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Hollis AR. What Is the Evidence Behind Sarcoid Treatments? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00055-5. [PMID: 39183073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous nature of sarcoids, robust data regarding the selection of treatment modalities are scarce, with many treatments having little or no published data to support their use. Treatment options are numerous and vary with the location and type of sarcoid, treatment accessibility, and the financial status of the owner. Many treatments are expensive and time-consuming, and some have health and safety implications. It is this author's belief that, based on the limited evidence base, appropriate treatment options vary with the location and type of the sarcoid, and no one treatment is universally appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hollis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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2
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Beermann A, Clottu O, Reif M, Biegel U, Unger L, Koch C. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded study comparing oral and subcutaneous administration of mistletoe extract for the treatment of equine sarcoid disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1815-1824. [PMID: 38529853 PMCID: PMC11099770 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids (ES) are the most common cutaneous tumors in equids. Systemic treatment options are sparse. Subcutaneous (SC) injections of Viscum album extract (VAE) demonstrate efficacy as a systemic treatment directed against ES. OBJECTIVES/AIM To critically assess the therapeutic efficacy of orally administered VAE. ANIMALS Forty-five ES-affected, privately owned, 3-12 year-old horses. METHODS A 3-armed randomized placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was conducted in a double-dummy design. Horses were subjected to oral administration and SC injections of either VAE or placebo (VAE oral/placebo SC, VAE SC/placebo oral, placebo oral/placebo SC) over a 7-month treatment period. Primary endpoint was the change of baseline of a composite index of ES number and ES area after 14 months. Second endpoint was the clinical response. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in the composite endpoint between the 3 study arms was found. The primary endpoint showed 4 (27%) horses in the VAE oral group with complete ES regression, 3 (21%) in the VAE SC injection group, and 2 (13%) in the placebo group. The clinical response revealed complete or partial regression in 6 horses of the oral VAE group (40%), 4 of the SC injection group (29%), and 4 of the placebo group (25%). Direct comparison of oral VAE and placebo showed an odds ratio, stratified for prognosis of 2.16 (95%-CI: 0.45-10.42) and a P-value of 0.336. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Oral administration of VAE is well tolerated. No statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of systemic VAE versus placebo against ES was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Beermann
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Ophélie Clottu
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Reif
- Society of Clinical Research e.VBerlinGermany
| | - Ulrike Biegel
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Lucia Unger
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Koch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME)University of BernBernSwitzerland
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3
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Karalus W, Subharat S, Orbell G, Vaatstra B, Munday JS. Equine sarcoids: A clinicopathologic study of 49 cases, with mitotic count and clinical type predictive of recurrence. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:357-365. [PMID: 37937724 PMCID: PMC11067406 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231209408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoids are common mesenchymal neoplasms of horses. Although there are few studies in which sarcoids have been followed over a long period of time, sarcoids are considered locally invasive and have been reported to frequently recur following surgical excision. Currently, no histological features have been identified to predict which sarcoids will recur after excision. The present study comprised 49 sarcoids for which histology sections were available and in which the recurrence status of the case was known. Each sarcoid was excised from a different horse. Overall, 12 of the 49 (24%) sarcoids recurred after surgical excision. Mitotic count (MC), cellularity, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and inflammation of the sarcoids were evaluated histologically. Of these, MC correlated with recurrence. Four of 5 (80%) sarcoids with an MC ≥ 20 in 2.37 mm2 recurred, which was a significantly higher recurrence rate than that of sarcoids with an MC < 20, 8 of 44 cases recurred (18%), P = .0051. Clinical type was also found to correlate with recurrence. Three of 4 (75%) fibroblastic types recurred, which was a significantly higher recurrence rate than that of sarcoids with other clinical types, 9 of 45 cases (18%), P < .001. In addition, univariate Cox regression analysis confirmed fibroblastic type and MC ≥ 20 as significant predictors for recurrence (P = .016 and P = .005, respectively). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first large study examining recurrence rates in sarcoids, and the first time that histological features have been correlated with recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geoff Orbell
- Gribbles Veterinary, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Offer KS, Dixon CE, Sutton DGM. Treatment of equine sarcoids: A systematic review. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:12-25. [PMID: 36917551 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sarcoid is the most common equine cutaneous neoplasm. Evidence-based treatment of this condition is often lacking, and selection of treatment modality based on clinical experience or anecdotal evidence. OBJECTIVES To assess the quality of the currently available best evidence regarding the treatment of the equine sarcoid. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS In compliance with PRISMA guidelines, literature searches were performed in PUBMED, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, EMBASE (Ovid) and Scopus in April 2021. Included papers were required to describe an interventional study examining sarcoid treatment strategy, of level 4 evidence or greater. The case definition required confirmation of at least some included lesions on histopathology, and a minimum of 6 months of follow-up was required on treated cases. Studies were assessed by two independent reviewers (KO, CD). Data extraction was performed manually, followed by risk of bias assessment. Methodological quality was assessed using the GRADE system. RESULTS In total, 10 studies were included in the review. Case definition was confirmed via histopathology in all included lesions in 60% of papers. Time to follow-up was variably reported. Overall risk of bias ranged from 'some concerns' to 'critical'. Reported sarcoid regression rate ranged from 28% to 100% on an individual sarcoid level, and 9%-100% on a whole horse level. Transient local inflammation was reported following most treatment strategies, with further adverse events reported infrequently. MAIN LIMITATIONS Review methodology excluded a large proportion of available literature regarding the equine sarcoid. Significant heterogeneity between included studies prevented quantitative synthesis and most included papers were at significant risk of bias, indirectness, and imprecision. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence currently available to recommend one sarcoid treatment over another. There is an urgent need for sufficiently powered, randomised, placebo-controlled trials in order to allow more definitive comparison of the efficacy of different treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S Offer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire E Dixon
- Tufts Equine Center at the Hospital for Large Animals, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David G M Sutton
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Jindra C, Hainisch EK, Brandt S. Immunotherapy of Equine Sarcoids—From Early Approaches to Innovative Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040769. [PMID: 37112681 PMCID: PMC10145708 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses and other equid species are frequently affected by bovine papillomavirus type 1 and/or 2 (BPV1, BPV2)-induced skin tumors termed sarcoids. Although sarcoids do not metastasize, they constitute a serious health problem due to their BPV1/2-mediated resistance to treatment and propensity to recrudesce in a more severe, multiple form following accidental or iatrogenic trauma. This review provides an overview on BPV1/2 infection and associated immune escape in the equid host and presents early and recent immunotherapeutic approaches in sarcoid management.
