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O'Malley CA, Fullerton CL, Mauger AR. Test-retest reliability of a 30-min fixed perceived effort cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:721-735. [PMID: 36436029 PMCID: PMC10030391 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using exercise protocols at a fixed rating of perceived effort (RPE) is a useful method for exploring the psychophysical influences on exercise performance. However, studies that have employed this protocol have arbitrarily selected RPE values without considering how these values correspond to exercise intensity thresholds and domains. Therefore, aligning RPE intensities with established physiological thresholds seems more appropriate, although the reliability of this method has not been assessed. METHODS Eight recreationally active cyclists completed two identical ramped incremental trials on a cycle ergometer to identify gas exchange threshold (GET). A linear regression model plotted RPE responses during this test alongside gas parameters to establish an RPE corresponding to GET (RPEGET) and 15% above GET (RPE+15%GET). Participants then completed three trials at each intensity, in which performance, physiological, and psychological measures were averaged into 5-min time zone (TZ) intervals and 30-min 'overall' averages. Data were assessed for reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and accompanying standard error measurements (SEM), 95% confidence intervals, and coefficient of variations (CoV). RESULTS All performance and gas parameters showed excellent levels of test-retest reliability (ICCs = > .900) across both intensities. Performance, gas-related measures, and heart rate averaged over the entire 30-min exercise demonstrated good intra-individual reliability (CoV = < 5%). CONCLUSION Recreationally active cyclists can reliably replicate fixed perceived effort exercise across multiple visits when RPE is aligned to physiological thresholds. Some evidence suggests that exercise at RPE+15%GET is more reliable than RPEGET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum A O'Malley
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom. C.O'
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. C.O'
| | | | - Alexis R Mauger
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
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Comparison of Physiological Responses and Muscle Activity During Incremental and Decremental Cycling Exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:98-105. [PMID: 34560665 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a cycling test based on decremental loads (DEC) could elicit higher maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) values compared with an incremental test (INC). DESIGN Nineteen well-trained individuals performed an INC and a DEC test on a single day, in randomized order. METHODS During INC, the load was increased by 20 W·min-1 until task failure. During DEC, the load started at 20 W higher than the peak load achieved during INC (familiarization trial) and was progressively decreased. Gas exchange and electromyography (EMG) activity (n = 11) from 4 lower-limb muscles were monitored throughout the tests. Physiological and EMG data measured at V˙O2max were compared between the 2 protocols using paired t tests. RESULTS V˙O2max during the DEC was 3.0% (5.9%) higher than during INC (range 94%-116%; P = .01), in spite of a lower power output (-21 [20] W, P < .001) at V˙O2max. Pulmonary ventilation (P = .036) and breathing rate (P = .023) were also higher during DEC. EMG activity measured at V˙O2max was not different between tests, despite the lower output during DEC. CONCLUSIONS A DEC exercise test produces higher V˙O2max in cycling compared with an INC test, which was accompanied by higher pulmonary ventilation and similar EMG activity. The additional O2 uptake during DEC might be related to extra work performed either by the respiratory muscles and/or the less oxidatively efficient leg muscles.
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Four Days of Blueberry Powder Supplementation Lowers the Blood Lactate Response to Running But Has No Effect on Time-Trial Performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 29:636-642. [PMID: 31629347 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Blueberries are abundant with anthocyanins possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As these properties combat fatigue and promote recovery, blueberry supplementation may enhance performance and recovery. Thus, the objectives were to examine the effects of two blueberry supplementation protocols on running performance, physiological responses, and short-term recovery. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled crossover design, 14 runners completed an 8-km time trial (TT) after supplementation with 4 days of blueberries (4DAY), 4 days of a PLA, or 2 days of placebo followed by 2 days of blueberries (2DAY). Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were monitored during the TT. Blood lactate, vertical jump, reactive strength index, and salivary markers were assessed before and after. No significant differences were observed for time to complete the TT (PLA: 3,010 ± 459 s; 2DAY: 3,014 ± 488 s; 4DAY: 3,011 ± 423 s), heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, or any of the salivary markers. An interaction effect (p = .027) was observed for blood lactate, with lower post-TT concentrations in 4DAY (5.4 ± 2.0 mmol/L) than PLA (6.6 ± 2.5 mmol/L; p = .038) and 2DAY (7.4 ± 3.4 mmol/L; p = .034). Post-TT decreases in vertical jump height were not different, whereas the decline in reactive strength index was less following 4DAY (-6.1% ± 13.5%) than the other conditions (PLA: -12.6% ± 10.1%; 2DAY: -11.6% ± 11.5%; p = .038). Two days of supplementation did not influence performance or physiological stress. Although 4 days of supplementation did not alter performance, it blunted the increase in blood lactate, perhaps reflecting altered lactate production and/or clearance, and offset the decrease in dynamic muscle function post-TT, as indicated by the reactive strength index differences.
