1
|
Haworth E, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Immediate and residual effects of functional chewing gum on sustained attention and mood. Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39039933 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2379698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: Chewing gum has been shown to improve aspects of cognition and mood with sustained attention being particularly receptive to the effects of chewing. Chewing gum may also be a useful vehicle for administering functional ingredients. The herbal extract Rhodiola rosea and certain B-vitamins have previously been shown to improve aspects of cognition and subjective state, but their combined effects have not been studied to date.Methods: The current randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced crossover study compared the effects of a functional gum containing Rhodiola rosea and B-vitamins to flavour-matched regular chewing gum and a flavour-matched placebo. Thirty-six healthy young participants completed measures of attention and mood at baseline, during chewing, and 1-h after chewing.Results: Chewing both functional and regular gum was shown to reduce errors on a digit vigilance task compared to placebo irrespective of whether measured during or after chewing. There were no benefits to adding functional ingredients to the gum.Discussion: Future chewing research should consider different formats of placebo. Sex differences in response to chewing and the impact of rate and intensity of chewing should also be explored.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05544500.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Haworth
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamada Y, Nagayama C, Fujihira K, Tataka Y, Hiratsu A, Kamemoto K, Shimo K, Kanno S, Osawa K, Miyashita M. Gum chewing while walking increases walking distance and energy expenditure: A randomized, single-blind, controlled, cross-over study. J Exerc Sci Fit 2021; 19:189-194. [PMID: 34135975 PMCID: PMC8164030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Gum chewing while walking increases walking distance and energy expenditure in middle-aged male and female individuals. This study aimed to examine the effects of gum chewing while walking on walking distance and energy metabolism in male and female individuals of various age groups. Methods Fifty participants (25 male and 25 female individuals) aged 22-69 years completed two trials in a random order. In the gum trial, participants walked at a natural pace for 15 min while chewing two gum pellets (1.5 g, 3 kcal per pellet) following a 50-min rest period. In the tablet trial, participants rested for 50 min before walking, and the participants then walked at a natural pace for 15 min after ingesting two pellets of tablet containing the same ingredients with the exception of the gum base. The walking distance, step count, walking speed, stride, heart rate, energy expenditure, and respiratory exchange ratio were measured. Results Walking distance, step count, walking speed, heart rate, and energy expenditure during walking were significantly higher in the gum trial than in the tablet trial. In participants aged ≥40 years, walking distance, walking speed, stride, heart rate, and energy expenditure during walking were significantly increased during the gum trial compared with those during the tablet trial. Conclusion The study findings demonstrated that gum chewing while walking increased walking distance and energy expenditure in both male and female individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hamada
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujihira
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusei Tataka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayano Hiratsu
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kamemoto
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimo
- Central Laboratory, Lotte Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Kanno
- Central Laboratory, Lotte Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Osawa
- Central Laboratory, Lotte Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kanno S, Shimo K, Ando T, Hamada Y, Miyashita M, Osawa K. Gum chewing while walking increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure. J Phys Ther Sci 2019; 31:435-439. [PMID: 31164781 PMCID: PMC6511506 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.31.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Although gum chewing while walking has been reported to increase walking speed
and heart rate, its effect on energy expenditure remains unclear. The purpose of the
present study was to investigate the effects of gum chewing while walking on fat
oxidation, energy expenditure, and different walking parameters. [Participants and
Methods] This randomized crossover study included 10 males and 5 females who walked for
15 min at their own pace while chewing 2 pieces of gum in the gum trial or while eating 2
tablets in the control trial. A wearable metabolic system, heart rate monitor, and
pedometer measured fat oxidation, energy expenditure, heart rate, step count, and walking
distance. Walking speed and stride length were also calculated. [Results] The energy
expenditure, fat oxidation and heart rate were significantly higher during the gum trial
than during the control trial. Significant increases were observed in the step count,
walking distance, and walking speed but not in the stride length. [Conclusion] Our results
suggest that gum chewing affects sympathetic nervous system activity and walking rhythm
with a consequent improvement in the health-related effects of walking, which in turn
helps to maintain weight. These findings may play a role in preventing the gradual
age-related weight gain that predisposes to obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kanno
- LOTTE Co., Ltd. Central Laboratory: 1-1 Numakage 3-chome, Minami, Saitama 336-8601, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimo
- LOTTE Co., Ltd. Central Laboratory: 1-1 Numakage 3-chome, Minami, Saitama 336-8601, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ando
- LOTTE Co., Ltd. Central Laboratory: 1-1 Numakage 3-chome, Minami, Saitama 336-8601, Japan
| | - Yuka Hamada
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Osawa