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Curnow B, Rich AF, Ireland J, Correa DC, Dunn J, Jenkins D, Carslake H, Ressel L. Histological evidence of superficial inflammation is associated with lower recurrence of equine sarcoids following surgical removal: A follow-up study of 106 tumours in 64 horses. Vet J 2023; 292:105953. [PMID: 36775186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the equine sarcoid is the most common skin neoplasm in domesticated horses, histopathological characteristics have not previously been evaluated for association with recurrence. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate clinical and histopathological features of excised equine sarcoids and to evaluate their association with recurrence at the original surgical site and at new sites. Clinical records and excisional biopsies from 106 equine sarcoids from 64 horses referred to Leahurst Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, between March 2010 and February 2015 were retrieved. Biopsies were re-evaluated histologically. Clinical data were obtained from hospital records, and owner-reported follow-up data were obtained by telephone questionnaire. Associations between clinical and histopathological features of sarcoids and their recurrence at the surgical site were determined using uni- and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression. Recurrence of sarcoids at the surgical site occurred in 30 horses (46.9%). Sarcoids developed at a distant site in 21 horses (32.8%). In the final mixed effects logistic regression model, only superficial inflammation was associated with reduced odds of recurrence at the surgical site (adjusted odds ratio, 0.32; 95% confidence intervals, 0.10-0.96; P = 0.04). This suggests that the inflammatory process may play a role in protecting horses against the recurrence of sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Curnow
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - A F Rich
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Ireland
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - D Cubillos Correa
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Dunn
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - D Jenkins
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - H Carslake
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - L Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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7
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Hollis AR. Management of equine sarcoids. Vet J 2023; 291:105926. [PMID: 36334801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most common cutaneous neoplasm of the horse, arising as a result of a neoplastic proliferation of fibroblasts associated with infection with bovine papillomavirus, most notably types 1 and 2. Although they do not metastasise, they are locally invasive and aggressive, and can lead to important welfare concerns, interfere with tack and therefore impede athleticism, and undoubtedly lead to a reduction in the value of affected horses. This review discusses the evidence behind the most commonly used treatments for equine sarcoids. The most commonly used treatments are discussed. No one treatment is universally successful, and there are many treatments with varying level of scientific evaluation and reported success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hollis
- Cambridge Equine Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Gysens L, Martens A, Haspeslagh M. Cross-sectional comparison of superficial swab and fine-needle aspiration: Improving the diagnostic workup of horses with sarcoids. Vet J 2022; 289:105916. [PMID: 36272685 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-induced equine sarcoids are often identified solely by clinical examination, confirmation of the clinical diagnosis is essential for correct treatment selection. Only few approaches are presently available for this purpose. PCR-based screening for BPV in superficial swabs is widely-used to support clinical suspicion. While this method effectively detects sarcoid involvement in ulcerated lesions, sensitivity is lower in tumors with intact epithelium. This cross-sectional study compared the diagnostic characteristics of superficial swabs and fine-needle aspirates (FNA) with the aim to validate FNA as an alternative sampling method to detect BPV in suspect lesions. Among 63 lesions confirmed as sarcoids from 58 horses, compared to swabs FNA detected a greater proportion of BPV positives in general (swab, 70 %,;95 % confidence intervals [CI], 58.5 %-81.2 %; FNA, 98 %, 95 % CI, 95.3 %-100 %; P = 0.0001) and among a non-ulcerated subgroup (swab, 63 %, 95 % CI, 50.4 %-76.6 %; FNA, 98 %, 95 % CI, 91.4 %-100 %; P = 0.0001). Furthermore, the sensitivity, as well as the negative predictive value and accuracy of FNA for matched samples from 58 horses were superior to surface swabbing for the group of all horses and the subgroup that included only lesions with an intact epidermis (n = 48), with differences ranging from 23 % (95 % CI, 11.4 %-34.6 %) to 52 % (95 % CI, 25.9 %-78.1 %). Other advantages of FNA identified were a higher chance of adequate sampling and a reduced risk of unwanted detection of superficial contamination or latent BPV in keratinocytes. The ability to consistently detect BPV in all clinical lesion types indicates that FNA shows promise as a valid diagnostic tool to improve the consistency and quality of the diagnostic workup of equine sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Gysens
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Saba C, Eggleston R, Parks A, Peroni J, Sjoberg E, Rice S, Tyma J, Williams J, Grosenbaugh D, Leard AT. ALVAC-fIL2, a feline interleukin-2 immunomodulator, as a treatment for sarcoids in horses: A pilot study. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1179-1184. [PMID: 35416353 PMCID: PMC9151478 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcoid tumors are common in horses and may negatively impact the performance and value of the horse. No known treatment is reliably successful. Hypotheses/Objectives To determine tolerability, overall response rate, time to response, and progression‐free survival of horses with biopsy‐confirmed or suspected sarcoids treated with ALVAC‐fIL2. Animals Client‐owned horses with measurable, presumed‐ or biopsy‐confirmed sarcoid tumors. Methods Prospective pilot study. One milliliter of ALVAC‐fIL2 was injected into 4 to 5 areas of the sarcoid(s) in each horse (week 0); this treatment was repeated in weeks 1, 3, and 7. Sarcoids were measured at each visit, and response to treatment was determined according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors for dogs (v1.0). After the final treatment, horses were reassessed and sarcoids remeasured every 3 months until tumor progression or for a minimum of 1 year if progression was not documented. Results Fourteen horses were included. Tumor size decreased in 86% of the horses, and the median time to first response was 89 days (range, 34‐406 days). Median time to best response was 211 days (range, 56‐406 days), but 3 of the sarcoids still were decreasing in size at the time of final evaluation. The median progression‐free interval was not reached. Adverse events were minimal and included transient focal inflammation in 2 horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Intratumoral injection of ALVAC‐fIL2 has promise as a well‐tolerated and effective, tissue‐sparing treatment for horses with sarcoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Saba
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Randall Eggleston
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Parks
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John Peroni
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Sjoberg
- Maggie's Menagerie Veterinary Services, Ila, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelbe Rice
- Maggie's Menagerie Veterinary Services, Ila, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse Tyma
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jarred Williams
