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Ramonas A, Laursen PB, Williden M, Chang WL, Kilding AE. Carbohydrate intake before and during high intensity exercise with reduced muscle glycogen availability affects the speed of muscle reoxygenation and performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-023-05162-y. [PMID: 36897400 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle glycogen state and carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation before and during exercise may impact responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study determined cardiorespiratory, substrate metabolism, muscle oxygenation, and performance when completing HIIT with or without CHO supplementation in a muscle glycogen depleted state. On two occasions, in a cross-over design, eight male cyclists performed a glycogen depletion protocol prior to HIIT during which either a 6% CHO drink (60 g.hr-1) or placebo (%CHO, PLA) was consumed. HIIT consisted of 5 × 2 min at 80% peak power output (PPO), 3 × 10-min bouts of steady-state (SS) cycling (50, 55, 60% PPO), and a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test. There was no difference in SS [Formula: see text], HR, substrate oxidation and gross efficiency (GE %) between CHO and PLA conditions. A faster rate of muscle reoxygenation (%. s-1) existed in PLA after the 1st (Δ - 0.23 ± 0.22, d = 0.58, P < 0.05) and 3rd HIIT intervals (Δ - 0.34 ± 0.25, d = 1.02, P < 0.05). TTE was greater in CHO (7.1 ± 5.4 min) than PLA (2.5 ± 2.3 min, d = 0.98, P < 0.05). CHO consumption before and during exercise under reduced muscle glycogen conditions did not suppress fat oxidation, suggesting a strong regulatory role of muscle glycogen on substrate metabolism. However, CHO ingestion provided a performance benefit under intense exercise conditions commenced with reduced muscle glycogen. More research is needed to understand the significance of altered muscle oxygenation patterns during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Ramonas
- School of Sports and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, PO Box 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Paul B Laursen
- School of Sports and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, PO Box 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Micalla Williden
- School of Sports and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, PO Box 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew E Kilding
- School of Sports and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, PO Box 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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2
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Muscle Glycogen Metabolism and High-Intensity Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1855-1874. [PMID: 33900579 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscle glycogen is the main substrate during high-intensity exercise and large reductions can occur after relatively short durations. Moreover, muscle glycogen is stored heterogeneously and similarly displays a heterogeneous and fiber-type specific depletion pattern with utilization in both fast- and slow-twitch fibers during high-intensity exercise, with a higher degradation rate in the former. Thus, depletion of individual fast- and slow-twitch fibers has been demonstrated despite muscle glycogen at the whole-muscle level only being moderately lowered. In addition, muscle glycogen is stored in specific subcellular compartments, which have been demonstrated to be important for muscle function and should be considered as well as global muscle glycogen availability. In the present review, we discuss the importance of glycogen metabolism for single and intermittent bouts of high-intensity exercise and outline possible underlying mechanisms for a relationship between muscle glycogen and fatigue during these types of exercise. Traditionally this relationship has been attributed to a decreased ATP resynthesis rate due to inadequate substrate availability at the whole-muscle level, but emerging evidence points to a direct coupling between muscle glycogen and steps in the excitation-contraction coupling including altered muscle excitability and calcium kinetics.