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Costa VAB, Midgley AW, Carroll S, Astorino TA, de Paula T, Farinatti P, Cunha FA. Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247057. [PMID: 33596256 PMCID: PMC7888616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'verification phase' has emerged as a supplementary procedure to traditional maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) criteria to confirm that the highest possible VO2 has been attained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). OBJECTIVE To compare the highest VO2 responses observed in different verification phase procedures with their preceding CPET for confirmation that VO2max was likely attained. METHODS MEDLINE (accessed through PubMed), Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane (accessed through Wiley) were searched for relevant studies that involved apparently healthy adults, VO2max determination by indirect calorimetry, and a CPET on a cycle ergometer or treadmill that incorporated an appended verification phase. RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze the pooled effect of the CPET and verification phase on the highest mean VO2. Meta-analysis effect size calculations incorporated random-effects assumptions due to the diversity of experimental protocols employed. I2 was calculated to determine the heterogeneity of VO2 responses, and a funnel plot was used to check the risk of bias, within the mean VO2 responses from the primary studies. Subgroup analyses were used to test the moderator effects of sex, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise modality, CPET protocol, and verification phase protocol. RESULTS Eighty studies were included in the systematic review (total sample of 1,680 participants; 473 women; age 19-68 yr.; VO2max 3.3 ± 1.4 L/min or 46.9 ± 12.1 mL·kg-1·min-1). The highest mean VO2 values attained in the CPET and verification phase were similar in the 54 studies that were meta-analyzed (mean difference = 0.03 [95% CI = -0.01 to 0.06] L/min, P = 0.15). Furthermore, the difference between the CPET and verification phase was not affected by any of the potential moderators such as verification phase intensity (P = 0.11), type of recovery utilized (P = 0.36), VO2max verification criterion adoption (P = 0.29), same or alternate day verification procedure (P = 0.21), verification-phase duration (P = 0.35), or even according to sex, cardiorespiratory fitness level, exercise modality, and CPET protocol (P = 0.18 to P = 0.71). The funnel plot indicated that there was no significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS The verification phase seems a robust procedure to confirm that the highest possible VO2 has been attained during a ramp or continuous step-incremented CPET. However, given the high concordance between the highest mean VO2 achieved in the CPET and verification phase, findings from the current study would question its necessity in all testing circumstances. PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID CRD42019123540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. B. Costa
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adrian W. Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England
| | - Sean Carroll
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, England
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, California, United States of America
| | - Tainah de Paula
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinics of Hypertension and Associated Metabolic Diseases, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cunha
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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Wang Z, Atakan MM, Yan X, Turnagöl HH, Duan H, Peng L. Graded exercise test with or without load carriage similarly measures maximal oxygen uptake in young males and females. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246303. [PMID: 33524068 PMCID: PMC7850508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this was to compare the effects of the graded exercise test (GXT) with or without load carriage on maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) heart rate (HR), and expired ventilation ([Formula: see text]) and blood lactate in young healthy males and females. The study included ten females (age:20.2±0.7 yrs) and ten males (age:19.5±0.7 yrs) who performed the modified Bruce protocol at five load conditions; unloaded, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of body weight (BW) (kg). All the tests were performed in random order, at least 48 hours apart. During the GXTs, HR, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], workload and test duration were recorded and blood lactate concentration was measured before and immediately after the GXTs. [Formula: see text] remained unchanged during the GXTs in load and unloaded conditions for both sexes (p>0.05). Test duration was significantly less in females during the GXT with 15% BW (15.9±0.51 min vs. 18.1±1.14 min; p = 0.014) and 20% BW load carriage (15.2±0.75 min vs. 18.1±1.14 min; p = 0.020), compared to the unloaded GXT. Males showed significant decrease in the test duration during the GXT with load 15% BW (20.5±0.53 min vs. 22.8±0.61 min; p = 0.047) and with 20% BW (19.6±0.42 min vs. 22.8±0.71 min; p = 0.004), compared to the GXT with 5% BW. [Formula: see text] statistically decreased in female subjects only at 15% BW compared to 20% BW (15% BW = 77.9 ± 10.5 L/min vs. 15% BW = 72.0 ± 10.9 L/min; p = 0.045). There was no difference observed in maximal HR and blood lactate concentration between the GXTs in load and unloaded conditions. This study indicates that no matter the load % used during the GXT, [Formula: see text], but not total exercise time, remains the same in young males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Wang
- Key Lab of General Administration of Sport, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Muhammed M. Atakan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hüseyin H. Turnagöl
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Honglei Duan
- Key Lab of General Administration of Sport, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Key Lab of General Administration of Sport, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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van den Tillaar R, von Heimburg E, Solli GS. Comparison of a Traditional Graded Exercise Protocol With a Self-Paced 1-km Test to Assess Maximal Oxygen Consumption. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1334-1339. [PMID: 32932232 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the assessment of the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in a traditional graded exercise test (GXT) with a 1-km self-paced running test on a nonmotorized treadmill in men and women. METHODS A total of 24 sport-science students (12 women: age 23.7 [7.7] y, body height 1.68 [0.02] m, body mass 66.6 [4.3] kg; 12 men: 22.1 [3.1] y, body height 1.82 [0.06] m, body mass 75.6 [11.0] kg) performed a traditional GXT on a motorized treadmill and a 1-km self-paced running test on a nonmotorized treadmill. VO2max, blood lactate, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion, together with running velocity and duration at each test, were measured. RESULTS The main findings of the study were that the 1-km test produced significantly higher VO2max values (53.2 [9.9] vs 51.8 [8.8] mL/kg/min ) and blood lactate concentrations (11.9 [1.8] vs 11.1 [2.2] mmol/L) than the GXT (F ≥ 4.8, P ≤ .04, η2 ≥ .18). However, after controlling for sex, these differences were only present in men (60.6 [8.1] vs 58.1 [8.0] mL/kg/min , P = .027). Peak running velocity was higher in the GXT than in the 1-km test (15.7 [2.7] vs 13.0 [2.8] km/h). Men had higher VO2max values and running velocities than women in both tests. However, men and women used approximately similar pacing strategies during the 1-km test. CONCLUSIONS Higher VO2max values were observed in a 1-km self-paced test than in the GXT. This indicates that a 1-km running test performed on a nonmotorized treadmill could serve as a simple and sport-specific alternative for the assessment of VO2max.
