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Barker EN, O'Halloran C, Gunn-Moore DA. Review canine tuberculosis - An emerging concern. Vet J 2024; 305:106111. [PMID: 38604331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Canine mycobacterial disease was first recognised over 100 years ago but is now an emerging concern. All reported cases of tuberculous disease in dogs have been caused by infection with one of three Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex (MTBC) organisms (M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium microti). Molecular PCR and interferon-gamma release assays offer alternative or complementary diagnostic pathways to that of specialist culture, which is limited by availability, sensitivity, and the time it takes to get a result. Optimised triple antimicrobial protocols offer an excellent chance of a successful outcome in dogs where treatment can be considered and is attempted. In this review, the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of canine tuberculosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi N Barker
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom; Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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2
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Moorhead AR, Evans CC, Sakamoto K, Dzimianski MT, Mansour A, DiCosty U, Fricks C, McCall S, Carson B, Nelson CT, McCall JW. Effects of doxycycline dose rate and pre-adulticide wait period on heartworm-associated pathology and adult worm mass. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:251. [PMID: 37491306 PMCID: PMC10369763 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heartworm Society canine guidelines recommend treatment with doxycycline prior to adulticide administration to reduce levels of Wolbachia and its associated metabolites, which are known to be a leading cause of pulmonary pathology. Studies have determined that doxycycline administered at 10 mg/kg BID for 28 days is an effective dose for eliminating Wolbachia, but what has not been determined is the clinical relevance of this elimination. The current guidelines also recommend a 30-day wait period following administration of doxycycline to allow for clearance of metabolites, such as Wolbachia surface protein, and for further reduction in heartworm biomass before administration of adulticide. Reducing the doxycycline dose and eliminating the wait period may carry practical benefits for the animal, client, and practitioner. METHODS To investigate these treatment practices, Dirofilaria immitis adults were surgically transplanted into each of 45 dogs, which were divided into nine study groups of five dogs each. Seventy-five days after transplantation, two groups each were administered 5, 7.5, or 10 mg/kg BID doxycycline orally for 28 days and 6 µg/kg ivermectin monthly, with three untreated groups serving as controls. Study animals were necropsied and examined prior to treatment as well as 30 and 60 days post-treatment. RESULTS Mean worm weight was unaffected by dosage but exhibited a significant increase at 30 days and significant decrease at 60 days post-treatment, including in control groups. Histopathology lesion scores did not significantly differ among groups, with the exception of the lung composite score for one untreated group. Liver enzymes, the levels of which are a concern in doxycycline treatment, were also examined, with no abnormalities in alanine aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase observed. CONCLUSIONS No consistent worsening of tissue lesions was observed with or without the AHS-recommended 30-day wait period, nor did reduced dosages of doxycycline lead to worsening of pathology or any change in efficacy in depleting worm weight. Mean worm weight did significantly increase prior to, and decrease following, the wait period. Future work that also includes adulticide treatment (i.e. melarsomine) will study treatment recommendations that may improve both animal health and owner compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Moorhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Christopher C Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael T Dzimianski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Utami DiCosty
- TRS Labs Inc., P.O. Box 5112, Athens, GA, 30607, USA
| | | | - Scott McCall
- TRS Labs Inc., P.O. Box 5112, Athens, GA, 30607, USA
| | - Ben Carson
- TRS Labs Inc., P.O. Box 5112, Athens, GA, 30607, USA
| | - C Thomas Nelson
- Animal Medical Center, 719 Quintard Ave, Anniston, AL, 30605, USA
| | - John W McCall
- TRS Labs Inc., P.O. Box 5112, Athens, GA, 30607, USA
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3
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Seo JH, Oh YI, Kim SH, Seo KW, Kang BJ. Clinical infection of Brucella canis in a companion dog with discospondylitis in the Republic of Korea. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:293-298. [PMID: 37982052 PMCID: PMC10581522 DOI: 10.17221/37/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old, spayed female, Bichon Frise dog was presented with reluctance to exercise, back pain, and frequent sitting down. Multiple osteolysis, periosteal proliferation, and sclerosis of the vertebral endplates of T11-13 were observed in the radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The bacterial culture of the urine specimen, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the blood, and the antibody tests were positive for Brucella canis. Accordingly, discospondylitis caused by B. canis was diagnosed and doxycycline was administered. The clinical signs resolved and the culture and PCR results were negative afterwards. Doxycycline was discontinued after 6 months. The clinical signs recurred 2 weeks later, and the combination treatment of doxycycline and enrofloxacin was initiated. Though no clinical signs were observed after 9 months and the bacterial cultures and PCR were negative, the antibody titre remained at 1 : 200 or more. The dog will continue taking antibiotics until the antibody titre drops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a clinical infection of B. canis associated with canine discospondylitis in the Republic of Korea. Although the clinical signs of brucellosis might improve with antibiotic treatment, the disease cannot be cured due to Brucella's various strategies to evade host immune systems. Specifically, it can proliferate and replicate within the host cells, resulting in an environment that makes treatment less effective. Furthermore, owing to its zoonotic potential, owners and veterinarians should consider lifelong management or euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Ju-Hee Seo and Ye-In Oh contributed equally to this work