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Kaviani M, Izadi A, Heshmati J. Would creatine supplementation augment exercise performance during a low carbohydrate high fat diet? Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110369. [PMID: 33214000 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diets are emerging in popularity. Several athletics have adopted LCHF diets in an attempt to improve exercise performance and body composition by enhancing fat utilization. However, these diets impair maximal and supramaximal exercise performance due to limited glycogen stores as well as increasing ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). All of these factors may impact training volume and compliance, leading to less optimal training adaptations over time. In contrast, LCHF diets is an effective strategy for weight and fat mass loss and is beneficial for a variety of metabolic processes. One potential nutritional strategy to off-set the negative aspects of a LCHF is creatine (Cr). Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase muscle power output and reduce the rate of fatigue; thereby allowing individuals to work at a higher intensity for a greater duration. Furthermore, Cr supplementation may positively enhance body composition (gains in muscle mass and possibly aid in fat mass loss). Despite the popularity of both LCHF and creatine supplementation, there is no data available investigating the effects of Cr supplementation on exercise performance and body composition during LCHF diets in humans. We would hypothesize that Cr supplementation may augment exercise performance (anerobic power and strength) during a LCHF diet compared to a LCHF diet and placebo. In addition, combining Cr with a LCHF diet would further increase body fat loss and improve body composition compared to a LCHF diet and/or low-fat diets (LFDs) placebo. Our hypotheses would be under the assumption that total caloric intake and protein intake are matched. Future research is warranted to examine chronic exercise with LCHF diets with and without creatine and compare performance and body composition changes to high carbohydrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Azimeh Izadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Kojima C, Ishibashi A, Tanabe Y, Iwayama K, Kamei A, Takahashi H, Goto K. Muscle Glycogen Content during Endurance Training under Low Energy Availability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:187-195. [PMID: 31343520 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the effects of three consecutive days of endurance training under conditions of low energy availability (LEA) on the muscle glycogen content, muscle damage markers, endocrine regulation, and endurance capacity in male runners. METHODS Seven male long-distance runners (19.9 ± 1.1 yr, 175.6 ± 4.7 cm, 61.4 ± 5.3 kg, maximal oxygen uptake [V˙O2max]: 67.5 ± 4.3 mL·kg·min) completed two trials consisting of three consecutive days of endurance training under LEA (18.9 ± 1.9 kcal·kg FFM·d) or normal energy availability (NEA) (52.9 ± 5.0 kcal·kg FFM·d). The order of the two trials was randomized, with a 2-wk interval between trials. The endurance training consisted of 75 min of treadmill running at 70% of V˙O2max. Muscle glycogen content, respiratory gas variables, and blood and urine variables were measured in the morning for three consecutive days of training (days 1-3) and on the following morning after training (day 4). As an indication of endurance capacity, time to exhaustion at 19.0 ± 0.8 km·h to elicit 90% of V˙O2max was evaluated on day 4. RESULTS During the training period, body weight, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle volume were significantly reduced in LEA (P = 0.02 for body weight and skeletal muscle volume, P = 0.01 for fat-free mass). Additionally, muscle glycogen content was significantly reduced in LEA (~30%, P < 0.001), with significantly lower values than those in NEA (P < 0.001). Time to exhaustion was not significantly different between the two trials (~20 min, P = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS Three consecutive days of endurance training under LEA decreased muscle glycogen content with lowered body weight. However, endurance capacity was not significantly impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aya Ishibashi
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Nishigaoka, Kitaku, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | | | - Kaito Iwayama
- Department of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara, JAPAN
| | - Akiko Kamei
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Nishigaoka, Kitaku, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | | | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
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5
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Andrade-Souza VA, Ghiarone T, Sansonio A, Santos Silva KA, Tomazini F, Arcoverde L, Fyfe J, Perri E, Saner N, Kuang J, Bertuzzi R, Leandro CG, Bishop DJ, Lima-Silva AE. Exercise twice-a-day potentiates markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in men. FASEB J 2019; 34:1602-1619. [PMID: 31914620 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901207rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise begun with reduced muscle glycogen stores seems to potentiate skeletal muscle protein abundance and gene expression. However, it is unknown whether this greater signaling responses is due to performing two exercise sessions in close proximity-as a first exercise session is necessary to reduce the muscle glycogen stores. In the present study, we manipulated the recovery duration between a first muscle glycogen-depleting exercise and a second exercise session, such that the second exercise session started with reduced muscle glycogen in both approaches but was performed either 2 or 15 hours after the first exercise session (so-called "twice-a-day" and "once-daily" approaches, respectively). We found that exercise twice-a-day increased the nuclear abundance of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and potentiated the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ɣ coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) genes, in comparison with the once-daily exercise. These results suggest that part of the elevated molecular signaling reported with previous "train-low" approaches might be attributed to performing two exercise sessions in close proximity. The twice-a-day approach might be an effective strategy to induce adaptations related to mitochondrial biogenesis and fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Amorim Andrade-Souza
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Ghiarone
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Andre Sansonio
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Kleiton Augusto Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Fabiano Tomazini