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Molinari CA, Palacin F, Poinsard L, Billat VL. Determination of Submaximal and Maximal Training Zones From a 3-Stage, Variable-Duration, Perceptually Regulated Track Test. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:853-861. [PMID: 32176864 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate a new perceptually regulated, self-paced maximal oxygen consumption field test (the Running Advisor Billat Training [RABIT] test) that can be used by recreational runners to define personalized training zones. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study, male and female recreational runners (N = 12; mean [SD] age = 43 [8] y) completed 3 maximal exercise tests (2 RABIT tests and a University of Montreal Track Test), with a 48-hour interval between tests. METHODS The University of Montreal Track Test was a continuous, incremental track test with a 0.5-km·h-1 increment every minute until exhaustion. The RABIT tests were conducted at intensities of 11, 14, and 17 on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for 10, 5, and 3 minutes, respectively, with a 1-minute rest between efforts. RESULTS The 2 RABIT tests and the University of Montreal Track Test gave similar mean (SD) maximal oxygen consumption values (53.9 [6.4], 56.4 [9.1], and 55.4 [7.6] mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively, P = .722). The cardiorespiratory and speed responses were reliable as a function of the running intensity (RPE: 11, 14, and 17) and the relative time point for each RPE stage. Indeed, the oxygen consumption, heart rate, ventilation, and speed values did not differ significantly when the running time was expressed as a relative duration of 30%, 60%, or 90% (ie, at 3, 6, and 9 min of a 10-min effort at RPE 11; P = .997). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the RABIT test is a valid method for defining submaximal and maximal training zones in recreational runners.
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Schoenmakers PPJM, Reed KE. The physiological and perceptual demands of running on a curved non-motorised treadmill: Implications for self-paced training. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1293-1297. [PMID: 29789265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare physiological and perceptual response of running on a curved non-motorized treadmill (cNMT) with running on a motorized treadmill (MT), and to determine the running velocity at which a physiological response≥90% V˙O2max was elicited. DESIGN & METHODS 13 trained male runners (mean±SD; 36±11years, 1.80±0.06m, 70±4kg, V˙O2max: 57.3±3.5 mLkg-1min-1) performed an incremental running test on a MT to determine V˙O2max and the accompanying maximum velocity (Vmax). Participants first completed a familiarization session on the cNMT. Next, participants ran for 4min at five/six progressively higher velocities (40-90% Vmax). These runs were completed on the cNMT and MT in two separate visits in a randomized and counterbalanced order. RESULTS No participant was able to complete the 4min run at 80% Vmax on the cNMT. Running on the cNMT elicit a higher relative oxygen uptake (%V˙O2max) across all velocities compared to the MT (32.5±5%, p<0.001, ES 3.3±0.9), and was accompanied by significantly higher heart rates (16.8±3%, p<0.001, ES 3.4±1.5), an altered cadence (2.6±0.7%, p<0.001, ES 0.8±0.3) and ratings of perceived exertion (27.2±5%, p<0.001, ES 2.3±0.6). A less efficient running economy was evident when running on the cNMT (+38.4±16%, p<0.001, ES 2.73). Individual (n=9) linear interpolation predicted an exercise intensity of 90% V˙O2max was achieved in the non-motorized condition when running at 62.1±3.5% Vmax (R2=0.986±0.01), which was lower than MT run in which 90% V˙O2max was achieved at 81.4±5.6% Vmax (R2=0.985±0.02; 29.8±8%, p<0.001, ES 3.87). CONCLUSIONS Running on the cNMT has higher physiological and perceptual demands and increases cadence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate E Reed
- University of Essex, School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science, UK.
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Prescribing 6-weeks of running training using parameters from a self-paced maximal oxygen uptake protocol. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:911-918. [PMID: 29435760 PMCID: PMC5959994 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The self-paced maximal oxygen uptake test (SPV) may offer effective training prescription metrics for athletes. This study aimed to examine whether SPV-derived data could be used for training prescription. Methods Twenty-four recreationally active male and female runners were randomly assigned between two training groups: (1) Standardised (STND) and (2) Self-Paced (S-P). Participants completed 4 running sessions a week using a global positioning system-enabled (GPS) watch: 2 × interval sessions; 1 × recovery run; and 1 × tempo run. STND had training prescribed via graded exercise test (GXT) data, whereas S-P had training prescribed via SPV data. In STND, intervals were prescribed as 6 × 60% of the time that velocity at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{{\text{v}}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$\end{document}vV˙O2max) could be maintained (Tmax). In S-P, intervals were prescribed as 7 × 120 s at the mean velocity of rating of perceived exertion 20 (vRPE20). Both groups used 1:2 work:recovery ratio. Maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{{\text{v}}}\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$\end{document}vV˙O2max, Tmax, vRPE20, critical speed (CS), and lactate threshold (LT) were determined before and after the 6-week training. Results STND and S-P training significantly improved \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max by 4 ± 8 and 6 ± 6%, CS by 7 ± 7 and 3 ± 3%; LT by 5 ± 4% and 7 ± 8%, respectively (all P < .05), with no differences observed between groups. Conclusions Novel metrics obtained from the SPV can offer similar training prescription and improvement in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max, CS and LT compared to training derived from a traditional GXT.