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Spugnini EP, Scacco L, Bolaffio C, Baldi A. Electrochemotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous solid tumors in equids: A retrospective study. Open Vet J 2021; 11:385-389. [PMID: 34722200 PMCID: PMC8541726 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrochemotherapy (ECT) promotes the increased uptake of antitumor agents through the administration of permeabilizing electric pulses, thus enhancing chemotherapy effectiveness. Aim Our study aimed to describe the tolerability and efficacy of ECT alone or in association with surgery to manage solid neoplasms in equids. Methods Medical records of equids with a diagnosis of malignant tumors treated with ECT alone or in combination with surgery were retrospectively evaluated. Each equid received local treatment within the tumors or the tumors' bed with cisplatin at the dose of 0.5 mg/cm2. Trains of permeabilizing biphasic electric pulses were then applied under spinal or general anesthesia. Results Sixteen equids were enrolled in this study. There were nine melanoma cases, four fibrosarcoma, and three squamous cell carcinoma. Of those 16 equids, 7 received ECT for treatment of intraoperative local disease, while in 9 cases, ECT was the only treatment modality. The seven equids treated with the combination of ECT and surgery still have no evidence of disease at different times ranging from 9 to 60 months. The remaining nine had the following responses: two complete remissions, five partial responses, one stable disease, and one progressive disease. The treatment was well-tolerated, and local side effects were minimal. No systemic effects were documented. Conclusion This retrospective study suggests that ECT may be beneficial for equids with solid neoplasms and could be a useful addition to the current therapeutic options considering its low cost, limited toxicity, and ease of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alfonso Baldi
- Biopulse Srl, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
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Vandeborne L, Pantziarka P, Van Nuffel AMT, Bouche G. Repurposing Infectious Diseases Vaccines Against Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:688755. [PMID: 34055652 PMCID: PMC8155725 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.688755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines used to prevent infections have long been known to stimulate immune responses to cancer as illustrated by the approval of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine to treat bladder cancer since the 1970s. The recent approval of immunotherapies has rejuvenated this research area with reports of anti-tumor responses with existing infectious diseases vaccines used as such, either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we have reviewed and summarized research activities using approved vaccines to treat cancer. Data supporting a cancer therapeutic use was found for 16 vaccines. For 10 (BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, human papillomavirus, influenza, measles, pneumococcus, smallpox, typhoid and varicella-zoster), clinical trials have been conducted or are ongoing. Within the remaining 6, preclinical evidence supports further evaluation of the rotavirus, yellow fever and pertussis vaccine in carefully designed clinical trials. The mechanistic evidence for the cholera vaccine, combined with the observational data in colorectal cancer, is also supportive of clinical translation. There is limited data for the hepatitis B and mumps vaccine (without measles vaccine). Four findings are worth highlighting: the superiority of intravesical typhoid vaccine instillations over BCG in a preclinical bladder cancer model, which is now the subject of a phase I trial; the perioperative use of the influenza vaccine to limit and prevent the natural killer cell dysfunction induced by cancer surgery; objective responses following intratumoral injections of measles vaccine in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; objective responses induced by human papillomavirus vaccine in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. All vaccines are intended to induce or improve an anti-tumor (immune) response. In addition to the biological and immunological mechanisms that vary between vaccines, the mode of administration and sequence with other (immuno-)therapies warrant more attention in future research.
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Loschelder-Ostrowski J, Winter JC, Merle R, Klopfleisch R, Gehlen H. Treatment of equine sarcoids using recombinant poxviruses expressing feline interleukin-2. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:283-e77. [PMID: 33728715 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-2 stimulates antitumour immunity and is successfully used for the treatment of different neoplasias. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Canarypox virus locally expressing feline IL-2 is safe and can be used to treat equine sarcoids. ANIMALS Twenty horses of different breeds with a median age of eight years (interquartile range 6.0-13.3 years) and a total number of 59 sarcoids were included in the study. METHODS In this prospective clinical trial, sarcoids were injected twice seven days apart, with a recombinant canarypox virus expressing feline IL-2. Complete blood counts (CBC) and fibrinogen levels were measured before treatment and on days 1, 2, 7 and 8. RESULTS Complete regression was achieved in eight horses (40%) and partial regression in two horses (10%). No change in sarcoid size was observed in two horses (10%) and the disease progressed in five horses (25%). Sarcoids of three horses (15%) showed initial response followed by tumour growth. There were no significant changes in CBC and fibrinogen levels after either injection. One horse developed a mild fever the day after each injection, which subsided without treatment the following day. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of equine sarcoids with recombinant canarypox virus expressing feline IL-2 seems to be a safe therapy option. Although the expression of IL-2 after vector injection and its biological activity in horses were not proven in this study, the treatment resulted in regression and partial regression in 50% of the cases. Further studies are necessary to verify these findings and to establish a treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Epidemiology, Free University of Berlin, Königsweg 67, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Free University of Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Clinic for Horses, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, 14163, Germany
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Ogłuszka M, Starzyński RR, Pierzchała M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Raś A. Equine Sarcoids-Causes, Molecular Changes, and Clinicopathologic Features: A Review. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:472-482. [PMID: 33461443 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine sarcoid is the most common skin tumor of horses. Clinically, it occurs as a locally invasive, fibroblastic, wart-like lesion of equine skin, which has 6 clinical classes: occult, verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant. Sarcoids may be single but multiple lesions are more frequent. The typical histological feature is increased density of dermal fibroblasts which form interlacing bundles and whorls within the dermis. Lesions are mostly persistent, resist therapy, and tend to recur following treatment. In general, sarcoids are not fatal but their location, size, and progression to the more aggressive form may lead to the withdrawal of a horse from use and serious infringement of their welfare leading to the loss of valuable animals. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 and less commonly type 2 contribute to the development of equine sarcoid. The viral genome and proteins are detected in a high percentage of cases. Furthermore, viral oncoprotein activity leads to changes in the fibroblastic tissue similar to changes seen in other types of tumors. Equine sarcoids are characterized by a loss of tumor suppressor activity and changes allowing abnormal formation of the affected tissue, as well as y immune defense abnormalities that weaken the host's immune response. This impaired immune response to BPV infection appears to be crucial for the development of lesions that do not spontaneously regress, as occurs in BPV-infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pierzchała