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Lucyana Arcoverde
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Jackson Fyfe
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Enrico Perri
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carol Gois Leandro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - David John Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.,Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Technological Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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6
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Dostal T, Plews DJ, Hofmann P, Laursen PB, Cipryan L. Effects of a 12-Week Very-Low Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet on Maximal Aerobic Capacity, High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise, and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation: Non-randomized Parallel-Group Study. Front Physiol 2019; 10:912. [PMID: 31379612 PMCID: PMC6652046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this non-randomized parallel group study was to examine the 12 week effects of a very low-carbohydrate high-fat diet (VLCHF) on maximal cardiorespiratory capacity, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) performance, and cardiac autonomic regulation. Methods Twenty-four recreationally trained participants allocated to either a VLCHF (N = 12) or a habitual diet (HD; N = 12) group completed 12 weeks of a diet and exercise (VLCHF) or an exercise only intervention (HD). Maximal graded exercise tests (GXT) were performed at baseline, after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. A supervised HIIT session and the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) were conducted once a week. Results Total time to exhaustion (TTE) in both GXT and 30-15IFTlargely increased in both VLCHF (p = 0.005, BF10 = 11.30 and p = 0.001, BF10 ≥ 100, respectively) and HD (p = 0.018, BF10 = 3.87 and p = 0.001, BF10 ≥ 100, respectively) groups after 12 weeks. Absolute maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) was not changed in both groups but relative V˙O2max increased in VLCHF in concert with reductions in body mass (66.7 ± 10.2–63.1 ± 8.5 kg). Cardiac autonomic regulation did not reveal any between-group differences after 12 weeks. VLCHF diet induced an increase in β-hydroxybutyrate, which tended to normalize during the intervention period. Conclusion The 12 week VLCHF diet did not impair high-intensity continuous or intermittent exercise lasting up to 25 min, nor did it impair maximal cardiorespiratory performance or autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Dostal
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lukas Cipryan
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
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Iraki J, Fitschen P, Espinar S, Helms E. Nutrition Recommendations for Bodybuilders in the Off-Season: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E154. [PMID: 31247944 PMCID: PMC6680710 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many nutrition practices often used by bodybuilders lack scientific support and can be detrimental to health. Recommendations during the dieting phase are provided in the scientific literature, but little attention has been devoted to bodybuilders during the off-season phase. During the off-season phase, the goal is to increase muscle mass without adding unnecessary body fat. This review evaluated the scientific literature and provides nutrition and dietary supplement recommendations for natural bodybuilders during the off-season phase. A hyper-energetic diet (~10-20%) should be consumed with a target weight gain of ~0.25-0.5% of bodyweight/week for novice/intermediate bodybuilders. Advanced bodybuilders should be more conservative with the caloric surplus and weekly weight gain. Sufficient protein (1.6-2.2 g/kg/day) should be consumed with optimal amounts 0.40-0.55 g/kg per meal and distributed evenly throughout the day (3-6 meals) including within 1-2 hours pre- and post-training. Fat should be consumed in moderate amounts (0.5-1.5 g/kg/day). Remaining calories should come from carbohydrates with focus on consuming sufficient amounts (≥3-5 g/kg/day) to support energy demands from resistance exercise. Creatine monohydrate (3-5 g/day), caffeine (5-6 mg/kg), beta-alanine (3-5 g/day) and citrulline malate (8 g/day) might yield ergogenic effects that can be beneficial for bodybuilders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma Iraki
- Iraki Nutrition AS, 2008 Fjerdingby, Norway.
| | | | | | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
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8
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Consumption of meat, eggs and dairy products is associated with aerobic and anaerobic performance in Brazilian athletes – A cross-sectional study. NUTR HOSP 2019; 36:1375-1383. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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9
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Monitoring Exercise-Induced Muscle Fatigue and Adaptations: Making Sense of Popular or Emerging Indices and Biomarkers. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040153. [PMID: 30486243 PMCID: PMC6315493 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise with the appropriate intensity and duration may improve an athlete’s physical capacities by targeting different performance determinants across the endurance–strength spectrum aiming to delay fatigue. The mechanisms of muscle fatigue depend on exercise intensity and duration and may range from substrate depletion to acidosis and product inhibition of adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) and glycolysis. Fatigue mechanisms have been studied in isolated muscles; single muscle fibers (intact or skinned) or at the level of filamentous or isolated motor proteins; with each approach contributing to our understanding of the fatigue phenomenon. In vivo methods for monitoring fatigue include the assessment of various functional indices supported by the use of biochemical markers including blood lactate levels and more recently redox markers. Blood lactate measurements; as an accompaniment of functional assessment; are extensively used for estimating the contribution of the anaerobic metabolism to energy expenditure and to help interpret an athlete’s resistance to fatigue during high intensity exercise. Monitoring of redox indices is gaining popularity in the applied sports performance setting; as oxidative stress is not only a fatigue agent which may play a role in the pathophysiology of overtraining syndrome; but also constitutes an important signaling pathway for training adaptations; thus reflecting training status. Careful planning of sampling and interpretation of blood biomarkers should be applied; especially given that their levels can fluctuate according to an athlete’s lifestyle and training histories.