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Beltz NM, Amorim FT, Gibson AL, Janot JM, Kravitz L, Mermier CM, Cole N, Moriarty TA, Nunez TP, Trigg S, Dalleck LC. Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to self-paced and ramp-graded exercise testing protocols. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:609-616. [PMID: 29334615 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent examinations have shown lower maximal oxygen consumption during traditional ramp (RAMP) compared with self-paced (SPV) graded exercise testing (GXT) attributed to differences in cardiac output. The current study examined the differences in hemodynamic and metabolic responses between RAMP and SPV during treadmill exercise. Sixteen recreationally trained men (aged23.7 ± 3.0 years) completed 2 separate treadmill GXT protocols. SPV consisted of five 2-min stages (10 min total) of increasing speed clamped by the Borg RPE6-20 scale. RAMP increased speed by 0.16 km/h every 15 s until volitional exhaustion. All testing was performed at 3% incline. Oxygen consumption was measured via indirect calorimetry; hemodynamic function was measured via thoracic impedance and blood lactate (BLa-) was measured via portable lactate analyzer. Differences between SPV and RAMP protocols were analyzed as group means by using paired-samples t tests (R Core Team 2017). Maximal values for SPV and RAMP were similar (p > 0.05) for oxygen uptake (47.1 ± 3.4 vs. 47.4 ± 3.4 mL·kg-1·min-1), heart rate (198 ± 5 vs. 200 ± 6 beats·min-1), ventilation (158.8 ± 20.7 vs. 159.3 ± 19.0 L·min-1), cardiac output (26.9 ± 5.5 vs. 27.9 ± 4.2 L·min-1), stroke volume (SV) (145.9 ± 29.2 vs. 149.8 ± 25.3 mL·beat-1), arteriovenous oxygen difference (18.5 ± 3.1 vs. 19.7 ± 3.1 mL·dL-1), ventilatory threshold (VT) (78.2 ± 7.2 vs. 79.0% ± 7.6%), and peak BLa- (11.7 ± 2.3 vs. 11.5 ± 2.4 mmol·L-1), respectively. In conclusion, SPV elicits similar maximal hemodynamic responses in comparison to RAMP; however, SV kinetics exhibited unique characteristics based on protocol. These results support SPV as a feasible GXT protocol to identify useful fitness parameters (maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake kinetics, and VT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Beltz
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- b Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ann L Gibson
- b Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Janot
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
| | - Len Kravitz
- b Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Christine M Mermier
- b Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nathan Cole
- b Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Terence A Moriarty
- b Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Tony P Nunez
- c Department of Human Performance and Sport, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Sam Trigg
- b Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lance C Dalleck
- d Recreation, Exercise & Sports Science Department, Western State Colorado University, Gunnison, CO, USA
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Julio UF, Panissa VLG, Shiroma SA, Franchini E. Effect of Protocol Manipulation for Determining Maximal Aerobic Power on a Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer: A Brief Review. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hutchinson MJ, Paulson TAW, Eston R, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Assessment of peak oxygen uptake during handcycling: Test-retest reliability and comparison of a ramp-incremented and perceptually-regulated exercise test. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181008. [PMID: 28704487 PMCID: PMC5509239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the reliability of a perceptually-regulated maximal exercise test (PRETmax) to measure peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak) during handcycle exercise and to compare peak responses to those derived from a ramp-incremented protocol (RAMP). Methods Twenty recreationally active individuals (14 male, 6 female) completed four trials across a 2-week period, using a randomised, counterbalanced design. Participants completed two RAMP protocols (20 W·min-1) in week 1, followed by two PRETmax in week 2, or vice versa. The PRETmax comprised five, 2-min stages clamped at Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) 11, 13, 15, 17 and 20. Participants changed power output (PO) as often as required to maintain target RPE. Gas exchange variables (oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation), heart rate (HR) and PO were collected throughout. Differentiated RPE were collected at the end of each stage throughout trials. Results For relative V˙O2peak, coefficient of variation (CV) was equal to 4.1% and 4.8%, with ICC(3,1) of 0.92 and 0.85 for repeated measures from PRETmax and RAMP, respectively. Measurement error was 0.15 L·min-1 and 2.11 ml·kg-1·min-1 in PRETmax and 0.16 L·min-1 and 2.29 ml·kg-1·min-1 during RAMP for determining absolute and relative V˙O2peak, respectively. The difference in V˙O2peak between PRETmax and RAMP was tending towards statistical significance (26.2 ± 5.1 versus 24.3 ± 4.0 ml·kg-1·min-1, P = 0.055). The 95% LoA were -1.9 ± 4.1 (-9.9 to 6.2) ml·kg-1·min-1. Conclusion The PRETmax can be used as a reliable test to measure V˙O2peak during handcycle exercise in recreationally active participants. Whilst PRETmax tended towards significantly greater V˙O2peak values than RAMP, the difference is smaller than measurement error of determining V˙O2peak from PRETmax and RAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Hutchinson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. W. Paulson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Hanson NJ, Reid CR, Cornwell KM, Lee TL, Scheadler CM. Pacing strategy during the final stage of a self-paced V̇O₂max (SPV) test does not affect maximal oxygen uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1807-1815. [PMID: 28584931 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-paced [Formula: see text] tests (SPVs) have shown to produce maximal oxygen consumption values similar to those from traditional protocols. These tests involve perceptually regulated stages in which subjects are asked to maintain rating of perceived exertion values of 11, 13, 15, 17 and 20 for 2 min each. What is not clear is how the last stage should be paced. The purpose of this study was to compare two different pacing strategies during the final stage. METHODS Fourteen healthy, recreationally active individuals (11 men, 3 women) participated in a familiarization and two experimental laboratory visits. For both lab visits, a treadmill-based SPV was performed. In one of these SPVs, an aggressive pacing strategy was used; in the other, a conservative strategy was implemented. [Formula: see text], HR, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and RER were recorded and compared between conditions. RESULTS There were no differences in [Formula: see text] between the conditions [aggressive 58.8 ± 8.8 ml kg-1 min-1 (mean ± SD), conservative 58.3 ± 7.9 ml kg-1 min-1; p = 0.548]. There were also no differences in HR, [Formula: see text], or [Formula: see text] between the pacing strategies. There was a significantly higher RER found in the aggressive (1.25 ± 0.09) compared to the conservative (1.18 ± 0.07) strategy (p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS The pacing strategy that is implemented in the last 2 min of an SPV on a treadmill does not affect the maximal oxygen consumption that is elicited during that test. Either pacing strategy can be used for this protocol without compromising the results, when [Formula: see text] is the variable of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hanson