- LOTTE Co., Ltd. Central Laboratory: 1-1 Numakage 3-chome, Minami, Saitama 336-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mastication of Nuts under Realistic Eating Conditions: Implications for Energy Balance. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060710. [PMID: 29865169 PMCID: PMC6024662 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The low digestibility and high satiety effects of nuts have been partly attributed to mastication. This work examines chewing forces and the bolus particle size of nuts (walnuts, almonds, pistachios) varying in physical properties under different conditions (with and without water, juice, sweetened yogurt and plain yogurt) along with satiety sensations and gut hormone concentrations following walnut consumption (whole or butter). In a randomized, cross-over design with 50 adults (25 males, 25 females; Body Mass Index (BMI) 24.7 ± 3.4 kg/m²; age: 18⁻52 years old (y/o), the chewing forces and particle size distribution of chewed nuts were measured under different chewing conditions. Appetite sensations were measured at regular intervals for 3 h after nut intake, and plasma samples were collected for the measurement of glucose, insulin and Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The three nuts displayed different particle sizes at swallowing though no differences in chewing forces were observed. Walnuts with yogurt yielded larger particle sizes than the other treatments. Particle size was not correlated with either food palatability or flavor. Fullness sensations were higher after whole nut than nut butter consumption though there were no significant changes in glucose, insulin, or GLP-1 concentrations under any condition. Changing the conditions at swallowing might influence the release of energy from nuts.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamada Y, Yanaoka T, Kashiwabara K, Kurata K, Yamamoto R, Kanno S, Ando T, Miyashita M. The effects of gum chewing while walking on physical and physiological functions. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:625-629. [PMID: 29706720 PMCID: PMC5909016 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study examined the effects of gum chewing while walking on physical and
physiological functions. [Subjects and Methods] This study enrolled 46 male and female
participants aged 21–69 years. In the experimental trial, participants walked at natural
paces for 15 minutes while chewing two gum pellets after a 1-hour rest period. In the
control trial, participants walked at natural paces for 15 minutes after ingesting powder
containing the same ingredient, except the gum base, as the chewing gum. Heart rates,
walking distances, walking speeds, steps, and energy expenditure were measured. [Results]
Heart rates during walking and heart rate changes (i.e., from at rest to during walking)
significantly increased during the gum trial compared with the control trial. Walking
distance, walking speed, walking heart rate, and heart rate changes in male participants
and walking heart rate and heart rate changes in female participants were significantly
higher during the gum trial than the control trial. In middle-aged and elderly male
participants aged ≥40 years, walking distance, walking speed, steps, and energy
expenditure significantly increased during the gum trial than the control trial.
[Conclusion] Gum chewing while walking measurably affects physical and physiological
functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hamada
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Japan.,The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Takuma Yanaoka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Japan.,The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | | | - Kuran Kurata
- Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Japan
| | | | | | - Masashi Miyashita
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University: 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Melanson KJ, Kresge DL. Chewing gum decreases energy intake at lunch following a controlled breakfast. Appetite 2017; 118:1-7. [PMID: 28733151 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of chewing gum on fasting appetite or meal intake has not been studied. We tested the hypothesis that chewing gum would decrease lunch intake after a controlled breakfast, and reduce hunger in fasting and fed states. Seventeen males and sixteen females (21.4 ± 6.3y, BMI 23.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study in which subjects chewed sugar-free gum a total of 1 h on the test day (GC), and did not chew gum on a control day (NG). The 1 h of gum chewing included 20 min while fasting, and two 20-min sessions between breakfast and lunch. Subjects rated their appetite and mood on visual analog scales. After completing the fasting measures, subjects consumed a breakfast shake containing 30% of their measured resting energy expenditure. Three hours later they consumed an ad libitum lunch with water. Fasting ratings of hunger were lower in GC than NG (t = 2.66, p = 0.01). Subjects consumed significantly less pasta (41 g, 68 kcals, t = 2.32, p = 0.03) during GC than NG. In conclusion, gum chewing decreased fasting hunger ratings and lunch energy consumed. Chewing gum may be a useful tool impacting energy balance in this population. Longer studies, especially in other populations, will be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Melanson
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Daniel L Kresge
- Department of Sport & Fitness Management, Mitchell College, New London, CT 06320, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vuletic L, Klaic M, Spalj S, Peros K. The Effect of Chewing a Sugar-Free Gum After Oatmeal on the Postprandial Glycaemia – A Cross-Over Study. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF DIABETES NUTRITION AND METABOLIC DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/rjdnmd-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Aims: Gum chewing after a meal stimulates salivation and may affect the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and the release of hormones through neural mechanisms. This study was conducted to assess if chewing a sugar-free gum for 20 min following a meal, as recommended for dental caries prevention, influences the postprandial blood glucose levels in a period of one hour. Materials and Methods: For each of 18 participants blood glucose profile was made by measuring capillary glucose concentration in 10-min intervals within one hour following: a) chewing a sugar-free gum, b) the consumption of an oatmeal, c) chewing a sugar-free gum after the consumption of an oatmeal. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the glycaemic response following complex carbohydrate ingestion when a gum was chewed after a meal. Conclusions: The possible influence of gum chewing on the postprandial gastrointestinal and metabolic ongoings was not reflected in the postprandial glycaemic response under the conditions of this study. A more comprehensive study which would include more variables related to vagal efferent activity, digestion and metabolism would be needed to assess if chewing sugar-free gums to exploit their caries-protective potential can influence metabolic adaptability to nutritional challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Vuletic
- Department of Physiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10 000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Marija Klaic
- Student of the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Stjepan Spalj
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka , Croatia
| | - Kristina Peros
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| |
Collapse
|