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Shi L, Hu J, Jin Z. Dynamics analysis of strangles with asymptomatic infected horses and long-term subclinical carriers. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:18386-18412. [PMID: 38052563 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Strangles is one of the most prevalent horse diseases globally. The infected horses may be asymptomatic and can still carry the infectious pathogen after it recovers, which are named asymptomatic infected horses and long-term subclinical carriers, respectively. Based on these horses, this paper establishes a dynamical model to screen, measure, and model the spread of strangles. The basic reproduction number $ \mathcal{R}_0 $ is computed through a next generation matrix method. By constructing Lyapunov functions, we concluded that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if $ \mathcal{R}_0 < 1 $, and the endemic equilibrium exits uniquely and is globally asymptotically stable if $ \mathcal{R}_0 > 1 $. For example, while studying a strangles outbreak of a horse farm in England in 2012, we computed an $ \mathcal{R}_0 = 0.8416 $ of this outbreak by data fitting. We further conducted a parameter sensitivity analysis of $ \mathcal{R}_0 $ and the final size by numerical simulations. The results show that the asymptomatic horses mainly influence the final size of this outbreak and that long-term carriers are connected to an increased recurrence of strangles. Moreover, in terms of the three control measures implemented to control strangles(i.e., vaccination, implementing screening regularly and isolating symptomatic horses), the result shows that screening is the most effective measurement, followed by vaccination and isolation, which can provide effective guidance for horse management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Shi
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jianghong Hu
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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2
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Chhabra D, Bhatia T, Goutam U, Manuja A, Kumar B. Strangles in equines: An overview. Microb Pathog 2023; 178:106070. [PMID: 36924902 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, is a highly infectious respiratory disease affecting horses and other equines. The disease is economically important and compromises the productivity of equine farm significantly. The disease is characterized by pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and abscess formation in the lymph nodes of the head and neck of horses. The disease transmission occurs either directly by coming in contact with infectious exudates or indirectly via fomite transmission. Besides this, carrier animals are the primary and most problematic source of disease infection. The organism not only initiates outbreaks but also makes the control and prevention of the disease difficult. The diagnosis of strangles is best done by isolating and characterizing the bacteria from nasal discharge, pus from abscesses, and lymphoid tissues or by using PCR. ELISA can also be used to detect serum protein M (SeM) antibodies for diagnosis. The most popular treatment for strangles is with penicillin; however, the treatment is affected by the stage, feature and severity of the disease. Prevention and control of strangles can be achieved through vaccination and good hygiene practices. Basically, this review describes the global prevalence of S. equi, as well as general aspects of the disease, like pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharvi Chhabra
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Tanvi Bhatia
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Umesh Goutam
- Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Anju Manuja
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, India.
| | - Balvinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, India.
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3
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Rotinsulu DA, Ewers C, Kerner K, Amrozi A, Soejoedono RD, Semmler T, Bauerfeind R. Molecular Features and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi Isolates from Strangles Cases in Indonesia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010049. [PMID: 36669050 PMCID: PMC9867300 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi equi), is a highly infectious and frequent disease of equines worldwide. No data are available regarding the molecular epidemiology of strangles in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize S. equi equi isolates obtained from suspected strangles cases in Indonesia in 2018. Isolates originated from seven diseased horses on four different farms located in three provinces of Indonesia. Whole genome sequences of these isolates were determined and used for seM typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and core genome MLS typing (cgMLST). Genomes were also screened for known antimicrobial resistance genes and genes encoding for the recombinant antigens used in the commercial Strangvac® subunit vaccine. All seven S. equi equi isolates from Indonesia belonged to ST179 and carried seM allele 166. Isolates differed from each other by only 2 to 14 cgSNPs and built an exclusive sub-cluster within the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) cluster 2 (BAPS-2) of the S. equi equi cgMLST scheme. All isolates revealed predicted amino acid sequence identity to seven and high similarity to one of the eight antigen fragments contained in Strangvac®. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G, ampicillin, and ceftiofur. Our data suggest that the horses from this study were affected by strains of the same novel sublineage within globally distributed BAPS-2 of S. equi equi. Nevertheless, penicillin G can be used as a first-choice antibiotic against these strains and Strangvac® may also be protective against Indonesian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dordia Anindita Rotinsulu
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kerner
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Amrozi Amrozi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Torsten Semmler