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Carter R Reid
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Cornwell
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Taylor L Lee
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Cory M Scheadler
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
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McGawley K. The Reliability and Validity of a Four-Minute Running Time-Trial in Assessing [Formula: see text]max and Performance. Front Physiol 2017; 8:270. [PMID: 28515696 PMCID: PMC5413511 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Traditional graded-exercise tests to volitional exhaustion (GXTs) are limited by the need to establish starting workloads, stage durations, and step increments. Short-duration time-trials (TTs) may be easier to implement and more ecologically valid in terms of real-world athletic events. The purpose of the current study was to assess the reliability and validity of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and performance measured during a traditional GXT (STEP) and a four-minute running time-trial (RunTT). Methods: Ten recreational runners (age: 32 ± 7 years; body mass: 69 ± 10 kg) completed five STEP tests with a verification phase (VER) and five self-paced RunTTs on a treadmill. The order of the STEP/VER and RunTT trials was alternated and counter-balanced. Performance was measured as time to exhaustion (TTE) for STEP and VER and distance covered for RunTT. Results: The coefficient of variation (CV) for V˙O2max was similar between STEP, VER, and RunTT (1.9 ± 1.0, 2.2 ± 1.1, and 1.8 ± 0.8%, respectively), but varied for performance between the three types of test (4.5 ± 1.9, 9.7 ± 3.5, and 1.8 ± 0.7% for STEP, VER, and RunTT, respectively). Bland-Altman limits of agreement (bias ± 95%) showed V˙O2max to be 1.6 ± 3.6 mL·kg−1·min−1 higher for STEP vs. RunTT. Peak HR was also significantly higher during STEP compared with RunTT (P = 0.019). Conclusion: A four-minute running time-trial appears to provide more reliable performance data in comparison to an incremental test to exhaustion, but may underestimate V˙O2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry McGawley
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden
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Jenkins LA, Mauger AR, Hopker JG. Inconsistent approach to evaluating studies and selective interpretation of data reveals lack of objectivity and undermines repeated attempts to discredit SPV. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1057-1058. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Coquart J, Tabben M, Farooq A, Tourny C, Eston R. Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study. Sports Med 2017; 46:885-97. [PMID: 26790419 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several authors have proposed the use of a submaximal 'perceptually regulated exercise test' (PRET) to predict maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]). The PRET involves asking the individual to self-regulate a series of short bouts of exercise corresponding to pre-set ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The individual linear relationship between RPE and oxygen uptake (RPE:[Formula: see text]) is then extrapolated to the [Formula: see text], which corresponds to the theoretical maximal RPE (RPE20). Studies suggest that prediction accuracy from this method may be better improved during a second PRET. Similarly, some authors have recommended an extrapolation to RPE19 rather than RPE20. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the meta-analysis was to examine the validity of the method of predicting [Formula: see text] from the RPE:[Formula: see text] during a PRET, and to determine the level of agreement and accuracy of predicting [Formula: see text] from an initial PRET and retest using RPE19 and RPE20. DATA SOURCES From a systematic search of the literature, 512 research articles were identified. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The eligible manuscripts were those which used the relationship between the RPE≤15 and [Formula: see text], and used only the Borg's RPE scale. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Ten studies (n = 274 individuals) were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS For each study, actual and predicted [Formula: see text] from four subgroup outcomes (RPE19 in the initial test, RPE19 in the retest, RPE20 in the initial test, RPE20 in the retest) were identified, and then compared. The magnitude of the difference regardless of subgroup outcomes was examined to determine if it is better to predict [Formula: see text] from extrapolation to RPE19 or RPE20. The magnitude of differences was examined for the best PRET (test vs retest). RESULTS The results revealed that [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET in different populations and in various PRET modalities, regardless of the subgroup outcomes. To obtain greater accuracy of predictions, extrapolation to RPE20 during a retest may be recommended. LIMITATIONS The included studies reported poor selection bias and data collection methods. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS The [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET, especially when [Formula: see text] is extrapolated to RPE20 during a second PRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Coquart
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Tourny
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Physical Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Data inconsistencies and inaccuracies combined with methodological problems render physiological interpretation suspect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1055-1056. [PMID: 28260203 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Statistical model ignores 'age', products of peak Q and a-vΟ₂ difference greatly exceed V̇Ο₂max and different ergometers confound validity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1053-1054. [PMID: 28247025 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Graded Exercise Testing Protocols for the Determination of VO 2max: Historical Perspectives, Progress, and Future Considerations. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3968393. [PMID: 28116349 PMCID: PMC5221270 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3968393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Graded exercise testing (GXT) is the most widely used assessment to examine the dynamic relationship between exercise and integrated physiological systems. The information from GXT can be applied across the spectrum of sport performance, occupational safety screening, research, and clinical diagnostics. The suitability of GXT to determine a valid maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) has been under investigation for decades. Although a set of recommended criteria exists to verify attainment of VO2max, the methods that originally established these criteria have been scrutinized. Many studies do not apply identical criteria or fail to consider individual variability in physiological responses. As an alternative to using traditional criteria, recent research efforts have been directed toward using a supramaximal verification protocol performed after a GXT to confirm attainment of VO2max. Furthermore, the emergence of self-paced protocols has provided a simple, yet reliable approach to designing and administering GXT. In order to develop a standardized GXT protocol, additional research should further examine the utility of self-paced protocols used in conjunction with verification protocols to elicit and confirm attainment of VO2max.