| | - Ye-In Oh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Ju-Hee Seo and Ye-In Oh contributed equally to this work
| | - Se-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Vojtkovská V, Kaluža M, Voslářová E, Večerek V, Tomečková L. The morbidity and the spectrum of applied drugs in shelter cats in the Czech Republic. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1025197. [PMID: 36544553 PMCID: PMC9760937 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1025197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining appropriate living conditions and good health of the animals should be one of the main priorities of cat shelters. The aim of this study was to assess the morbidity of shelter cats on the basis of analysis of the shelter health records in terms of the nature and quantity of medicaments and other supportive products administered in two no-kill shelters in the Czech Republic. The subject of the study were the health records of 1,884 cats, which were admitted to the selected shelters from 1.1.2013 to 31.12.2021 and their stay in the shelter was terminated in the monitored period. More than half of all cats whose records were analyzed had at least one health record made during their stay in the shelter. The overall length of stay of cats in the shelter (regardless of the outcome) in which one or more health records were found was significantly longer compared to the length of stay of cats without any health records. The highest number of health records was found in kittens <6 months old. Antibiotics, antiparasitics, and complementary/protective substances were the most used among all administered drugs. Broad-spectrum antibiotics have been administered to cats most often. In terms of classification of antibiotics according to the active substance, the most used antibiotics were penicillins, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Antibiotics were mostly used to treat diseases related to the upper and lower respiratory tract and their symptoms and gastrointestinal problems. The findings of the study contribute to understanding health problems and approaches to treating the shelter cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vojtkovská
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia,*Correspondence: Veronika Vojtkovská
| | - Michal Kaluža
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Voslářová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Večerek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Tomečková
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
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Vörös K, Becker Z, Kónya R, Arany-Tóth A, Farkas R. Application of Moxidectin and Ultrasound-Aided Injection of Melarsomine During the American Heartworm Society Recommended Treatment Protocol in Dirofilaria immitis Infected Dogs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:382-390. [PMID: 35687421 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Heartworm Society (AHS) recommends the three-dose alternate melarsomine therapeutic regimen, together with a macrocyclic lactone (ML) to reduce new infections and eliminate susceptible larvae and doxycycline against Wolbachia bacteria. Till now, only reports on ivermectin as an ML exist in the frame of this protocol. Between 2014 and 2020, the AHS protocol was used in 44 heartworm-positive dogs. Microfilaremic dogs were pretreated with prednisolone and clopidogrel for 1 week before the first moxidectin application. Moxidectin was applied on the 1st, 30th, 60th, and 90th therapeutic days. On the first day, dexamethasone and chloropyramine were used to avoid potential adverse effects caused by the destroyed microfilariae. During the 1st-28th days, doxycycline 10 mg/kg BID was given with probiotics. Adult heartworms were destroyed with melarsomine on the 60th, 90th, and 91st days. Butorphanol and dexamethasone were given just before melarsomine injections. The depth of the intramuscular injection site was determined by ultrasound examination of the lumbar muscles. From the 60th day, dalteparin was applied for 10 days to decrease the chance of pulmonary thromboembolism. Moxidectin did not cause adverse reactions, even in microfilaremic dogs. Gastrointestinal side effects of doxycycline were observed in three (6%) dogs, they recovered after symptomatic therapy and by lowering the initial dose to 5 mg/kg BID. Transient anorexia and diarrhea were found in one (2%), and coughing and mild dyspnea in one (2%) animal as systemic post-therapeutic complications of melarsomine. No local side effects were observed in 13 (30%) dogs, mild local side effects occurred in 29 (66%) patients, and severe local swelling in 2 (4%) cases. All dogs recovered clinically by the 120th day and no microfilaremia was seen that time. An antigen test performed in 37/44 animals on the 271st day was also negative in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Vörös
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Becker
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Kónya
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Arany-Tóth
- Division of Radiology, Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Farkas