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Raś
- 49674University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Unger L, Abril C, Gerber V, Jagannathan V, Koch C, Hamza E. Diagnostic potential of three serum microRNAs as biomarkers for equine sarcoid disease in horses and donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:610-619. [PMID: 33415768 PMCID: PMC7848377 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for equine sarcoids (ES). OBJECTIVES To assess eca-miR-331, eca-miR-100, and eca-miR-1 as serum biomarkers for ES disease. ANIMALS Sixty-eight ES cases (56 horses, 12 donkeys), 69 tumor-free controls (60 horses, 9 donkeys), and 20 horses with other skin tumors. METHODS For this case-control study, expression of serum eca-miR-331, eca-miR-100, and eca-miR-1 in ES-affected equids was compared to tumor-free age-, sex-, and breed-matched control horses and donkeys with other skin tumors using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for relative miRNA quantification. Biological, preanalytical, and clinical variable influences on miRNA expression were examined. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine differences in miRNA expression between groups. RESULTS The expression of eca-miR-100 was affected by age (P = .003) and expression of eca-miR-100 and eca-miR-1 were affected by hemolysis (both P < .001). Eca-miR-331 was unaffected by biological variation, hemolysis, ES type, and disease severity. Eca-miR-331 concentrations were higher in ES-affected compared to tumor-free controls (P = .002). The ROC curve analysis indicated an area under the curve of 0.65 (P = .002) with a sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 71%, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 2.1 and 0.56, respectively, to diagnose ES. Eca-miR-331 expression did not discriminate between horses with ES and other skin tumors. Expression of eca-miR-100 and eca-miR-1 was not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Serum eca-miR-331 expression is neither sensitive nor specific enough as a single ES biomarker. If combined with other miRNAs, it may be helpful for ES diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Unger
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Abril
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Koch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eman Hamza
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Kremenovic M, Schenk M, Lee DJ. Clinical and molecular insights into BCG immunotherapy for melanoma. J Intern Med 2020; 288:625-640. [PMID: 32128919 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma and the mortality rate of advanced melanoma patients continue to rise globally. Despite the recent success of immunotherapy including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab checkpoint inhibitors, a large proportion of patients are refractory to such treatment modalities. The application of mycobacteria such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in the treatment of various malignancies, including cutaneous melanoma, has been clearly demonstrated after almost a century of observations and experimentation. Intralesional BCG (IL-BCG) immunotherapy is a highly efficient and cost-effective treatment option for inoperable stage III in-transit melanoma, as recommended in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. IL-BCG has shown great efficacy in the regression of directly injected metastatic melanoma lesions, as well as distal noninjected nodules in immunocompetent patients. Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that BCG serves as a strong immune modulator, inducing the recruitment of various immune cells that contribute to antitumour immunity. However, the specific mechanism of BCG-mediated tumour immunity remains poorly understood. Comparative genome analyses have revealed that different BCG strains exhibit distinct immunological activity and virulence, which might impact the therapeutic response and clinical outcome of patients. In this review, we discuss the immunostimulatory potential of different BCG substrains and highlight clinical studies utilizing BCG immunotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Furthermore, the review focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the BCG-induced immune responses of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Furthermore, the review discussed the administration of BCG as a monotherapy or in combination with other immunotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kremenovic
- From the, Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, Universitat Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Schenk
- From the, Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, Universitat Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D J Lee
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Pettersson CM, Broström H, Humblot P, Bergvall KE. Topical treatment of equine sarcoids with imiquimod 5% cream or Sanguinaria canadensis and zinc chloride - an open prospective study. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:471-e126. [PMID: 33016520 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids are the most prevalent skin neoplasm in horses worldwide. Although several treatments are available, none are consistently effective and recurrence is common. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical imiquimod 5% cream and Sanguinaria canadensis + zinc chloride for treatment of equine sarcoids and investigate possible systemic effects on distant untreated sarcoids. ANIMALS/TUMOURS Twenty-five client-owned horses with a total of 164 tumours were included in the study. Fifty-seven tumours were treated and 107 tumours were left untreated. METHODS AND MATERIALS Skin biopsy samples were collected from a minimum of one tumour per horse and the rest were diagnosed based on clinical appearance as likely sarcoids. Imiquimod 5% (A) was applied three times weekly, while Sanguinaria canadensis + zinc chloride (X) was applied every fourth day after a six day daily initiation phase. Treatment continued until clinical remission or for a maximum of 45 weeks, with a long follow-up period (mean 34 months). Skin biopsy samples of sarcoid lesions were re-taken before treatment termination and at follow-up if the owner gave consent. RESULTS Complete remission was recorded in 84.4% (A) and 75.0% (X) of the tumours. Relapse was recorded in 7.3% (A) and 21.4% (X). Spontaneous remission was observed in 1.9% of untreated tumours. No systemic effect on untreated tumours was detected. During treatment varying degrees of local inflammatory reaction were common. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both treatments were considered effective and safe. Smaller tumours responded more favourably to treatment. Relapse rate was low and not observed in sarcoids with repeat biopsies before treatment termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M Pettersson
- District and Official Veterinarian, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Rådmansgatan 55, Kristinehamn, 681 34, Sweden
| | - Hans Broström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Patrice Humblot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Kerstin E Bergvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
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17