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Jenkins LA, Mauger AR, Hopker JG. Age differences in physiological responses to self-paced and incremental [Formula: see text] testing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 117:159-170. [PMID: 27942980 PMCID: PMC5306335 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A self-paced maximal exercise protocol has demonstrated higher \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} }$$\end{document}V˙O2max values when compared against traditional tests. The aim was to compare physiological responses to this self-paced \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} }$$\end{document}V˙O2max protocol (SPV) in comparison to a traditional ramp \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} }$$\end{document}V˙O2max (RAMP) protocol in young (18–30 years) and old (50–75 years) participants. Methods Forty-four participants (22 young; 22 old) completed both protocols in a randomised, counter-balanced, crossover design. The SPV included 5 × 2 min stages, participants were able to self-regulate their power output (PO) by using incremental ‘clamps’ in ratings of perceived exertion. The RAMP consisted of either 15 or 20 W min−1. Results Expired gases, cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV), muscular deoxyhaemoglobin (deoxyHb) and electromyography (EMG) at the vastus lateralis were recorded throughout. Results demonstrated significantly higher \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} }$$\end{document}V˙O2max in the SPV (49.68 ± 10.26 ml kg−1 min−1) vs. the RAMP (47.70 ± 9.98 ml kg−1 min−1) in the young, but not in the old group (>0.05). Q and SV were significantly higher in the SPV vs. the RAMP in the young (<0.05) but not in the old group (>0.05). No differences seen in deoxyHb and EMG for either age groups (>0.05). Peak PO was significantly higher in the SPV vs. the RAMP in both age groups (<0.05). Conclusion Findings demonstrate that the SPV produces higher \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} }$$\end{document}V˙O2max, peak Q and SV values in the young group. However, older participants achieved similar \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} }$$\end{document}V˙O2max values in both protocols, mostly likely due to age-related differences in cardiovascular responses to incremental exercise, despite them achieving a higher physiological workload in the SPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Jenkins
- STRAPH Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Alexis R Mauger
- STRAPH Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - James G Hopker
- STRAPH Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK.
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Hunt KJ, Anandakumaran P, Loretz JA, Saengsuwan J. A new method for self-paced peak performance testing on a treadmill. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2016; 38:108-117. [PMID: 27677888 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-paced maximal testing methods may be able to exploit central mediation of function-limiting fatigue and therefore have potential to generate more valid estimates of peak oxygen uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a new method for self-paced peak performance testing on treadmills and to compare peak and submaximal performance outcomes with those obtained using a non-self-paced ('computer-paced') method employing predetermined speed and slope profiles. METHODS The proposed self-paced method is based upon automatic subject positioning using feedback control together with an exercise intensity which is driven by a predetermined, individualized work-rate ramp. RESULTS Peak oxygen uptake was not significantly different for the computer-paced (CP) versus self-paced (SP) protocols: 4·38 ± 0·48 versus 4·34 ± 0·46 ml min-1 , P = 0·42. Likewise, there were no significant differences in the other peak and submaximal cardiopulmonary parameters, viz. peak heart rate, peak respiratory exchange ratio and the first and second ventilatory thresholds. Ramp duration for CP was longer than for SP: 494·5 ± 71·1 versus 371·3 ± 86·0 s, P = 0·00072. Concomitantly, the peak rate of work done against gravity was higher for CP: 264·8 ± 40·8 versus 203·8 ± 53·4 W, P = 0·0021. CONCLUSIONS The self-paced approach was found to be feasible for estimation of the principal performance outcomes: the method was technically implementable, it was acceptable to the subjects and it showed good responsiveness. Further investigation of the self-paced method, with adjustment of the target ramp-phase duration or modification of the work-rate calculation equations, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Hunt
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Rehabilitation and Performance Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Prasanna Anandakumaran
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Rehabilitation and Performance Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jonas A Loretz
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Rehabilitation and Performance Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jittima Saengsuwan
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Rehabilitation and Performance Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Lim W, Lambrick D, Mauger AR, Woolley B, Faulkner J. The effect of trial familiarisation on the validity and reproducibility of a field-based self-paced VO2max test. Biol Sport 2016; 33:269-75. [PMID: 27601782 PMCID: PMC4993143 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1208478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-paced maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test (SPV), which is based on the Borg 6-20 Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, allows participants to self-regulate their exercise intensity during a closed-loop incremental maximal exercise test. As previous research has assessed the utility of the SPV test within laboratory conditions, the purpose to this study was to assess the effect of trial familiarisation on the validity and reproducibility of a field-based, SPV test. In a cross-sectional study, fifteen men completed one laboratory-based graded exercise test (GXT) and three field-based SPV tests. The GXT was continuous and incremental until the attainment of VO2max. The SPV, which was completed on an outdoor 400m athletic track, consisted of five x 2 min perceptually-regulated (RPE11, 13, 15, 17 and 20) stages of incremental exercise. There were no differences in the VO2max reported between the GXT (63.5±10.1 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and each SPV test (65.5±8.7, 65.4±7.0 and 66.7±7.7 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1) for SPV1, SPV2 and SPV3, respectively; P>.05). Similar findings were observed when comparing VO2max between SPV tests (P>.05). High intraclass correlation coefficients were reported between the GXT and the SPV, and between each SPV test (≥.80). Although participants ran faster and further during SPV3, a similar pacing strategy was implemented during all tests. This study demonstrated that a field-based SPV is a valid and reliable VO2max test. As trial familiarisation did not moderate VO2max values from the SPV, the application of a single SPV test is an appropriate stand-alone protocol for gauging VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lim
- Massey University, New Zealand
| | - D Lambrick
- University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - J Faulkner
- University of Winchester, United Kingdom