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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Mileva R, Milanova A. Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in mammalian species of veterinary interest – an overview. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine. The current review aims to summarise the available data about pharmacokinetics in mammalian species of veterinary interest and to indicate the basic strategies for refining dosage regimens in order to use this antibiotic reasonably. Additionally, the available data about population pharmacokinetics are reviewed as this approach exhibits a number of benefits in terms of determination of drug pharmacokinetics, prediction of drug disposition and interpretation of the variations in the pharmacokinetic parameters. Further research with animal species of veterinary interest and pathogens causing diseases in animals is needed to clarify the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doxycycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mileva
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Facul-ty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - A. Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Facul-ty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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7
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2D/2D Heterojunction systems for the removal of organic pollutants: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 297:102540. [PMID: 34634576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is considered to be an effective way to remove organic pollutants, but the key to photocatalysis is finding a high-efficiency and stable photocatalyst. 2D materials-based heterojunction has aroused widespread concerns in photocatalysis because of its merits in more active sites, adjustable band gaps and shorter charge transfer distance. Among various 2D heterojunction systems, 2D/2D heterojunction with a face-to-face contact interface is regarded as a highly promising photocatalyst. Due to the strong coupling interface in 2D/2D heterojunction, the separation and migration of photoexcited electron-hole pairs are facilitated, which enhances the photocatalytic performance. Thus, the design of 2D/2D heterojunction can become a potential model for expanding the application of photocatalysis in the removal of organic pollutants. Herein, in this review, we first summarize the fundamental principles, classification, and strategies for elevating photocatalytic performance. Then, the synthesis and application of the 2D/2D heterojunction system for the removal of organic pollutants are discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in 2D/2D heterojunction photocatalysts and their application for removing organic pollutants are presented.
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Werner M, Unterer S. [Use of antimicrobials in acute canine diarrhea - overview of potential risks, indications and alternatives]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:110-120. [PMID: 33902119 DOI: 10.1055/a-1395-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, antibiotics are frequently used in dogs with gastrointestinal disorders such as acute diarrhea. In line with global efforts to limit antibiotic use, this literature review aims to provide a guideline for the rational and judicious use of antibiotics in acute canine diarrhea. Antibiotics can lead to gastrointestinal side effects and may exert a negative influence on the intestinal microbiota in addition to increasing the occurrence of resistant bacteria. There is also evidence that chronic immunological diseases may be triggered by the administration of antibiotics. Therefore, these should not be administered in uncomplicated acute diarrhea without signs of sepsis or systemic inflammatory reaction. In addition, enteropathogenic bacteria usually do not play a role in the etiology of acute diarrhea. For select clinical entities such as acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome, antibiotic therapy should only be recommended in cases displaying signs of bacterial translocation with subsequent sepsis. In the case of parvovirosis, on the other hand, the administration of antibiotics is unavoidable due to the immunological incompetence of the dog caused by the accompanying severe neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Stefan Unterer
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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9
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Effect of chemically modified tetracycline-8 (CMT-8) on hematology, blood chemistry, cytokines and peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of healthy dogs. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:200-208. [PMID: 33684794 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are antibiotics widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Effects on the immune system and inflammatory response, including effects on blood leukocytes proliferation and function and in cytokines synthesis, have been described. Chemically modified tetracyclines (CMT) have lost their antimicrobial activity, but maintain these other properties. This study analyzes the effect of chemically modified tetracycline-8 (CMT-8) on the evolution of complete blood count, blood chemistry, the mRNA expression of selected cytokines and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations distribution in healthy dogs. CMT-8 at a dose of 10 mg/kg once daily was administered per os to six healthy dogs. A control group of five healthy dogs, living in the same conditions than dogs treated with CMT-8, received placebo with an identical therapeutic regimen. When given at the doses used in this study, no side effects of CMT-8 were detected, suggesting a good tolerance and a limited toxicity of the drug. Dogs treated with CMT-8 showed a gradual increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The administration of CMT-8 in healthy dogs did not affect blood mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40 and IL-13. However, the lymphocytes expressing class II MHC on their surface decreased during the first two weeks of CMT-8 treatment and subsequently increased for the next three months. Considering the absence of antimicrobial properties of the drug, the effects of CMT-8 detected in this study seem to be unrelated to the classical antimicrobial activity attributed to tetracyclines.
