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Greigert V, Brion N, Lang C, Regnard P, Pfaff AW, Abou-Bacar A, Wanert F, Dirheimer M, Candolfi E, Brunet J. Cestode infections in non-human primates suggest the existence of zoonotic cycles in the area surrounding the Strasbourg primatology center. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:25. [PMID: 31041896 PMCID: PMC6492538 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several cases of infections due to Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia martis and Taenia crassiceps were recently described in various species of captive non-human primates (NHPs) harbored in the Strasbourg Primate Center (SPC). Furthermore, one of the first cases of human cysticercosis due to T. martis was described in the Strasbourg region. These data suggest the existence of zoonotic cycles of tapeworm infections in the direct environment of the SPC. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of larval cestode infections among intermediate and definitive hosts in the close neighborhood of the center. We analyzed carnivore mammal fecal samples as well as rodent carcasses, collected inside or near the SPC, using PCR. Furthermore, we performed serology for Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp. on NHP sera. Results: We found that 14.5% (95% CI [8.6; 20.4]) of 138 carnivore feces were positive for E. multilocularis-DNA, as well as 25% (95% CI [5.5; 57.2]) of 12 rodent carcasses, and 5.1% (95% CI [1.4; 8.7]) for T. martis or T. crassiceps. Of all NHPs tested, 10.1% (95% CI [3.8; 16.4]) were seropositive for Echinococcus spp. and 8.2% (95% CI [1.3; 15.1]) for Taenia spp. Conclusions: Our data support the existence of zoonotic cycles of larval cestode infections in the direct environment of the primatology center affecting NHPs harbored in the SPC, potentially threatening the human population living in this area. Since this zoonotic risk is borne by local wildlife, and given the severity of these infections, it seems necessary to put in place measures to protect captive NHPs, and further studies to better assess the risk to human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Greigert
- Unité d'infectiologie, Service de médecine interne, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, 68000 Colmar, France - Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Brion
- École Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Lang
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France - Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierrick Regnard
- Centre de Primatologie - SILABE (Simian Laboratory Europe) ADUEIS, Fort Foch, 67205 Oberhausbergen, France
| | - Alexander W Pfaff
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France - Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ahmed Abou-Bacar
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France - Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanélie Wanert
- Centre de Primatologie - SILABE (Simian Laboratory Europe) ADUEIS, Fort Foch, 67205 Oberhausbergen, France
| | - Manon Dirheimer
- Centre de Primatologie - SILABE (Simian Laboratory Europe) ADUEIS, Fort Foch, 67205 Oberhausbergen, France
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France - Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Brunet
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France - Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 96:159-257. [PMID: 28212789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the species composing the genus Echinococcus, four species are of human clinical interest. The most prevalent species are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, followed by Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. The first two species cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively. Both diseases have a complex clinical management, in which laboratory diagnosis could be an adjunctive to the imaging techniques. To date, several approaches have been described for the laboratory diagnosis and followup of CE and AE, including antibody, antigen and cytokine detection. All of these approaches are far from being optimal as adjunctive diagnosis particularly for CE, since they do not reach enough sensitivity and/or specificity. A combination of several methods (e.g., antibody and antigen detection) or of several (recombinant) antigens could improve the performance of the adjunctive laboratory methods, although the complexity of echinococcosis and heterogeneity of clinical cases make necessary a deep understanding of the host-parasite relationships and the parasite phenotype at different developmental stages to reach the best diagnostic tool and to make it accepted in clinical practice. Standardization approaches and a deep understanding of the performance of each of the available antigens in the diagnosis of echinococcosis for the different clinical pictures are also needed. The detection of the parasite in definitive hosts is also reviewed in this chapter. Finally, the different methods for the detection of parasite DNA in different analytes and matrices are also reviewed.