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Scheadler CM, Devor ST. VO2max Measured with a Self-selected Work Rate Protocol on an Automated Treadmill. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2158-65. [PMID: 25853386 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of graded maximal exercise tests for measuring maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is common practice in both cardiopulmonary rehabilitation settings and in sports medicine research. Recent alterations of common testing protocols to allow for self-selected work rates (SPV) have elicited V˙O2max values similar to or higher than more traditional style protocols (TP). Research is lacking in the delivery of the SPV protocol using a treadmill modality. The purpose of the study was to examine the validity of an SPV using an automated treadmill for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS Thirteen experienced endurance runners completed three maximal exercise tests on a treadmill. Oxygen consumption was measured using a computerized system and averaged more than 30-s time periods. SPV was completed using an automated treadmill that consisted of a sonar range finder, microcontroller, and customized computer software. Subject deviations from the middle of the treadmill belt resulted in rapid, graded increases or decreases in speed. TP was completed on the same treadmill without the use of the automated software. A verification phase protocol (VP) was used to verify if VO2 was maximal. RESULTS Peak work rate achieved during SPV was significantly greater than that achieved during TP by 1.2 METs; P < 0.05, d = 0.564. Oxygen consumption was significantly greater in TP (64.9 ± 8.2 mL·kg·min) than SPV (63.4 ± 7.8 mL·kg·min); P < 0.005, d = 0.195. CONCLUSION An automated treadmill allowed for the completion of SPV similar to what has been reported for cycling. SPV with an automated treadmill did not provide a higher VO2max than TP despite higher work rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Scheadler
- 1Department of Kinesiology and Health, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY; and 2Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Hanson NJ, Scheadler CM, Lee TL, Neuenfeldt NC, Michael TJ, Miller MG. Modality determines VO2max achieved in self-paced exercise tests: validation with the Bruce protocol. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1313-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The Self-Paced VO2max Test to Assess Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Highly Trained Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10:172-7. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:The novel self-paced maximal-oxygen-uptake (VO2max) test (SPV) may be a more suitable alternative to traditional maximal tests for elite athletes due to the ability to self-regulate pace. This study aimed to examine whether the SPV can be administered on a motorized treadmill.Methods:Fourteen highly trained male distance runners performed a standard graded exercise test (GXT), an incline-based SPV (SPVincline), and a speed-based SPV (SPVspeed). The GXT included a plateau-verification stage. Both SPV protocols included 5 × 2-min stages (and a plateau-verification stage) and allowed for self-pacing based on fixed increments of rating of perceived exertion: 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20. The participants varied their speed and incline on the treadmill by moving between different marked zones in which the tester would then adjust the intensity.Results:There was no significant difference (P = .319, ES = 0.21) in the VO2max achieved in the SPVspeed (67.6 ± 3.6 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 65.6–69.7 mL · kg−1 · min−1) compared with that achieved in the GXT (68.6 ± 6.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 65.1–72.1 mL · kg−1 · min−1). Participants achieved a significantly higher VO2max in the SPVincline (70.6 ± 4.3 mL · kg−1 · min−1, 95%CI = 68.1–73.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1) than in either the GXT (P = .027, ES = 0.39) or SPVspeed (P = .001, ES = 0.76).Conclusions:The SPVspeed protocol produces VO2max values similar to those obtained in the GXT and may represent a more appropriate and athlete-friendly test that is more oriented toward the variable speed found in competitive sport.
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Svendsen JC, Tirsgaard B, Cordero GA, Steffensen JF. Intraspecific variation in aerobic and anaerobic locomotion: gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) do not exhibit a trade-off between maximum sustained swimming speed and minimum cost of transport. Front Physiol 2015; 6:43. [PMID: 25741285 PMCID: PMC4330683 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific variation and trade-off in aerobic and anaerobic traits remain poorly understood in aquatic locomotion. Using gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), both axial swimmers, this study tested four hypotheses: (1) gait transition from steady to unsteady (i.e., burst-assisted) swimming is associated with anaerobic metabolism evidenced as excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC); (2) variation in swimming performance (critical swimming speed; Ucrit) correlates with metabolic scope (MS) or anaerobic capacity (i.e., maximum EPOC); (3) there is a trade-off between maximum sustained swimming speed (Usus) and minimum cost of transport (COTmin); and (4) variation in Usus correlates positively with optimum swimming speed (Uopt; i.e., the speed that minimizes energy expenditure per unit of distance traveled). Data collection involved swimming respirometry and video analysis. Results showed that anaerobic swimming costs (i.e., EPOC) increase linearly with the number of bursts in S. aurata, with each burst corresponding to 0.53 mg O2 kg−1. Data are consistent with a previous study on striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis), a labriform swimmer, suggesting that the metabolic cost of burst swimming is similar across various types of locomotion. There was no correlation between Ucrit and MS or anaerobic capacity in S. aurata indicating that other factors, including morphological or biomechanical traits, influenced Ucrit. We found no evidence of a trade-off between Usus and COTmin. In fact, data revealed significant negative correlations between Usus and COTmin, suggesting that individuals with high Usus also exhibit low COTmin. Finally, there were positive correlations between Usus and Uopt. Our study demonstrates the energetic importance of anaerobic metabolism during unsteady swimming, and provides intraspecific evidence that superior maximum sustained swimming speed is associated with superior swimming economy and optimum speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Svendsen
- Molecular Eco-physiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Fisheries and Maritime Museum Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Tirsgaard
- Marine Biological Section, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Gerardo A Cordero
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen Helsingør, Denmark
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27