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Ferreira GA, Felippe LC, Silva RLS, Bertuzzi R, De Oliveira FR, Pires FO, Lima-Silva AE. Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate availability on fat oxidation and energy expenditure after a high-intensity exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e6964. [PMID: 29590260 PMCID: PMC5886548 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20186964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduced pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) availability potentiates fat oxidation after an exhaustive high-intensity exercise bout. Eight physically active men underwent a high-intensity exercise (∼95% V̇O2max) until exhaustion under low or high pre-exercise CHO availability. The protocol to manipulate pre-exercise CHO availability consisted of a 90-min cycling bout at ∼70% V̇O2max + 6 × 1-min at 125% V̇O2max with 1-min rest, followed by 48 h under a low- (10% CHO, low-CHO availability) or high-CHO diet (80% CHO, high-CHO availability). Time to exhaustion was shorter and energy expenditure (EE) lower during the high-intensity exercise in low- compared to high-CHO availability (8.6±0.8 and 11.4±1.6 min, and 499±209 and 677±343 kJ, respectively, P<0.05). Post-exercise EE was similar between low- and high-CHO availability (425±147 and 348±54 kJ, respectively, P>0.05), but post-exercise fat oxidation was significantly higher (P<0.05) in low- (7,830±1,864 mg) than in high-CHO availability (6,264±1,763 mg). The total EE (i.e., exercise EE plus post-exercise EE) was similar between low- and high-CHO availability (924±264 and 1,026±340 kJ, respectively, P>0.05). These results suggest that a single bout of high-intensity exercise performed under low-CHO availability increased post-exercise fat oxidation, and even with shorter exercise duration, both post-exercise EE and total EE were not impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Ferreira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil
| | - L C Felippe
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil
| | - R L S Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil
| | - R Bertuzzi
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F R De Oliveira
- Núcleo de Estudos do Movimento Humano, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - F O Pires
- Grupo de Estudos em Psico-fisiologia do Exercício, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A E Lima-Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil.,Grupo de Pesquisa Desempenho Humano, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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11
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Zawieja EE, Zawieja BE, Podgórski T, Jurkowska D, Jeszka J. Influence of low versus moderate glycemic index of diet on substrate oxidation and energy expenditure during incremental exercise in endurance athletes: a randomized counterbalanced cross-over trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:741-752. [PMID: 29252040 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1411891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed at assessing the influence of 3-week low glycemic index (LGI) versus moderate glycemic index (MGI) diet on substrate oxidation during incremental exercise. 17 runners completed two 3-week trials of either LGI or MGI diet in a randomised counterbalanced manner. Before and after each trial the incremental cycling test was performed. Metabolic alternations were observed only within tested diets and no significant differences in fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation were found between MGI and LGI diets. Following MGI diet CHO oxidation rate increased. The AUC of fat oxidation decreased after both diets. Percent contribution of fat to energy yield declined, whereas contribution of CHO was augmented following MGI diet. This study indicates that the 3-week MGI diet increased the rate of carbohydrate oxidation during incremental cycling test and improved performance in acute intense exercise test, while both high-carbohydrate diets downregulated fat oxidation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia Ewa Zawieja
- a Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Bogna Ewa Zawieja
- b Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- c Department of Biochemistry , University School of Physical Education in Poznan , Poznań , Poland
| | - Dominika Jurkowska
- a Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Jan Jeszka
- a Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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12
