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Hauck R, Stoute S, Senties-Cue CG, Guy JS, Shivaprasad HL. A Retrospective Study of Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens in California: 2000-18. Avian Dis 2021; 64:525-531. [PMID: 33570104 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d20-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a disease of chickens, mostly in broilers of 2-8 wk of age. Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), a birnavirus, is the etiologic agent. Characteristic gross lesions are enlargement, atony, and pallor of the proventriculus. Cases diagnosed in California between 2000 and 2018 (n = 477), originating from 93 different farms representing all major companies in the region, were analyzed. Frequency of cases varied widely between years, with no recognizable seasonality. The flocks were between 6 and 61 days of age; the average age was 34.0 days, and the median age was 35 days. In 166 cases, between 6.3% and 100% of the submitted birds had gross lesions in the proventriculus. The most common findings were enlarged or dilated proventriculi, thickened walls, and pale or mottled serosal appearance. Histopathologically, inflammation of the glands was the most frequent finding. Other lesions included necrosis, hyperplasia, or both conditions of the glandular epithelium; dilated glands; and occasionally fibrin deposition, fibrosis, and hemorrhages. Twenty-three proventriculi from six cases were tested by immunohistochemistry for the presence of CPNV antigen; 21 stained positive. In 209 cases, birds also had lesions in the bursa fabricii attributed to infectious bursal disease, but with no significant difference in the mean percentage of birds with gross lesions in the proventriculus between cases with or without lesions in the bursa fabricii. The results show that TVP is a common disease of broiler flocks in California and confirms that CPNV is the likely causative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95380
| | - C Gabriel Senties-Cue
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95380
| | - James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 93274
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Śmiałek M, Gesek M, Dziewulska D, Niczyporuk JS, Koncicki A. Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis Caused by Chicken ProVentricular Necrosis Virus Displaying Serological Cross-Reactivity with IBDV. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010008. [PMID: 33374720 PMCID: PMC7822447 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) of chickens is manifested in decreased body weight gains, poor feed conversion and weight diversity. Although TVP etiology has not been defined, a Birnaviridae family member, named chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is considered as a potential factor of a disease. This study was undertaken in order to reproduce TVP and to evaluate its etiology. Broiler chickens of the TVP-infected group were inoculated with TVP positive proventriculi homogenate on the 24th day of life. Samples were collected, on infection day and 14 days post-infection (dpi). The 14 dpi anatomo- and histopathological evaluation, revealed that we have succeeded to reproduce TVP. TVP-infected birds gained 30.38% less body weight. In the TVP-infected group a seroconversion against picornaviruses, fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) and infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV) was recorded with an ELISA test. Using RT-PCR and PCR, CPNV was detected in proventriculi and FAdV in spleens and livers of infected birds, 14 dpi. Our study supports that CPNV is involved in the development of TVP. We did not record the presence of IBDV in TVP or control birds, despite our recording of a seroconversion against IBDV in TVP infected birds. CPNV and IBDV belong to the same family, which allows us to assume serological cross-reactivity between them. The role of FAdV needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Śmiałek
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Gesek
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Daria Dziewulska
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
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Grau-Roma L, Schock A, Nofrarías M, Ali Wali N, de Fraga AP, Garcia-Rueda C, de Brot S, Majó N. Retrospective study on transmissible viral proventriculitis and chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in the UK. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:99-105. [PMID: 31591909 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1677856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is a recently described birnavirus, which has been proposed to be the cause of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP). The understanding of the epidemiology of both the virus and the disease is very limited. A retrospective investigation on TVP and CPNV in broiler chicken submissions from the UK from between 1994 and 2015 was performed with the aims of assessing the longitudinal temporal evolution of TVP and CPNV, and to review the histological proventricular lesions in the studied chickens. Ninety-nine of the 135 included submissions (73.3%) fulfilled the TVP-diagnostic criteria, while the remaining 36 submissions (26.7%) displayed only lymphocytic proventriculitis (LP). The first detection of CPNV by PCR dated from 2009. Results showed a rise in the number of both TVP and positive CPNV RT-PCR submissions from 2009 with a peak in 2013, suggesting that they may be an emerging or re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively. Twenty-two out of the 99 submissions displaying TVP lesions (22%) and four out of the 36 (11%) submissions with LP gave positive CPNV RT-PCR results, further supporting the association between CPNV and TVP and confirming that CPNV is present in a low proportion of proventriculi that do not fulfil the TVP-diagnostic criteria. In addition, intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in 22 of the submissions with TVP. The vast majority of these cases (21 of 22, 96%) gave negative CPNV RT-PCR results, raising the question of whether a virus other than CPNV is responsible for some of these TVP-affected cases.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSTVP and CPNV have been present in British broilers since at least 1994 and 2009, respectively.TVP and CPNV seem to be an emerging and re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively.CPNV was detected in proventriculi with both TVP and LP-lesions.Viruses other than CPNV may be responsible for some TVP-affected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Grau-Roma