- NG-1 Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Frosth S, Morris ERA, Wilson H, Frykberg L, Jacobsson K, Parkhill J, Flock JI, Wood T, Guss B, Aanensen DM, Boyle AG, Riihimäki M, Cohen ND, Waller AS. Conservation of vaccine antigen sequences encoded by sequenced strains of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:92-101. [PMID: 35000217 PMCID: PMC10078666 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S equi) is the cause of Strangles, one of the most prevalent diseases of horses worldwide. Variation within the immunodominant SeM protein has been documented, but a new eight-component fusion protein vaccine, Strangvac, does not contain live S equi or SeM and conservation of the antigens it contains have not been reported. OBJECTIVE To define the diversity of the eight Strangvac antigens across a diverse S equi population. STUDY DESIGN Genomic description. METHODS Antigen sequences from the genomes of 759 S equi isolates from 19 countries, recovered between 1955 and 2018, were analysed. Predicted amino acid sequences in the antigen fragments of SEQ0256(Eq5), SEQ0402(Eq8), SEQ0721(EAG), SEQ0855(SclF), SEQ0935(CNE), SEQ0999(IdeE), SEQ1817(SclI) and SEQ2101(SclC) in Strangvac and SeM were extracted from the 759 assembled genomes and compared. RESULTS The predicted amino acid sequences of SclC, SclI and IdeE were identical across all 759 genomes. CNE was truncated in the genome of five (0.7%) isolates. SclF was absent from one genome and another encoded a single amino acid substitution. EAG was truncated in two genomes. Eq5 was truncated in four genomes and 123 genomes encoded a single amino acid substitution. Eq8 was truncated in three genomes, one genome encoded four amino acid substitutions and 398 genomes encoded a single amino acid substitution at the final amino acid of the Eq8 antigen fragment. Therefore, at least 1579 (99.9%) of 1580 amino acids in Strangvac were identical in 743 (97.9%) genomes, and all genomes encoded identical amino acid sequences for at least six of the eight Strangvac antigens. MAIN LIMITATIONS Three hundred and seven (40.4%) isolates in this study were recovered from horses in the UK. CONCLUSIONS The predicted amino acid sequences of antigens in Strangvac were highly conserved across this collection of S equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Frosth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellen Ruth A Morris
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lars Frykberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Jacobsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jan-Ingmar Flock
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Intervacc AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Guss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David M Aanensen
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashley G Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Miia Riihimäki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Intervacc AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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McGlennon A, Waller A, Verheyen K, Slater J, Grewar J, Aanensen D, Newton R. Surveillance of strangles in UK horses between 2015 and 2019 based on laboratory detection of Streptococcus equi. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e948. [PMID: 34570896 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously national surveillance data for monitoring strangles (Streptococcus equi infection) in UK horses was limited. Improved awareness and knowledge of positive diagnoses would permit the optimisation of biosecurity protocols, decreasing the prevalence of strangles. METHODS Seven UK laboratories reported positive strangles diagnoses between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019 based on identifying Streptococcus equi via agent detection assays from field-based practitioner-submitted samples. Associated clinical history and animal signalment were collected where provided, and descriptive analysis undertaken. RESULTS Within the study period, 1617 laboratory-confirmed diagnoses occurred from samples submitted by 315 veterinary practices. Of these, 51.6% were swabs and 44.0% guttural pouch lavages. Diagnoses were primarily based on qPCR alone (59.6%), qPCR and culture (35.8%), or culture alone (4.6%). A total of 1791 clinical signs were reported for 713 diagnoses, where nasal discharge (31.3%) and pyrexia (20.5%) were most frequently reported. Regions with the highest number of diagnoses included North Yorkshire (n = 75, 4.6%), Staffordshire (n = 71, 4.4%) and West Sussex (North East) (n = 63, 3.9%). CONCLUSION This study presents important insights into the diagnosis and clinical features of strangles in UK horses, even though limited and/or missing clinical history and signalment on laboratory submission forms restricts the completeness of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail McGlennon
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.,Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
| | - Andrew Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Intervacc, Hägersten, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristien Verheyen
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Josh Slater
- University of Melbourne Veterinary School, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David Aanensen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, England
| | - Richard Newton
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,British Horseracing Authority, London, UK
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6
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Ivens PAS, Pirie S. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi diagnosis. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:15-17. [PMID: 32772398 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A S Ivens
- Buckingham Equine Vets Ltd, Sparrow Lodge Farm, Wicken, Buckingham, UK
| | - Scott Pirie
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Easter Bush Campus, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Abstract
Abigail McGlennon from the Animal Health Trust introduces a new project to gather information on cases of strangles in horses throughout the UK.