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Aras D, Karakoc B, Koz M, Bizati O. The effects of active recovery and carbohydrate intake on HRV during 48 hours in athletes after a vigorous-intensity physical activity. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Ferreira GA, Bertuzzi R, De-Oliveira FR, Pires FO, Lima-Silva AE. High-CHO diet increases post-exercise oxygen consumption after a supramaximal exercise bout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5656. [PMID: 27783812 PMCID: PMC5089236 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated if carbohydrate (CHO) availability could affect the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after a single supramaximal exercise bout. Five physically active men cycled at 115% of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak) until exhaustion with low or high pre-exercise CHO availability. The endogenous CHO stores were manipulated by performing a glycogen-depletion exercise protocol 48 h before the trial, followed by 48 h consuming either a low- (10% CHO) or a high-CHO (80% CHO) diet regime. Compared to the low-CHO diet, the high-CHO diet increased time to exhaustion (3.0±0.6 min vs 4.4±0.6, respectively, P=0.01) and the total O2 consumption during the exercise (6.9±0.9 L and 11.3±2.1, respectively, P=0.01). This was accompanied by a higher EPOC magnitude (4.6±1.8 L vs 6.2±2.8, respectively, P=0.03) and a greater total O2 consumption throughout the session (exercise+recovery: 11.5±2.5 L vs 17.5±4.2, respectively, P=0.01). These results suggest that a single bout of supramaximal exercise performed with high CHO availability increases both exercise and post-exercise energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Ferreira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil
| | - R Bertuzzi
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F R De-Oliveira
- Núcleo de Estudos do Movimento Humano, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - F O Pires
- Grupo de Estudos em Psico-fisiologia do Exercício, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A E Lima-Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil
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BASTOS-SILVA VJ, LEARSI SK, MELO ADA, LIMA-SILVA AE, ARAUJO GGD. Effects of carbohydrate intake on time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution during supramaximal exercise. REV NUTR 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652016000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the effect of carbohydrate intake on time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution during supramaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. Methods: The sample comprised ten participants with a mean age of 23.9±2.5 years, mean body mass of 75.1±12.3 kg, mean height of 170.0±1.0 cm, and mean body fat of 11.3±5.2%. The participants underwent an incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and maximum power output, and two supramaximal tests with a constant load of 110% of the maximum power output to exhaustion. Thirty minutes before the supramaximal tests the participants consumed carbohydrates (2 g.kg-1) or placebo. Results: The times to exhaustion of carbohydrate and placebo did not differ (carbohydrate: 170.7±44.6s; placebo: 156.1±26.7s, p=0.17; effect size=0.39). Similarly, the anaerobic contributions of the two treatments did not differ (carbohydrate: 3.0±0.9 L; placebo: 2.7±1.1 L, p=0.23; effect size=0.29). Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake was not capable of increasing time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution in physically active men cycling at 110% of maximum power output.
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Dudgeon WD, Kelley EP, Scheett TP. In a single-blind, matched group design: branched-chain amino acid supplementation and resistance training maintains lean body mass during a caloric restricted diet. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:1. [PMID: 26733764 PMCID: PMC4700774 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes and active adults many times have the goal of improving/maintaining fitness while losing weight and this is best achieved by caloric restriction in combination with exercise. However, this poses a risk for lean tissue loss, which can limit performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplement, in conjunction with heavy resistance training and a carbohydrate caloric-restricted "cut diet" on body composition and muscle fitness. METHODS Seventeen resistance-trained males (21-28 years of age) were randomized to a BCAA group (n = 9) or a carbohydrate (CHO) group (n = 8) who both received their respective supplement during the 8 weeks of a prescribed body building style resistance training protocol. Subjects were prescribed a hypocaloric diet (based upon pre-intervention analysis) that was to be followed during the study. RESULTS The BCAA group lost fat mass (-0.05 ± 0.08 kg;p < .05) and maintained lean mass, while the CHO group lost lean mass (-0.90 ± 0.06 kg; p < .05) and body mass (-2.3 ± 0.7 kg; p < .05). Both groups increased 1RM squat, but the increase in the BCAA group (15.1 ± 2.2 kg; p < .05)was greater (P < 0.05) than the CHO group. The BCAA group increased 1RM bench press (7.1 ± 1.6 kg; P < 0.05), while the CHO group decreased strength (-3.7 ± 2.3 kg; P < 0.05). The only change in muscular endurance was an increase in repetitions to fatigue (5.3 ± 0.2; p < .05) in the CHO group. CONCLUSION These results show that BCAA supplementation in trained individuals performing resistance training while on a hypocaloric diet can maintain lean mass and preserve skeletal muscle performance while losing fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley David Dudgeon