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Martano M, Altamura G, Power K, Restucci B, Carella F, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Evaluation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha (HIF-1α) in Equine Sarcoid: An Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:E58. [PMID: 31947661 PMCID: PMC7168668 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND equine sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors in equidae worldwide. It is well known that delta bovine papillomaviruses are their causative agents. We have recently shown the presence in equine sarcoids of abnormal vessel structures, which could cause a hypoxic condition. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in a subset of BPV positive equine sarcoids and explore the relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. RESULTS 80% of equine sarcoids showed strong cytoplasmic staining in >60% of neoplastic fibroblasts, while 20% of samples showed a moderate cytoplasmic staining in 40-60% of neoplastic fibroblasts for HIF-1α. Results of Western blotting (WB) were consistent with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Moreover, a positive correlation between HIF-1α and VEGF expression (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) was observed. CONCLUSION we have shown that HIF-1α was strongly expressed in equine sarcoid. The upregulation of HIF-1α has been described in numerous tumors and can be modulated by many proteins encoded by transforming viruses. Thus, it is also possible that BPV could have a relevant role in HIF-1α pathway regulation, contributing to the development of equine sarcoids by promoting HIF-1α/VEGF mediated tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
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18
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Saadi A, Azizi S, Farshid AA, Yousefi A. Surgical management of penile sarcoid in a stallion. J Equine Sci 2019; 30:99-104. [PMID: 31871412 PMCID: PMC6920054 DOI: 10.1294/jes.30.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes surgical management and breeding implications of a case of penile sarcoid associated with penis laceration in a 4-year-old Kurdish stallion. A large fleshy mass on the distal end of the penis that resulted in urethral meatus deviation and dysuria was detected in a physical examination. No evidence of local extent or metastasis was detected. Under general anaesthesia, the involved distal portion of the penis was removed through partial phallectomy. Histopathological examination of the mass confirmed a fibroblastic sarcoid. Partial phallectomy was successful for management of penile sarcoid and resulted in no postoperative complications or tumour recurrence in long-term follow up; however, successful ejaculation and semen collection have not been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Saadi
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Saeed Azizi
- Department of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Amir-Abbas Farshid
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Alireza Yousefi
- Department of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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Abstract
Periocular neoplasia is common in horses. Treatment of the periocular skin and ocular adnexal structures can be technically challenging. Common neoplastic conditions, a treatment algorithm, surgical principles, and therapeutic modalities are reviewed. Regardless of the type of neoplasia found or the treatment that is applied, success is most likely when the neoplastic tumor is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Estell
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 17690 Old Waterford Road, Leesburg, VA 20176, USA.
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Poore L, Smit Y, Duncan N, Williams J. Surgical resection of a squamous cell carcinoma in the perianal region of a 25‐year‐old crossbred American Paint gelding using sharp surgical excision, laser excision and chemotherapy. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Poore
- The Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Y. Smit
- The Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - N. Duncan
- Section of Pathology Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - J. Williams
- Section of Pathology Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
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21
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Haspeslagh M, Vlaminck L, Martens A. The possible role of Stomoxys calcitrans in equine sarcoid transmission. Vet J 2017; 231:8-12. [PMID: 29429489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The association between bovine papillomavirus (BPV) and equine sarcoids is well established, but it is unclear how the virus spreads. Although evidence in support of viral spread through direct animal contact exists, this does not explain sarcoid development in isolated equids. BPV DNA has been detected in flies, which could indicate that these insects serve as a vector. This study aimed to investigate whether BPV-negative stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) become positive for BPV DNA after exposure to equine sarcoid or bovine papilloma tissue under experimental conditions and, if so, for how long. A total of 420 stable flies were caught alive and exposed to BPV positive equine sarcoid or bovine papilloma tissue. During the following week, dead flies were collected daily and BPV loads were determined by quantitative PCR. There was a significant rise in BPV load after tissue exposure both in sarcoid and papilloma exposed flies, but the viral load was higher and remained high for a longer time after exposure to papilloma tissue compared to sarcoid tissue. Within days, viral loads decreased again and became indifferent from loads before exposure. The results of these experiments indicate that BPV transmission by S. calcitrans seems possible and is more likely to occur after contact with bovine papillomas than with equine sarcoids. Transmission seems only possible shortly after tissue exposure. Further research could include experimental induction of sarcoids with BPV positive stable flies, or a repeat of the experiment with micro-dissection prior to PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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22
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Haspeslagh M, Vlaminck LEM, Martens AM. Treatment of sarcoids in equids: 230 cases (2008-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:311-8. [PMID: 27439349 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes following treatment of sarcoids in equids and to identify risk factors for treatment failure in these patients. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 230 equids with 614 sarcoids. PROCEDURES Records were searched to identify equids treated for ≥ 1 sarcoid between 2008 and 2013. A standardized protocol was used to determine treatment choice (electrosurgery, electrosurgery with intralesional placement of cisplatin-containing beads, topical administration of imiquimod or acyclovir, cryosurgery, bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine injection, or intralesional injection of platinum-containing drugs). Data regarding animal, tumor, treatment, and outcome variables were collected. Complete tumor regression without recurrence for ≥ 6 months was considered a successful outcome. Success rates were calculated; binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for treatment failure and to compare effects of the 2 topical treatments. A χ(2) test was used to compare effects of the number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine or cisplatin-containing drug injections on outcome. RESULTS The overall success rate was 460 of 614 (74.9%). Electrosurgical excision resulted in the highest treatment success rate (277/319 [86.8%]); odds of treatment failure were significantly greater for intralesional injection of platinum-containing drugs, cryosurgery, and topical acyclovir treatment. Odds of treatment failure were also significantly greater for sarcoids on equids with multiple tumors than for solitary lesions, and significantly lower for sarcoids on equids that received concurrent immunostimulating treatment for another sarcoid than for those on patients that did not receive such treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Selection bias for treatments was inherent to the study design; however, results may assist clinicians in selecting treatments and in determining prognosis for equids with sarcoids treated according to the described methods.