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Robinson C, Waller AS, Frykberg L, Flock M, Zachrisson O, Guss B, Flock JI. Intramuscular vaccination with Strangvac is safe and induces protection against equine strangles caused by Streptococcus equi. Vaccine 2020; 38:4861-4868. [PMID: 32507408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The equine disease strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi, remains a major cause of welfare and economic cost to the global horse industry. Here we report the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a novel multi-component chimeric fusion protein vaccine, called Strangvac, when administered to ponies via the intramuscular route. Across the four studies, Strangvac was safe and induced robust antibody responses towards the vaccine components in blood serum and the nasopharynx, which were boosted by revaccination up to 12 months after a primary course of 2 vaccinations 4 weeks apart. The vaccine response did not cross-react with a commercial strangles iELISA, which identifies horses that have been exposed to S. equi, demonstrating that it was possible to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Following challenge with S. equi strain 4047 (Se4047), all 36 control ponies that had received an adjuvant-only placebo vaccine developed clinical signs of strangles. In contrast, intramuscular vaccination with Strangvac protected ponies significantly from challenge with Se4047 at two weeks (5 of 16 ponies protected (31%), P = 0.04) and two months (7 of 12 ponies protected (58%), P = 0.0046 (including pooled control data) after second vaccination. Optimal protection (15 of 16 ponies protected (94%), P < 0.0001) was observed following challenge at two weeks post-third vaccination. Our data demonstrate that Strangvac is safe, has DIVA capability and provides a rapid onset of protective immunity against strangles. We conclude that Strangvac is a valuable tool with which to protect horses from strangles, particularly during high-risk periods, whilst maintaining the mobility of horse populations as required by the global equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Robinson
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Frykberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Flock
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cellbiology, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 280, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Guss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan-Ingmar Flock
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cellbiology, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 280, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Intervacc AB, P.O. Box 112, SE-129 22 Hӓgersten, Sweden.
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9
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El-Hage CM, Bannai H, Wiethoelter AK, Firestone SM, Heislers CM, Allen JL, Waller AS, Gilkerson JR. Serological responses of Australian horses using a commercial duplex indirect ELISA following vaccination against strangles. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:220-224. [PMID: 31236928 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the nature of serological responses in Australian horses using a commercial duplex indirect ELISA (iELISA) following vaccination against strangles. DESIGN A group (n = 19) of client-owned horses from five properties were recruited to receive a primary course of a Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) extract vaccine. Serological responses were determined by duplex iELISA incorporating S. equi-specific fragments of two cell wall proteins, SEQ2190 and SeM (antigens (Ag) A and C, respectively). METHODS The horses were administered a primary strangles vaccination course. Blood was collected immediately prior to each of the three vaccinations at 2-week intervals and additionally at 28 and 56 days following the 3rd vaccination (V3). RESULTS Significant increases in mean antibody levels of horses following vaccination were limited only to AgC, which was significantly increased at T2/V3, 14 days following V2 (ratio of geometric means = 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6, 8.4; P = 0.003). There was no increase in mean antibody to Ag A (ratio of geometric means = 1.4; 95% CI: 0.6, 3.2; P = 0.39). Four horses (22%) exceeded the test cut-off for AgC following vaccination. CONCLUSION Vaccination of Australian horses is unlikely to interfere greatly with detection of strangles using the duplex iELISA. No responses would be anticipated to AgA following vaccination with Equivac© S/Equivac© 2in1 and only a minority are likely to respond to AgC. We conclude that the results of this study validate the usefulness of the duplex iELISA to assist control measures for strangles outbreaks in Australian horse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M El-Hage
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - H Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association Tochigi, Japan
| | - A K Wiethoelter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - S M Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - C M Heislers
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - J L Allen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - A S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Kennett, Newmarket, UK
| | - J R Gilkerson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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10
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Kasuya K, Tanaka N, Oshima F, Fujisawa N, Saito M, Tagami K, Niwa H, Sasai K. Genetic analysis of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from horses imported into Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:924-927. [PMID: 31019139 PMCID: PMC6612491 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strangles is a commonly diagnosed and important infectious disease of equids worldwide,
caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. We determined
the SeM genotypes of S. equi isolated from imported horses at the
Japanese border within the past 8 years, which allowed us to classify 12 strains isolated
from these horses from each exporter into four allelic groups. These alleles were