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS), University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK.,Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alex Schock
- Avian Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Penicuik, UK
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nabil Ali Wali
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aline Padilha de Fraga
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Simone de Brot
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS), University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK.,Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Majó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Grau-Roma L, Reid K, de Brot S, Jennison R, Barrow P, Sánchez R, Nofrarías M, Clark M, Majó N. Detection of transmissible viral proventriculitis and chicken proventricular necrosis virus in the UK. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:68-75. [PMID: 27400318 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1207751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that a new birnavirus, named chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), is the aetiological agent of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP). The present work aimed to explore the possible presence of both TVP and CPNV in the UK. Forty-four chickens showing TVP-compatible gross lesions were classified into three groups based on the histological lesions: (i) TVP-affected chickens: lymphocytic infiltration and glandular necrosis (n = 15); (ii) lymphocytic proventriculitis (LP)-affected chickens: lymphocytic infiltration without necrosis (n = 18); and (iii) without proventriculitis (WP): no lymphocytic infiltration or necrosis (n = 11). Nine proventriculi (seven out of 15 corresponding to TVP, and two out of 11 corresponding to LP) were positive for CPNV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These results support the previously suggested idea of CPNV as causative agent of TVP. Moreover, these data show that CPNV can also be detected in a number of cases with LP, which do not fulfil the histological TVP criteria. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of gene VP1 showed that British CPNV sequences were closer to other European CPNV sequences and might constitute a different lineage from the American CPNV. TVP cases with negative CPNV PCR results may be due to chronic stages of the disease or to the reduced PCR sensitivity on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. However, involvement of other agents in some of the cases cannot totally be ruled out. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first peer-reviewed report of TVP as well as of CPNV in the UK, and the first exploratory CPNV phylogenetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Grau-Roma
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | - Kirsty Reid
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | - Simone de Brot
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | | | - Paul Barrow
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | - Raúl Sánchez
- c IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- c IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mike Clark
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | - Natàlia Majó
- c IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB) , Barcelona , Spain.,d Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Singh J, Banga HS, Brar RS, Singh ND, Sodhi S, Leishangthem GD. Histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of infectious bursal disease in poultry birds. Vet World 2015; 8:1331-9. [PMID: 27047039 PMCID: PMC4774747 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1331-1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to diagnose infectious bursal disease (IBD) using gross, histopathological, and immunopathological approaches and to compare efficacy of immunohistochemical techniques with conventional diagnostic techniques. Materials and Methods: A total of 33 samples were collected from the six different poultry farms from Ludhiana and the nearby districts. Upon gross analysis of the necropsied birds, the relevant tissue samples such as bursa, kidney, junction of proventriculus and gizzard, heart, and muscles were then processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: Varied macroscopic changes were noted in bursa, characterized as swollen, hemorrhages to atrophy in size. Nonetheless, hemorrhages over thigh muscles were rarely seen. Histologically, the bursa showed prominent fibrotic and atrophic changes. Rarefaction of bursal follicles with intermittent infiltration of lympho-mononuclear cells with chronic cystic changes was additional changes, considered to be paramount for IBD. Expression and localization of IBD specific viral antigens were noticed mainly intracellular to the rarefied areas of bursal follicle section(s), in conjunction to inner lining of the cystic cavities of affected follicles. In addition, the junction of proventriculus and gizzard, the heart muscle, respiratory ciliated epithelium, and proventriculus also revealed positive expression to IBD virus (IBDV) antigen. Advanced immunopathological techniques, i.e., immunofluorescence further testified the evidence of antigen as positive green signal within affected follicles. Further consideration to the reliability of various techniques employed, positive correlation (r=0.64623) was emerged out with conventional pathological scoring. Conclusion: It is concluded that the bursa acts as an organ of choice for demonstrating IBDV antigen for specific diagnosis of disease using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and IHC staining is a precise, specific, rapid, and reliable method to demonstrate the IBDV antigen in the altered tissues due to IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - H S Banga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - R S Brar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - N D Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - S Sodhi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - G D Leishangthem
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Marguerie J, Leon O, Albaric O, Guy JS, Guerin JL. Birnavirus-associated proventriculitis in French broiler chickens. Vet Rec 2011; 169:394-6. [PMID: 21984631 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d6412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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