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Immunization of rhesus macaques with Echinococcus multilocularis recombinant 14-3-3 antigen leads to specific antibody response. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:435-439. [PMID: 27787625 PMCID: PMC5167771 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
E. multilocularis (Em) is the etiologic agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a severe and potentially fatal disease, primarily affecting the liver of and occurring in aberrant intermediate hosts, e.g., humans and non-human primates. Due to increasing numbers of spontaneous cases of AE in the Old World monkey colonies of the German Primate Center, the question arose as to whether vaccination of non-human primates may represent a useful prophylactic approach. In this pilot study, the recombinant antigen Em14-3-3, which has provided a 97 % protection against E. multilocularis challenge infection in rodent models, was used for the first time to immunize rhesus macaques. In order to increase immunogenicity, the antigen was formulated with different adjuvants including Quil A®, aluminum hydroxide (alum), and muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Also, different vaccination regimens were tested. All vaccinated animals developed antigen-specific antibodies. While Quil A® induced a local adverse reaction, alum proved to be the most potent adjuvant in terms of induced antibody levels, longevity as well as tolerability. In conclusion, our pilot study demonstrated that recombinant Em14-3-3 is safe and immunogenic in rhesus monkeys. As a next step, efficacy of the vaccination remains to be explored.
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Brunet J, Regnard P, Pesson B, Abou-Bacar A, Sabou M, Pfaff AW, Candolfi E. Description of vertebral and liver alveolar echinococcosis cases in Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:198. [PMID: 26263896 PMCID: PMC4534023 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, is a fox tapeworm widely distributed in Europe with an increase of endemic area in recent years. Many mammal species including humans and non-human primates can be infected by accidental ingestion of eggs. Case presentation In March 2011, a 5-year-old zoo-raised male cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) presented a paresis of the lower limbs which evolved into paralysis. Lesions in liver and vertebra were observed on tomography scan. E. multilocularis infection was diagnosed post-mortem by morphological and histological examination and detection of Em DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Serodiagnosis of other primates of the colony using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was negative. In June 2013, at necroscopy, a hepatic and a paravertebral masses were detected in a second cynomolgus macaque of the same colony. Serology and DNA isolated from hepatic and abdominal cysts confirmed E. multilocularis infection. Conclusions We described hear vertebral and liver localization of alveolar echinococcosis in non-human primates. The animals lived in an indoor/outdoor housing facility, where the probable mode of contamination is by ingestion of food foraging around the enclosure which could be contaminated with fox feces. Serological survey in the facility should allow us to estimate the risk of human contamination and the zoonotic risk of monkey infection due to environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brunet
- Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Pierrick Regnard
- Centre de Primatologie UdS - SILABE (Simian Laboratory Europe) ADUEIS, Fort Foch, 67207, Niederhausbergen, France.
| | - Bernard Pesson
- Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Ahmed Abou-Bacar
- Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marcela Sabou
- Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alexander W Pfaff
- Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Ermanno Candolfi
- Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 7292, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Boué F, Boes J, Boireau P, Claes M, Cook AJ, Dorny P, Enemark H, van der Giessen J, Hunt KR, Howell M, Kirjušina M, Nöckler K, Pozio E, Rossi P, Smith GC, Snow L, Taylor MA, Theodoropoulos G, Vallée I, Vieira‐Pinto MM, Zimmer I. Development of harmonised schemes for the monitoring and reporting of Echinococcus in animals and foodstuffs in the European Union. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Boué
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA) France
| | - Jaap Boes
- Danish Agricultural & Food Council (DAFC), which has been created on 3 June 2009 by the merger of the Danish Meat Association (DMA) with four other organisations Denmark
| | - Pascal Boireau
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA) France
| | - Marleen Claes
- Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITG) Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Dorny
- Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITG) Belgium
| | - Heidi Enemark
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU) Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Muza Kirjušina
- Nacionalais Diagnostikas Centrs Pārtikas un Veterinārā Dienesta (NDC FVS) Latvia
| | | | | | | | - Graham C. Smith
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), UK. Created on 1 April 2009 by the merger of the Central Science Laboratory (CSL) with two Defra departments
| | - Lucy Snow
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) UK
| | - Mike A. Taylor
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), UK. Created on 1 April 2009 by the merger of the Central Science Laboratory (CSL) with two Defra departments
| | | | - Isabelle Vallée
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA) France
| | | | - Irene‐A. Zimmer
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), UK. Created on 1 April 2009 by the merger of the Central Science Laboratory (CSL) with two Defra departments
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