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Compston PC, Turner T, Wylie CE, Payne RJ. Laser surgery as a treatment for histologically confirmed sarcoids in the horse. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:451-6. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Turner
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Edinburgh UK
| | - C. E. Wylie
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - R. J. Payne
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket Suffolk UK
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Mosseri S, Hetzel U, Hahn S, Michaloupoulou E, Sallabank HC, Knottenbelt DC, Kipar A. Equine sarcoid: In situ demonstration of matrix metalloproteinase expression. Vet J 2014; 202:279-85. [PMID: 25439440 PMCID: PMC7128672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most prevalent equine skin tumours and remain a therapeutic challenge due to their differing clinical morphology, local aggressive behaviour, and high recurrence following surgical treatment. In vitro, sarcoid derived fibroblasts are invasive and express matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -1, -2 and -9. It was hypothesised that the MMPs produced by neoplastic cells play a role in both their local invasiveness and interaction with the overlying epidermis (picket fence formation). The objective of this morphological study was to investigate the local behaviour and in situ MMP expression pattern in sarcoids of different clinical types. A total of 43 surgically excised sarcoids were examined by histology, immunohistology for the expression of MMP-1, -2 and -9, and transmission electron microscopy. Regardless of the clinical type, sarcoids showed local invasion of the dermis and damage to the basement membrane in areas of interaction with the epidermis. This was associated with MMP-1 expression in both neoplastic cells and epidermis. The results suggest a link between MMP-1 expression and the local aggressiveness of sarcoids regardless of the clinical type.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mosseri
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK; Three Counties Equine Hospital, Ripple, Tewkesbury GL20 6HE, UK
| | - U Hetzel
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shelley Hahn
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleni Michaloupoulou
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Hannah Clare Sallabank
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Derek C Knottenbelt
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - A Kipar
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
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Sarcoid-derived fibroblasts: links between genomic instability, energy metabolism and senescence. Biochimie 2013; 97:163-72. [PMID: 24148276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) is a well recognized etiopathogenetic factor in a cancer-like state in horses, namely equine sarcoid disease. Nevertheless, little is known about BPV-1-mediated cell transforming effects. It was shown that BPV-1 triggers genomic instability through DNA hypomethylation and oxidative stress. In the present study, we further characterized BPV-1-positive fibroblasts derived from sarcoid tumors. The focus was on cancer-like features of sarcoid-derived fibroblasts, including cell cycle perturbation, comprehensive DNA damage analysis, end-replication problem, energy metabolism and oncogene-induced premature senescence. The S phase of the cell cycle, polyploidy events, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) were increased in BPV-1-positive cells compared to control fibroblasts. BPV-1-mediated oxidative stress may contribute to telomere dysfunction in sarcoid-derived fibroblasts. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and concurrent elevation in intracellular ATP production may be a consequence of changes in energy-supplying pathways in BPV-1-positive cells which is also typical for cancer cells. Shifts in energy metabolism may support rapid proliferation in cells infected by BPV-1. Nevertheless, sarcoid-derived fibroblasts representing a heterogeneous cell fraction vary in some aspects of metabolic phenotype due to a dual role of BPV-1 in cell transformation and oncogene-induced premature senescence. This was shown with increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. Taken together, metabolic phenotypes in sarcoid-derived fibroblasts are plastic, which are similar to greater plasticity of cancer tissues than normal tissues.
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Potocki L, Lewinska A, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Koch C, Mählmann K, Janda J, Wnuk M. DNA hypomethylation and oxidative stress-mediated increase in genomic instability in equine sarcoid-derived fibroblasts. Biochimie 2012; 94:2013-24. [PMID: 22659572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that equine sarcoid disease, the most common skin associated neoplasm in equids, is induced by bovine papillomavirus (BPV-1). Although BPV-1 DNA has been found in almost all examined sarcoids so far, its detailed impact on the horse's host cell metabolism is largely unknown. We used equine fibroblast cell lines originating from sarcoid biopsies to study BPV-1-associated changes on DNA methylation status and oxidative stress parameters. Sarcoid-derived fibroblasts manifested increased proliferation in vitro, transcriptional rDNA activity (NORs expression) and DNA hypomethylation compared to control cells. Cells isolated from equine sarcoids suffered from oxidative stress: the expression of antioxidant enzymes was decreased and the superoxide production was increased. Moreover, increased ploidy, oxidative DNA damage and micronuclei formation was monitored in sarcoid cells. We postulate that both altered DNA methylation status and redox milieu may affect genomic stability in BPV-1-infected cells and in turn contribute to sarcoid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Potocki
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Poore LAB, Else RW, Licka TL. The clinical presentation and surgical treatment of verrucous dermatitis lesions in a draught horse. Vet Dermatol 2011; 23:71-5, e17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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TAMZALI Y, BORDE L, ROLS MP, GOLZIO M, LYAZRHI F, TEISSIE J. Successful treatment of equine sarcoids with cisplatin electrochemotherapy: A retrospective study of 48 cases. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:214-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Christen-Clottu O, Klocke P, Burger D, Straub R, Gerber V. Treatment of clinically diagnosed equine sarcoid with a mistletoe extract (Viscum album austriacus). J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1483-9. [PMID: 21039860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids (ES) are common, difficult to treat, and have high recurrence rates. Viscum album extracts (VAE) are used in human cancer treatment. HYPOTHESIS That therapy with VAE (Iscador P) is effective in the treatment of ES. ANIMALS Fifty-three horses (444 ES); 42 were treated with VAE or placebo as monotherapy; 11 were treated with VAE or placebo after selective excision of ES. METHODS Prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial. Horses were randomly assigned to treatment (VAE; n=32) or control group (Placebo; n=21). One milliliter of VAE (Iscador P) in increasing concentrations from 0.1 to 20 mg/mL or physiological NaCl solution was given SC 3 times a week over 105 days. Number, localization, and type of the ES were documented over 12 months. A subset of 163 clinically diagnosed equine sarcoid (CDES) lesions (95 VAE, 68 Placebo) was evaluated in detail, considering clinical findings and tumor volume. RESULTS No undesired adverse effects were observed except for mild edema at the injection site in 5 of 32 horses (16%). Complete or partial regression was observed in 13 horses of the VAE group (41%) and in 3 of the control horses (14%; P<.05). After VAE treatment, 48 of 95 CDES (67%) showed an improvement compared with 17 of 68 CDES in the control group (40%; P<.01). Twenty-seven CDES had disappeared completely in the VAE group (38%) compared with 9 CDES in the control group (13% NS). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE VAE (Iscador P) represents a safe and effective treatment for CDES.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Christen-Clottu
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.