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Astorino TA, McMillan DW, Edmunds RM, Sanchez E. Increased cardiac output elicits higher V̇O2max in response to self-paced exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:223-9. [PMID: 25682980 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a self-paced protocol demonstrated higher maximal oxygen uptake versus the traditional ramp protocol. The primary aim of the current study was to further explore potential differences in maximal oxygen uptake between the ramp and self-paced protocols using simultaneous measurement of cardiac output. Active men and women of various fitness levels (N = 30, mean age = 26.0 ± 5.0 years) completed 3 graded exercise tests separated by a minimum of 48 h. Participants initially completed progressive ramp exercise to exhaustion to determine maximal oxygen uptake followed by a verification test to confirm maximal oxygen uptake attainment. Over the next 2 sessions, they performed a self-paced and an additional ramp protocol. During exercise, gas exchange data were obtained using indirect calorimetry, and thoracic impedance was utilized to estimate hemodynamic function (stroke volume and cardiac output). One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine differences in maximal oxygen uptake and cardiac output between ramp and self-paced testing. Results demonstrated lower (p < 0.001) maximal oxygen uptake via the ramp (47.2 ± 10.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) versus the self-paced (50.2 ± 9.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) protocol, with no interaction (p = 0.06) seen for fitness level. Maximal heart rate and cardiac output (p = 0.02) were higher in the self-paced protocol versus ramp exercise. In conclusion, data show that the traditional ramp protocol may underestimate maximal oxygen uptake compared with a newly developed self-paced protocol, with a greater cardiac output potentially responsible for this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Anthony Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
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The efficacy of a self-paced VO2max test during motorized treadmill exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 10:99-105. [PMID: 24912200 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the utility of a self-paced maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test (SPV) in eliciting an accurate measure of VO2max in comparison with a traditional graded exercise test (GXT) during motorized treadmill exercise. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional experimental study whereby recreationally trained men (n = 13, 25.5 ± 4.6 y) completed 2 maximal exercise tests (SPV, GXT) separated by a 72-h recovery period. METHODS The GXT was continuous and incremental, with prescribed 1-km/h increases every 2 min until the attainment of VO2max. The SPV consisted of 5 × 2-min stages of incremental exercise, which were self-selected and adjusted according to 5 prescribed RPE levels (RPE 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20). RESULTS Although no significant differences in VO2max were observed between the SPV and GXT (63.9 ± 3.3 cf 60.9 ± 4.6 mL · kg-1 · min-1, respectively, P > .05), the apparent 4.7% mean difference may be practically important. The 95% limits-of-agreement analysis was 3.03 ± 11.49 mL · kg-1 · min-1. Therefore, in the worst-case scenario, the GXT may underestimate measured VO2max as ascertained by the SPV by up to 19%. Conversely, the SPV could underestimate the GXT by 14%. CONCLUSIONS The current study has shown that the SPV is an accurate measure of VO2max during exercise on a motorized treadmill and may provide a slightly higher VO2max value than that obtained from a traditional GXT. The higher VO2max during the SPV may be important when prescribing training or monitoring athlete progression.
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29
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Mauger AR, Metcalfe AJ, Taylor L, Castle PC. Reply to "Discussion: Efficacy of the self-paced V̇O2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:583-5. [PMID: 24766242 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R Mauger
- a Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kent, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4AG, UK
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30
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Straub AM, Midgley AW, Zavorsky GS, Hillman AR. Ramp-incremented and RPE-clamped test protocols elicit similar VO2max values in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1581-90. [PMID: 24777737 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study compared the efficacy of ramp incremented and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)-clamped test protocols for eliciting maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). METHODS Sixteen trained cyclists (age 34 ± 7 years) performed a ramp-incremented protocol and an RPE-clamped protocol 1 week apart in a randomized, counterbalanced order. The RPE-clamped protocol consisted of five, 2-min stages where subjects self-selected work rate and pedal cadence to maintain the prescribed RPE. After completing both test protocols subjects were asked which they preferred. RESULTS The mean ± SD test time of 568 ± 72 s in the ramp protocol was not significantly different to the 600 ± 0 s in the RPE-clamped protocol (mean difference = 32 s; p = 0.09), or was the VO2max of 3.86 ± 0.73 L min(-1) in the ramp protocol significantly different to the 3.87 ± 0.72 L min(-1) in the RPE-clamped protocol (mean difference = 0.002 L min(-1); p = 0.97). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed for peak power output (p = 0.21), maximal minute ventilation (p = 0.97), maximal respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.09), maximal heart rate (p = 0.51), and post-test blood lactate concentration (p = 0.58). The VO2max attained in the preferred protocol was significantly higher than the non-preferred protocol (mean difference = 0.14 L min(-1); p = 0.03). CONCLUSION The RPE-clamped test protocol was as effective as the ramp-incremented protocol for eliciting VO2max and could be considered as a valid alternative protocol, particularly where a fixed test duration is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Straub
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Marywood University, 2300 Adams Avenue, Scranton, PA, 18509, USA
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31
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Astorino TA. Discussion: The efficacy of the self-paced V̇O2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:592-3. [PMID: 24766245 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
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32
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Mauger AR, Metcalfe AJ, Taylor L, Castle PC. Reply to "Discussion: The efficacy of the self-paced V̇O2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:589-91. [PMID: 24766244 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R Mauger
- a Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4AG, UK
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33
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Mauger AR, Metcalfe AJ, Taylor L, Castle PC. Reply to "Discussion: Efficacy of the self-paced V̇O2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:594-5. [PMID: 24766246 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R Mauger
- a Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4AG, UK
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34
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Eston RG, Crockett A, Jones AM. Discussion of "The efficacy of the self-paced V̇O2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:581-2. [PMID: 24766241 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Eston
- a School of Health Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Science Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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35
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Poole DC. Discussion: "The efficacy of the self-paced V̇O2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:586-8. [PMID: 24766243 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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