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Boyd L, Deakin GB, Devantier-Thomas B, Singh U, Doma K. The Effects of Pre-conditioning on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1537-1557. [PMID: 37160563 PMCID: PMC10356650 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have utilised isometric, eccentric and downhill walking pre-conditioning as a strategy for alleviating the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) following a bout of damaging physical activity. OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of pre-conditioning strategies on indices of muscle damage and physical performance measures following a second bout of strenuous physical activity. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies meeting the PICO (population, intervention/exposure, comparison, and outcome) criteria were included in this review: (1) general population or "untrained" participants with no contraindications affecting physical performance; (2) studies with a parallel design to examine the prevention and severity of muscle-damaging contractions; (3) outcome measures were compared using baseline and post-intervention measures; and (4) outcome measures included any markers of indirect muscle damage and muscular contractility measures. PARTICIPANTS Individuals with no resistance training experiences in the previous 6 or more months. INTERVENTIONS A single bout of pre-conditioning exercises consisting of eccentric or isometric contractions performed a minimum of 24 h prior to a bout of damaging physical activity were compared to control interventions that did not perform pre-conditioning prior to damaging physical activity. STUDY APPRAISAL Kmet appraisal system. SYNTHESIS METHODS Quantitative analysis was conducted using forest plots to examine standardised mean differences (SMD, i.e. effect size), test statistics for statistical significance (i.e. Z-values) and between-study heterogeneity by inspecting I2. RESULTS Following abstract and full-text screening, 23 articles were included in this paper. Based on the meta-analysis, the pre-conditioning group exhibited lower levels of creatine kinase at 24 h (SMD = - 1.64; Z = 8.39; p = 0.00001), 48 h (SMD = - 2.65; Z = 7.78; p = 0.00001), 72 h (SMD = - 2.39; Z = 5.71; p = 0.00001) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = - 3.52; Z = 7.39; p = 0.00001) than the control group. Delayed-onset muscle soreness was also lower for the pre-conditioning group at 24 h (SMD = - 1.89; Z = 6.17; p = 0.00001), 48 h (SMD = - 2.50; Z = 7.99; p = 0.00001), 72 h (SMD = - 2.73; Z = 7.86; p = 0.00001) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = - 3.30; Z = 8.47; p = 0.00001). Maximal voluntary contraction force was maintained and returned to normal sooner in the pre-conditioning group than in the control group, 24 h (SMD = 1.46; Z = 5.49; p = 0.00001), 48 h (SMD = 1.59; Z = 6.04; p = 0.00001), 72 h (SMD = 2.02; Z = 6.09; p = 0.00001) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = 2.16; Z = 5.69; p = 0.00001). Range of motion was better maintained by the pre-conditioning group compared with the control group at 24 h (SMD = 1.48; Z = 4.30; p = 0.00001), 48 h (SMD = 2.20; Z = 5.64; p = 0.00001), 72 h (SMD = 2.66; Z = 5.42; p = 0.00001) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = 2.5; Z = 5.46; p = 0.00001). Based on qualitative analyses, pre-conditioning activities were more effective when performed at 2-4 days before the muscle-damaging protocol compared with immediately prior to the muscle-damaging protocol, or 1-3 weeks prior to the muscle-damaging protocol. Furthermore, pre-conditioning activities performed using eccentric contractions over isometric contractions, with higher volumes, greater intensity and more lengthened muscle contractions provided greater protection from EIMD. LIMITATIONS Several outcome measures showed high inter-study heterogeneity. The inability to account for differences in durations between pre-conditioning and the second bout of damaging physical activity was also limiting. CONCLUSIONS Pre-conditioning significantly reduced the severity of creatine kinase release, delayed-onset muscle soreness, loss of maximal voluntary contraction force and the range of motion decrease. Pre-conditioning may prevent severe EIMD and accelerate recovery of muscle force generation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Boyd
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia
| | - Glen B Deakin
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia
| | - Baily Devantier-Thomas
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia.