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Bogaert L, Heerden MV, Cock HEVD, Martens A, Chiers K. Molecular and Immunohistochemical Distinction of Equine Sarcoid From Schwannoma. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:737-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810377070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ten equine skin tumors that had been classified as schwannomas on routine histological examination were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for bovine papillomavirus DNA. All 10 were positive for bovine papillomavirus 1 or 2, and all 10 were immunohistochemically negative for S-100 protein and strongly positive for vimentin. Nine tumors were moderately positive for laminin and 8, for smooth muscle actin. Five tumors were variably and weakly positive for type IV collagen. The lack of S-100 protein expression made Schwann cells an unlikely cell of origin, as opposed to peripheral nerve sheath tumors, which typically express S-100 protein, at least in some neoplastic cells. The immunohistochemical reactivity is consistent with myofibroblastic origin of the neoplastic cells, although smooth muscle cell or pericyte origin cannot be ruled out. These tumors represent an atypical form of equine sarcoid. Polymerase chain reaction for bovine papillomavirus and S-100 immunohistochemistry are strongly recommended for all equine skin tumors with histological characteristics typical of schwannoma or peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Bogaert
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - M. Van Heerden
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H. E. V. De Cock
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - A. Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K. Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Gobeil P, Gault EA, Campo MS, Gow J, Morgan IM, Nasir L. Equine sarcoids are not induced by an infectious cell line. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:189-91. [PMID: 17378450 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x179879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Gobeil
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 OH, UK
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Yuan Z, Gobeil PAM, Campo MS, Nasir L. Equine sarcoid fibroblasts over-express matrix metalloproteinases and are invasive. Virology 2009; 396:143-51. [PMID: 19896685 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are DNA viruses that cause tumours of the skin in humans and animals. The natural host of bovine papillomavirus is cattle, but also equids, resulting in tumours termed sarcoids. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) expression is up-regulated in sarcoid fibroblasts and tumours. We extended our observation to other MMPs and determined whether MMPs induced invasion of sarcoid fibroblasts. Collagenase (MMP-1) and Gelatinase (MMP-2, MMP-9) were over-expressed in sarcoid fibroblasts and tumours. The fibroblasts were invasive in a 3D/matrigel invasion assay system. Inhibition of MMP by GM6001 significantly reduced invasion. E2 siRNA treatment of sarcoid fibroblasts decreased the expression of the viral genes and of MMP-2 and -9, leading to a dramatic reduction of invasion. This demonstrates that BPV-1 induces over-expression of MMPs contributing to invasiveness of sarcoid fibroblasts. Inhibition of E2 by siRNA leads to abrogation of invasion suggesting that E2 is a good target for sarcoid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQiang Yuan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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McCluskie LK, Tremaine WH. Surgical removal of an aural sarcoid in a donkey using ultrasonic shears. Vet Rec 2009; 164:561-3. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.18.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. K. McCluskie
- University of Bristol Equine Hospital; Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; Division of Companion Animals; University of Bristol; Langford House, Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - W. H. Tremaine
- University of Bristol Equine Hospital; Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; Division of Companion Animals; University of Bristol; Langford House, Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
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Nasir L, Campo MS. Bovine papillomaviruses: their role in the aetiology of cutaneous tumours of bovids and equids. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:243-54. [PMID: 18927950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is perhaps the most extensively studied animal papillomavirus. In cattle BPVs induce benign tumours of cutaneous or mucosal epithelia, called papillomas or warts. Cattle papillomas are benign tumours and generally regress without eliciting any serious clinical problems in the host, but occasionally persist and provide the focus for malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, as in the case of cancer of the urinary bladder and cancer of the upper alimentary canal. BPV is the only papillomavirus that jumps species: the virus also infects equids, and gives rise to fibroblastic tumours called sarcoids. Sarcoids very rarely regress, more often they persist and can be locally aggressive. These tumours are the most common dermatological tumour of equids worldwide. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biology of BPV, the biology of bovine tumours and equine sarcoids, and present the current understanding of BPV in tumour pathogenesis in its natural host, cattle, and in its heterologous host, equids. Finally, the use of anti-BPV vaccines as a therapy for equine sarcoids will be discussed. Only limited information on the clinical or pathological aspects of either bovine or equine tumours will be provided as this subject has been extensively addressed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Nasir
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH.
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Kidney BA, Berrocal A. Sarcoids in two captive tapirs (Tapirus bairdii): clinical, pathological and molecular study. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:380-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Transcriptional changes induced by bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine fibroblasts. J Virol 2008; 82:6481-91. [PMID: 18434409 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00429-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and, less commonly, BPV-2 are associated with the pathogenesis of common equine skin tumors termed sarcoids. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms by which BPV-1 induces sarcoids, we used gene expression profiling as a screening tool to identify candidate genes implicated in disease pathogenesis. Gene expression profiles of equine fibroblasts transformed by BPV-1 experimentally or from explanted tumors were compared with those of control equine fibroblasts to identify genes associated with expression of BPV-1. Analysis of the microarray data identified 81 probe sets that were significantly (P < 0.01) differentially expressed between the BPV-1-transformed and control cell lines. Expression of several deregulated genes, including MMP-1, CXCL5, FRA-1, NKG7, TLR4, and the gene encoding the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) protein, was confirmed using other BPV-1-transformed cell lines. Furthermore, expression of these genes was examined using a panel of 10 sarcoids. Increased expression of MMP-1, CXCL5, FRA-1, and NKG7 was detected in a subset of tumors, and TLR4 and MHC I showed robust down-regulation in all tumors. Deregulated expression was confirmed at the protein level for MMP-1 and MHC-I. The present report identifies genes modulated by BPV-1 transformation and will help identify the molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis.
