002) and most significantly in those with epistaxis (P < 0.005). None of the Leishmania-infected dogs had thrombocytopenia, low levels of plasma von Willebrand factor antigen, a prolonged prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time, a low plasma fibrinogen concentration or high serum fibrin degradation products. These results rule out defects of secondary haemostasis or disseminated intravascular coagulation as significant causes of epistaxis in non-complicated leishmaniasis. Histopathology of the nasal mucosa of 10 of the affected dogs, three of them with epistaxis, revealed ulcerative and inflammatory lesions in all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jüttner
- Departamento Patología Animal II, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Madrid, Spain
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