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10
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Gutierrez L, Mendoza J, Rangel AB, Tapia G, Bernad MJ, Sumano H. Outpatient Clinical Trial in Dogs With Leptospirosis Treated With Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride-Dihydrate (ENRO-C). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:360. [PMID: 31681813 PMCID: PMC6803455 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O (enro-C) in dogs and Monte-Carlo simulations against Leptospira spp. prompted a clinical study to treat the clinically apparent phase of this disease. Leptospirosis was diagnosed by real-time PCR from blood, micro-agglutination titers (MAT), clinical signs and blood parameters of the liver and kidney. In order to determine the clinical ability of the participants to diagnose leptospirosis on the first exam and establish an early treatment to avoid excessive organ damage, patients were clinically classified as: high-risk or medium-risk. Forty-five dogs were included in this trial (from 2017 to early 2019). The treatment consisted of IM injections of a 5% aqueous enro-C suspension (10 mg/kg/day) for 10 days, and subsequently enro-C was administered orally for another 7 days in gelatin capsules. Thirty-four high-risk and 11 medium-risk dogs were treated, including 6 puppies (4 high-risk with ages between 6 to 10 months and 2 medium-risk dogs with an average age of 6 and 7 months). Other ages ranged from 1 to 5 years. Fifteen cases had a history of having received prior treatment with other antibiotics, including all puppies. The clinical diagnostic error was 13.5% (7/52 cases), and only one of the misdiagnosed dogs had been classified as a high-risk patient. Three to 5 days after finishing treatment with enro-C, 82.2% of the dogs were negative to real-time PCR from urine samples and 100% negativity was observed on day 30 after treatment, when antibody titrations dropped to 1:100-1:200. Based on the absence of clinical signs, real-time PCR, and MAT titers, all treated dogs were considered as successful treatments. Within 6-24 months of clinical follow-up, no relapses were recorded. Adverse effects were inconsequential. This study represents the first report of a successful treatment of canine leptospirosis using a fluoroquinolone, and due to its efficacy, it is suggested that enro-C be considered as a viable option for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Bertha Rangel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Josefa Bernad
- Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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A Suspected Case of Lyme Borreliosis in a Dog from Belgium. Case Rep Vet Med 2019; 2019:3973901. [PMID: 31049243 PMCID: PMC6458861 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3973901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old Jack Russell Spaniel was presented in December 2017 to his veterinarian in Belgium for sudden weakness, reluctance to move, and pain. Blood analysis showed no deviations and serum increased levels of B. burgdorferi s.l. antibodies were detected. The dog recovered a few days after the onset of doxycycline treatment. This case illustrates the possible relationship between tick-borne diseases and orthopedic problems.
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12
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Tjostheim SS, Kellihan HB, Grint KA, Stepien RL. Effect of sildenafil and pimobendan on intracardiac heartworm infections in four dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:96-103. [PMID: 31174734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four dogs, referred for management of heartworm (HW) disease, were found to have HWs entangled in their tricuspid valve apparatus. None of the dogs were actively hemolyzing or showed signs of acute cardiovascular collapse that would have necessitated emergency transvenous HW extraction, and surgery was not performed at time of presentation. The dogs received pimobendan and sildenafil within 24 h of identifying HW in the tricuspid valve apparatus, and the HW moved to the pulmonary arteries within 2 days in most cases (median 2 days, range 1-14 days). All dogs survived to discharge from the original hospital admission and were subsequently treated with adulticide (melarsomine) without complication. All dogs were HW antigen negative 6 months after their last melarsomine injection. Four dogs appeared to respond positively to medical management aimed at decreasing pulmonary arterial pressure and improving the right ventricular function, but movement of HW out of the heart for other reasons cannot be excluded. This therapeutic option is not advised when dogs with HW disease are presented for acute collapse, ongoing hemolysis, and hypotension as surgical extraction is still considered the best option in these cases. It remains unknown if medical management is a safe option for all dogs with intracardiac HW without clinical signs of caval syndrome. Controlled prospective studies are required to determine the efficacy and safety of this treatment regimen in comparison with surgical extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Tjostheim
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr. Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - H B Kellihan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr. Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K A Grint
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr. Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R L Stepien
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr. Madison, WI 53706, USA
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13