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Meeusen ENT, Walker J, Peters A, Pastoret PP, Jungersen G. Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:489-510, table of contents. [PMID: 17630337 PMCID: PMC1932753 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00005-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els N T Meeusen
- Animal Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Building 13f, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Bogaert L, Van Poucke M, De Baere C, Dewulf J, Peelman L, Ducatelle R, Gasthuys F, Martens A. Bovine papillomavirus load and mRNA expression, cell proliferation and p53 expression in four clinical types of equine sarcoid. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2155-2161. [PMID: 17622617 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids, the most common skin tumours in horses, are induced by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). Their clinical appearance varies from small stable patches to aggressively growing masses. Differences in BPV load and mRNA expression and Ki67 and p53 immunostaining among four clinical types (fibroblastic, occult, nodular and verrucous sarcoids) were evaluated to test the hypothesis that the clinical behaviour of equine sarcoids correlates with BPV activity. Viral load and expression of the BPV E2, E5, E6 and E7 genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. The proliferative fraction (PF) of the tumours was determined by Ki67 immunostaining and expression of p53 was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Nodular sarcoids showed a significantly higher viral load than the other types. A significant overall difference among the four types was observed for E2, E5, E6 and E7 mRNA expression. Nodular sarcoids showed the highest expression level for each BPV gene examined, followed by verrucous, fibroblastic and occult tumours. Viral DNA and mRNA outcomes correlated with each other, indicating a similar transcription pattern in each type of sarcoid. The PF was significantly higher in the superficial layers of verrucous and fibroblastic sarcoids compared with occult and nodular types. No significant difference was observed for the PF in the deep layers and for p53 expression. These results clearly demonstrate the omnipresence and active transcription of BPV in equine sarcoids. However, the hypothesis that the clinical behaviour of an equine sarcoid can be explained on the basis of differences in BPV activity could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bogaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Van Poucke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C De Baere
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Peelman
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Gasthuys
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Martens
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the efficacy of intratumoural injections of 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of equine sarcoids. DESIGN A prospective study that included 13 horses and one donkey. PROCEDURE Sarcoids were confirmed by histological examination and treated with intratumoural 5-fluorouracil every 2 weeks. If the sarcoids did not resolve after seven treatments, treatment was considered a failure. All cases were re-examined 6 months after treatment commenced and owners were telephoned 3 years after commencement of treatment to report on tumour recurrence. Outcome comparisons were performed to determine the effect of previous treatment, tumour size and tumour location on sarcoid resolution. The efficacy of intratumoural 5-fluorouracil was compared with other previously documented treatments of equine sarcoids. RESULTS Sarcoids smaller than 13.5 cm3 were significantly (P = 0.032) more likely to resolve with treatment than larger sarcoids. Sarcoids that were not responsive to previous therapies were significantly (P = 0.007) more likely to recur after 3 years than sarcoids that had not been treated prior to this study. In this study, there were similar rates of resolution in cases with mutiple tumours (66.6%) when compared to cases with single tumours (60%). The numbers in this study were too small to properly evaluate the effect of tumour location on the success of treatment. Intratumoural 5-fluorouracil appeared to have resolved sarcoids in 9 of 13 cases (61.5%) as determined by follow up conversation with the owners 3 years after the initial treatment. CONCLUSION The use of intratumoural 5-fluorouracil compares favourably with other treatment modalities for sarcoids, with a long term successful resolution rate of 61.5%. Owners should be warned that resistant sarcoids and sarcoids larger than 13.5 cm3 have a poorer prognosis for resolution and more aggressive therapeutic options should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr., Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA.
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Nogueira SAF, Torres SMF, Malone ED, Diaz SF, Jessen C, Gilbert S. Efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of equine sarcoids: a pilot study. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:259-65. [PMID: 16827669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imiquimod is an immune response modifier with potent antiviral and antitumour activity. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of an imiquimod 5% cream (Aldaratrade mark: 3M, Saint Paul, MN, USA) as a topical treatment for equine sarcoids. Fifteen horses with a total of 19 tumours were enrolled, including mixed (7), fibroblastic (5), flat (3), verrucous (2), and nodular (2) types. Baseline data included history, physical examination, tumour location, measurement and digital photography. Imiquimod was applied by the owners three times a week until complete resolution of the tumour or 32 weeks, whichever occurred first. Tumours were measured and photographed every 4 weeks. Treatment efficacy was defined as 75% or greater reduction of tumour size by the end of the trial. Four sarcoids were withdrawn from the study. Twelve of the remaining 15 tumours (80%) showed more than 75% reduction in size and nine (60%) totally resolved between 8 and 32 weeks. The most common adverse effects of exudation, erythema, erosions, depigmentation and alopecia were limited to the tumour and adjacent areas. The results suggest that topical imiquimod is a therapeutic option for the treatment of equine sarcoids, although more detailed studies are required to corroborate these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A F Nogueira
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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Spoormakers TJP, Klein WR, Jacobs JJL, Van Den Ingh TSGAM, Koten JW, Den Otter W. Comparison of the efficacy of local treatment of equine sarcoids with IL-2 or cisplatin/IL-2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:179-84. [PMID: 12649747 PMCID: PMC11032927 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-002-0369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Accepted: 11/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Local interleukin-2 (IL-2) is effective in a number of experimental animal models and in veterinary and human cancer patients without discomforting side effects. The primary goal of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects and side effects of the local intratumoral administration of five or ten low doses of IL-2 with those of a combination of cisplatin and a single high dose of IL-2 in the treatment of equine sarcoids. The therapeutic effect (complete and partial regression) of local cisplatin together with a single high dose of IL-2 was significantly better than the combined effect of low doses of local IL-2 administered daily over 5 or 10 days (80% and 43%, respectively; P=0.02). Cisplatin/IL-2 and low doses of IL-2 induced 53% and 14% complete regressions, respectively ( P=0.02). Histological changes after cisplatin/IL-2 treatment were far more pronounced than after IL-2 only treatment and in several cases showed an enormous eosinophilic infiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. P. Spoormakers
- />Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - W. R. Klein
- />Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - J. J. L. Jacobs
- />Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80 176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - J. W. Koten
- />Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80 176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W. Den Otter
- />Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80 176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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