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, 24 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424 USA
| | - Elizabeth Page Kelley
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, 24 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424 USA
| | - Timothy Paul Scheett
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, 24 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424 USA
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Ferreira VR, Bento APN, Silva MR. CONSUMO ALIMENTAR, PERFIL ANTROPOMÉTRICO E CONHECIMENTOS EM NUTRIÇÃO DE CORREDORES DE RUA. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220152106138411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução A nutrição esportiva e a composição corporal são fatores importantes para o desempenho de atividades esportivas. A corrida de rua se popularizou no mundo, especialmente na última década. Os corredores de rua devem consumir uma dieta nutricionalmente adequada e ter conhecimento sobre nutrição para manter um perfil nutricional adequado. Objetivo Avaliar a adequação dietética, o perfil antropométrico e os conhecimentos em nutrição de corredores de rua. Métodos Os corredores adultos de ambos os gêneros (n = 51) foram entrevistados sobre conhecimentos em nutrição, por meio de um questionário padronizado modificado. A avaliação do consumo alimentar foi feita com a aplicação de dois recordatórios de 24 horas em dias não consecutivos e com a análise da adequação de macronutrientes, micronutrientes e fibra alimentar. A avaliação antropométrica foi realizada por meio do índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura. Resultados A maioria dos corredores de rua do gênero masculino teve um percentual de gordura adequado e foi constatada magreza para cerca de 30% de homens e mulheres. As inadequações dietéticas de ma-cronutrientes caracterizaram-se por consumo insuficiente de carboidratos (59,6% de indivíduos) e ingestão elevada de proteínas (32,7%). Fibra, cálcio, tiamina, riboflavina e niacina foram consumidas abaixo dos níveis recomendados, principalmente entre os homens. O conhecimento em nutrição foi associado à adequação da ingestão de micronutrientes. As mulheres tiveram melhor nível de conhecimento básico em nutrição e maior prevalência de ingestão adequada. Conclusão Apesar dos corredores de rua demonstrarem alto nível de conhecimento básico em nutrição e adequado perfil antropométrico, a maioria teve hábitos alimentares e nutrição inadequados ao desempenho esportivo.
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Correia-Oliveira CR, Santos RA, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Bertuzzi R, Kiss MAPD, Bishop DJ, Lima-Silva AE. Prior low- or high-intensity exercise alters pacing strategy, energy system contribution and performance during a 4-km cycling time trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110320. [PMID: 25330452 PMCID: PMC4203780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the influence of prior exercise designed to reduce predominantly muscle glycogen in either type I or II fibers on pacing and performance during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT). After preliminary and familiarization trials, in a randomized, repeated-measures crossover design, ten amateur cyclists performed: 1) an exercise designed to reduce glycogen of type I muscle fibers, followed by a 4-km TT (EX-FIB I); 2) an exercise designed to reduce glycogen of type II muscle fibers, followed by a 4-km TT (EX-FIB II) and; 3) a 4-km TT, without the prior exercise (CONT). The muscle-glycogen-reducing exercise in both EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II was performed in the evening, ∼12 h before the 4-km TT. Performance time was increased and power output (PO) was reduced in EX-FIB I (432.8±8.3 s and 204.9±10.9 W) and EX-FIB II (428.7±6.7 s and 207.5±9.1 W) compared to CONT (420.8±6.4 s and 218.4±9.3 W; P<0.01), without a difference between EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II (P>0.05). The PO was lower in EX-FIB I than in CONT at the beginning and middle of the trial (P<0.05). The mean aerobic contribution during EX-FIB I was also significantly lower than in CONT (P<0.05), but there was no difference between CONT and EX-FIB II or between EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II (P>0.05). The integrated electromyography was unchanged between conditions (P>0.05). Performance may have been impaired in EX-FIB I due a more conservative pacing at the beginning and middle, which was associated with a reduced aerobic contribution. In turn, the PO profile adopted in EX-FIB II was also reduced throughout the trial, but the impairment in performance may be attributed to a reduced glycolytic contribution (i.e. reduced lactate accumulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rafaell Correia-Oliveira
- Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralmony Alcantara Santos
- Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos David Silva-Cavalcante
- Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David John Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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