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Mylonakis ME, Harrus S, Breitschwerdt EB. An update on the treatment of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis). Vet J 2019; 246:45-53. [PMID: 30902188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), caused by Ehrlichia canis, a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium, is a tick-borne disease of worldwide distribution. Experimentally, the course of E. canis infection can be sequentially divided into acute, subclinical and chronic phases, although distinction of these phases is challenging in the clinical setting. Spontaneous clinical recovery of acutely infected dogs is common; however, dogs at this stage require medical treatment in order to hasten their clinical recovery, and to prevent clinical exacerbation or death. An unpredictable proportion of subclinically infected dogs will eventually develop the chronic, severe form of ehrlichiosis, characterized by aplastic pancytopenia and high mortality. The aims of antimicrobial treatment in CME include the achievement of clinical remission, resolution of the clinicopathologic abnormalities, and eradication of the infection, although the latter is not always feasible or diagnostically confirmable. Treatment of dogs with aplastic pancytopenia should be undertaken with the clear understanding that medical management will require long-term care, will be expensive, and may eventually prove ineffective. This manuscript reviews the current state of knowledge regarding treatment of ehrlichiosis, caused by E. canis infection in dogs, provides expert opinion guidelines for the management of the CME-associated aplastic pancytopenia, and outlines methods for evaluation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra st., Thessaloniki 54627, Greece.
| | - Shimon Harrus
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU-CVM),1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
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Hume KR, Sylvester SR, Borlle L, Balkman CE, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Pulvino M, Casulo C, Zhao J. Metabolic Abnormalities Detected in Phase II Evaluation of Doxycycline in Dogs with Multicentric B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2018. [PMID: 29536017 PMCID: PMC5834767 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline has antiproliferative effects in human lymphoma cells and in murine xenografts. We hypothesized that doxycycline would decrease canine lymphoma cell viability and prospectively evaluated its clinical tolerability in client-owned dogs with spontaneous, nodal, multicentric, substage a, B-cell lymphoma, not previously treated with chemotherapy. Treatment duration ranged from 1 to 8 weeks (median and mean, 3 weeks). Dogs were treated with either 10 (n = 6) or 7.5 (n = 7) mg/kg by mouth twice daily. One dog had a stable disease for 6 weeks. No complete or partial tumor responses were observed. Five dogs developed grade 3 and/or 4 metabolic abnormalities suggestive of hepatopathy with elevations in bilirubin, ALT, ALP, and/or AST. To evaluate the absorption of oral doxycycline in our study population, serum concentrations in 10 treated dogs were determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Serum levels were variable and ranged from 3.6 to 16.6 µg/ml (median, 7.6 µg/ml; mean, 8.8 µg/ml). To evaluate the effect of doxycycline on canine lymphoma cell viability in vitro, trypan blue exclusion assay was performed on canine B-cell lymphoma cell lines (17-71 and CLBL) and primary B-cell lymphoma cells from the nodal tissue of four dogs. A doxycycline concentration of 6 µg/ml decreased canine lymphoma cell viability by 80%, compared to matched, untreated, control cells (mixed model analysis, p < 0.0001; Wilcoxon signed rank test, p = 0.0313). Although the short-term administration of oral doxycycline is not associated with the remission of canine lymphoma, combination therapy may be worthwhile if future research determines that doxycycline can alter cell survival pathways in canine lymphoma cells. Due to the potential for metabolic abnormalities, close monitoring is recommended with the use of this drug in tumor-bearing dogs. Additional research is needed to assess the tolerability of chronic doxycycline therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Hume
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Skylar R Sylvester
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lucia Borlle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl E Balkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Angela L McCleary-Wheeler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Mary Pulvino
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Carla Casulo
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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15
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Mylonakis ME, Theodorou KN. Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tick-borne disease of worldwide distribution. The major causative agent is Ehrlichia canis, a gram-negative, obligate intracellular, pleomorphic bacterium of the genus Ehrlichia, which infects monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes, forming intracytoplasmic, membrane-bound bacterial aggregates, called morulae. After an incubation period of 8-20 days, the course of E. canis infection, can be sequentially divided into acute, subclinical and chronic phases, although these phases can hardly be distinguished in the clinical setting. Clinical recovery is the typical outcome of acutely infected dogs, entering the subclinical phase, during which they show no or minimal clinical signs and/or mild hematological abnormalities. Immunocompetent dogs may eliminate the infection during the acute or subclinical phases, but an unpredictable proportion of dogs will eventually develop the chronic phase, characterized by aplastic pancytopenia and high mortality, due to septicemia and/or severe bleeding. This article outlines briefly the pathogenesis of CME due to E. canis, and more thoroughly reviews the recent scientific literature pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Konstantina N. Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Konstantina N. Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki , Greece