different from the alleles of past isolates found in Japan. Furthermore, four strains
classified into the same allele were isolated from horses from one exporter over several
years. In this study, S. equi isolates from different exporters had
different SeM alleles. Attention to the hygiene status of farms will be necessary to
prevent the incursion of strangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Kasuya
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Fumi Oshima
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Nozomi Fujisawa
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Megumi Saito
- Moji Branch Kagoshima Airport Sub-branch, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 1590-5 Kareigawa, Hayatocho, Kirishima, Kagoshima, 899-5113, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tagami
- Moji Branch Shinmoji Quarantine Facility, Animal Quarantine Service, MAFF, 3-1-2 Shinmojikita, Moji, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 800-0113, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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11
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Long term dynamics of a Streptococcus equi ssp equi outbreak, assessed by qPCR and culture and seM sequencing in silent carriers of strangles. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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13
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Abstract
Strangles, characterised by pyrexia followed by abscessation of the lymph nodes of the head and neck, was first described in 1251 (Rufus 1251) and the causative agent, Streptococcus equi, was identified in 1888 (Schutz 1888). However, despite more than a century of research into this disease, strangles remains the most frequently diagnosed infection of horses with over 600 outbreaks being identified in the UK alone each year (Parkinson and others 2011). Here, Andrew Waller reviews some of the recent advances in the understanding of the evolution of S equi and puts this into the context of preventing and resolving outbreaks of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU
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14
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Waller AS. New perspectives for the diagnosis, control, treatment, and prevention of strangles in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:591-607. [PMID: 25300634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Strangles, characterized by abscessation of the lymph nodes of the head and neck, is the most frequently diagnosed infectious disease of horses worldwide. The persistence of the causative agent, Streptococcus equi, in a proportion of convalescent horses plays a critical role in the recurrence and spread of disease. Recent research has led to the development of effective diagnostic tests that assist the eradication of S equi from local horse populations. This article describes how these advances have been made and provides advice to assist the resolution and prevention of outbreaks. New perspectives on preventative vaccines and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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15
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Efficacy of a Parapoxvirus ovis-based immunomodulator against equine herpesvirus type 1 and Streptococcus equi equi infections in horses. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:232-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Patty OA, Cursons RTM. The molecular identification ofStreptococcus equisubsp.equistrains isolated within New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2013; 62:63-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.841536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Robinson C, Steward KF, Potts N, Barker C, Hammond TA, Pierce K, Gunnarsson E, Svansson V, Slater J, Newton JR, Waller AS. Combining two serological assays optimises sensitivity and specificity for the identification of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi exposure. Vet J 2013; 197:188-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Waller AS. Strangles: taking steps towards eradication. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:50-60. [PMID: 23642414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Strangles, caused by the host adapted Lancefield group C bacterium Streptococcus equi sub-species equi (S. equi), is one of the oldest recognised infectious diseases of horses and continues to cause significant welfare and economic cost throughout the world. The ability of S. equi to establish sub-clinical persistent infections primarily in the guttural pouches of convalescent horses has been instrumental to its success. However, the implementation of simple control measures that permit the identification and treatment of persistently infected carriers can prevent further outbreaks of disease at a local level. This review summarises some of the molecular mechanisms exploited by S. equi to cause disease. New qPCR and iELISA diagnostic tests replace culture methodologies as the gold standard for the detection of infected animals. A strategy to maximise the effective application of these tests to direct management methods for the eradication of S. equi infection is presented and the role of preventative vaccines is discussed. In contrast to current understanding, emerging data illustrates the dynamism of the global S. equi population and potential consequences for the effectiveness of currently available vaccines. The ability to use modern vaccines alongside conventional biosecurity and screening procedures will be critical to the large-scale prevention and even eradication of strangles, providing an opportunity to finally break the stranglehold that this disease has on the world's equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Waller
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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Diversity of seM in Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from strangles outbreaks. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:663-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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