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16
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Rheinwald M, Hartmann K, Hähner M, Wolf G, Straubinger RK, Schulz B. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 502 dogs with respiratory signs. Vet Rec 2014; 176:357. [PMID: 25467146 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial species isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples taken from dogs with respiratory signs and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility. Clinical cases were included in the study if they showed signs of respiratory disease and data relating to bacterial culture and susceptibility of BALF samples were available. The medical records of 493 privately owned dogs that were presented between January 1989 and December 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. In 35 per cent of samples, no bacteria were cultured. Bacteria isolated from culture-positive samples included Streptococcus species (31 per cent of positive cultures), Enterobacteriaceae (30 per cent, including Escherichia coli (15 per cent)), Staphylococcus species (19 per cent), Pasteurella species (16 per cent) and Pseudomonas species (14 per cent). Bordetella bronchiseptica as a primary respiratory pathogen was isolated in 8 per cent of cases. Enrofloxacin showed the best susceptibility pattern; 86 per cent of all isolates and 87 per cent of Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to this antibiotic. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid yielded the best susceptibility pattern in Gram-positive bacteria (92 per cent). Therefore, these antibiotics can be recommended for empirical or first-line treatment in dogs with bacterial lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rheinwald
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - K Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - M Hähner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - G Wolf
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - R K Straubinger
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - B Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
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17
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Outcome of a heartworm treatment protocol in dogs presenting to Louisiana State University from 2008 to 2011: 50 cases. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Theodorou K, Mylonakis ME, Siarkou VI, Leontides L, Koutinas AF, Koutinas CK, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Batzias G, Flouraki E, Eyal O, Kontos V, Harrus S. Efficacy of rifampicin in the treatment of experimental acute canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1619-26. [PMID: 23475646 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of rifampicin in achieving clinical and haematological recovery and clearing infection in dogs with experimentally induced acute monocytic ehrlichiosis. METHODS Five Ehrlichia canis-infected Beagle dogs were treated with rifampicin (10 mg/kg/24 h orally for 3 weeks), nine E. canis-infected dogs received no treatment (infected untreated dogs) and two dogs served as uninfected controls. Clinical score, platelet counts, immunofluorescent antibody titres and PCR detection of E. canis-specific DNA in blood, bone marrow and spleen aspirates were evaluated on post-inoculation days 21 (start of rifampicin), 42 (end of rifampicin) and 98 (end of the study). RESULTS By day 21 post-inoculation, all infected dogs became clinically ill and thrombocytopenic, seroconverted and were PCR positive in at least one tissue. Clinical scores and antibody titres did not differ between the treated and infected untreated dogs throughout the study. The rifampicin-treated dogs experienced an earlier resolution of their thrombocytopenia (Kaplan-Meier survival plot, P=0.048), and the median platelet counts were significantly higher in the treated compared with the infected untreated dogs on post-inoculation days 42 (P=0.0233) and 98 (P=0.0195). At the end of the study, three treated and six untreated infected dogs remained PCR positive in one tissue each. CONCLUSIONS The rifampicin treatment regimen applied in this study hastened haematological recovery, but was inconsistent in eliminating the acute E. canis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Schulz BS, Zauscher S, Ammer H, Sauter-Louis C, Hartmann K. Side effects suspected to be related to doxycycline use in cats. Vet Rec 2013; 172:184. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig Maximilian University Munich; Veterinaerstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - S. Zauscher
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig Maximilian University Munich; Veterinaerstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - H. Ammer
- Institute of Pharmacology; Toxicology and Pharmacy; Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich; Koeniginstr. 16 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - C. Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants; Ludwig Maximilian University Munich; Sonnenstrasse 16 Oberschleissheim 85764 Germany
| | - K. Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Ludwig Maximilian University Munich; Veterinaerstr. 13 Munich 80539 Germany
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North New Zealand
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