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Uno T, Mitsui S, Watanabe M, Takiguchi C, Horiuchi M. Different Influencing Factors for Risk of Falls Between Men and Women while Descending from Mount Fuji. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:143-152. [PMID: 36870861 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Annually, approximately 250,000 people climb Mount Fuji in Japan. Nonetheless, only few studies have examined the prevalence of falls and related factors on Mount Fuji. METHODS We conducted a questionnaire survey of 1061 participants (703 men and 358 women) who had climbed Mount Fuji. The following information was collected: age, height, body weight, luggage weight, experience on Mount Fuji, experience on other mountains, presence or absence of a tour guide, single-day climber or overnight-stay lodger, information on the downhill trail (volcanic gravel, long distance, and the risk of falls), presence or absence of trekking poles, shoe type, shoe sole condition, and fatigue feeling. RESULTS The fall rate in women (174/358; 49%) was greater than that in men (246/703; 35%). A prediction model using multiple logistic regression (no fall, 0; fall, 1) indicated that the following factors decreased the risk of falls: male sex, younger age, previous experience on Mount Fuji, having information about long-distance downhill trails, wearing hiking shoes or mountaineering boots rather than other types of shoes (eg, running shoes, sneakers) or worn-out shoes, and not feeling fatigued. Additionally, the following factors may decrease the risk of falls in women only: experience hiking on any other mountains, not being part of a guided tour, and using trekking poles. CONCLUSIONS Women had a higher risk of falls on Mount Fuji than men. Specifically, having less experience on any other mountains, being part of a guided tour, and nonuse of trekking poles may relate to higher risks of falls in women. These results suggest that different precautionary measures for men and women are useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Uno
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida-city, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satomi Mitsui
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida-city, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Misato Watanabe
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida-city, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Chieko Takiguchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida-city, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida-city, Yamanashi, Japan; Faculty of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in KANOYA, Kanoya-city, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Yildirim A, Belviranli M, Okudan N. Protective effect by low-intensity downhill running training against muscle damage and oxidative stress after high-intensity downhill running in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200265. [PMID: 35507975 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of low-intensity eccentric exercise training performed before high-intensity eccentric exercise on muscle damage markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. Twenty-two rats were divided into 3 groups; control (CON; n = 6), high-intensity eccentric exercise (HE; n = 8) and low-intensity eccentric exercise training plus high-intensity eccentric exercise (LET + HE; n = 8). Rats in the HE group performed HE at once. Rats in the LET + HE group performed LET and then HE protocol was applied. Blood and vastus intermedius muscle samples were taken 24 hours after the last exercise session for analyses of muscle damage, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense markers. Muscle damage markers were higher in the HE group than the CON (137%-488%) and the LET + HE groups (82%-110%) (P < 0.05). Oxidative stress marker was higher in the HE group than the CON (65%) and the LET + HE (50%) groups (P < 0.05). Antioxidant defense markers were higher in the LTE + HE group than the HE group (39%-51%) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, low-intensity eccentric exercise training performed before high-intensity eccentric exercise conferred a protective effect against muscle damage by reducing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Yildirim
- Selçuk University, Division of Sports Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuklu, 42131, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muaz Belviranli
- Selçuk University, Division of Sports Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuklu, 42131, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nilsel Okudan
- Selçuk University, Division of Sports Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuklu, 42131, Konya, Turkey
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Hill MW, Hosseini EA, McLellan A, Price MJ, Lord SR, Kay AD. Delayed Impairment of Postural, Physical, and Muscular Functions Following Downhill Compared to Level Walking in Older People. Front Physiol 2020; 11:544559. [PMID: 33192547 PMCID: PMC7609421 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.544559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient symptoms of muscle damage emanating from unaccustomed eccentric exercise can adversely affect muscle function and potentially increase the risk of falling for several days. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to investigate the shorter- and longer-lasting temporal characteristics of muscle fatigue and damage induced by level (i.e., concentrically biased contractions) or downhill (i.e., eccentrically biased contractions) walking on postural, physical, and muscular functions in older people. Nineteen participants were matched in pairs for sex, age and self-selected walking speed and allocated to a level (n = 10, age = 72.3 ± 2.9 years) or downhill (n = 9, age = 72.1 ± 2.2 years) walking group. Postural sway, muscle torque and power, physical function (5× and 60 s sit-to-stand; STS), and mobility (Timed-Up-and-Go; TUG) were evaluated at baseline (pre-exercise), 1 min, 15 min, 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h after 30 min of level (0% gradient) or downhill (−10% gradient) walking on a treadmill. Following downhill walking, postural sway (+66 to 256%), TUG (+29%), 60 s STS (+29%), five times STS (−25%) and concentric power (−33%) did not change at 1–30 min post exercise, but were significantly different (p < 0.05) at 24 and48 h post-exercise when compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Muscle torque decreased immediately after downhill walking and remained impaired at 48 h post-exercise (−27 to −38%). Immediately following level walking there was an increase in postural sway (+52 to +98%), slower TUG performance (+29%), fewer STS cycles in 60 s (−23%), slower time to reach five STS cycles (+20%) and impaired muscle torque (−23%) and power (−19%) which returned to baseline 30-min after exercise cessation (p > 0.05). These findings have established for the first time distinct impairment profiles between concentric and eccentric exercise. Muscle damage emanating from eccentrically biased exercise can lead to muscle weakness, postural instability and impaired physical function persisting for several days, possibly endangering older adult’s safety during activities of daily living by increasing the risk of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew William Hill
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Edyah-Ariella Hosseini
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Abbie McLellan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael James Price
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Ronald Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony David Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
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ten Haaf DSM, Bongers CCWG, Hulshof HG, Eijsvogels TMH, Hopman MTE. The Impact of Protein Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage, Soreness and Fatigue Following Prolonged Walking Exercise in Vital Older Adults: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061806. [PMID: 32560436 PMCID: PMC7353380 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is unknown whether protein supplementation can enhance recovery of exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults who have a disturbed muscle protein synthetic response. We assessed whether protein supplementation could attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage and soreness after prolonged moderate-intensity walking exercise in older adults. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study, 104 subjects (81% male, ≥65 years) used either a protein (n = 50) or placebo supplement (n = 54) during breakfast and directly after exercise. Within a walking event, study subjects walked 30/40/50 km per day on three consecutive days. Muscle soreness and fatigue were determined with a numeric rating scale, and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations and serum inflammation markers were obtained. Results: Habitual protein intake was comparable between the protein (0.92 ± 0.27 g/kg/d) and placebo group (0.97 ± 0.23 g/kg/d, p = 0.31). At baseline, comparable CK concentrations were found between the protein and the placebo group (110 (IQR: 84–160 U/L) and 115 (IQR: 91–186 U/L), respectively, p = 0.84). Prolonged walking (protein: 32 ± 9 km/d, placebo: 33 ± 6 km/d) resulted in a cumulative increase of CK in both the protein (∆283 (IQR: 182–662 U/L)) and placebo group (∆456 (IQR: 209–885 U/L)) after three days. CK elevations were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.43). Similarly, no differences in inflammation markers, muscle soreness and fatigue were found between groups. Conclusions: Protein supplementation does not attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage, muscle soreness or fatigue in older adults performing prolonged moderate-intensity walking exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S. M. ten Haaf
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
| | - Coen C. W. G. Bongers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
| | - Hugo G. Hulshof
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
| | - Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)24-36-13676
| | - Maria T. E. Hopman
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Maeo S, Shan X, Otsuka S, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y. Single-joint eccentric knee extension training preferentially trains the rectus femoris within the quadriceps muscles. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Xiyao Shan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Science; National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya; Kanoya Kagoshima Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
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Klarod K, Philippe M, Gatterer H, Burtscher M. Different training responses to eccentric endurance exercise at low and moderate altitudes in pre-diabetic men: a pilot study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2017; 13:615-623. [PMID: 29276542 PMCID: PMC5729199 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study aimed (a) to evaluate the effects of eccentric exercise training at low and moderate altitudes on physical fitness in pre-diabetic men and (b) to establish whether or not oxidative stress levels and antioxidant status were associated with performance improvements. In this crossover trial, five pre-diabetic men conducted nine downhill walking sessions (3 days/week, 3 consecutive weeks) at low altitude (from 1360 to 850 m) and one year later at moderate altitude (from 2447 to 2000 m). Exercise testing and the determination of parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity were performed pre- and post-training. The biological antioxidant activity of plasma (BAP) increased after eccentric training at moderate altitude (p < 0.001), whereas diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) remained unchanged. Also, the BAP/dROMs ratio increased only after training at moderate-altitude training (p = 0.009). Maximum power output improved after training at low altitude and the changes were significantly related to baseline BAP/dROMs ratio (r = 0.90). No decrease was seen for fasting plasma glucose. Eccentric exercise training in pre-diabetic men improved performance only when performed at low altitude and this improvement was positively related to the baseline BAP/dROMs ratio. In contrast, 3 weeks of eccentric exercise training increased BAP levels and the BAP/dROMs ratio only at moderate altitude without improving the performance. Thus, one might speculate that the BAP/dROMs ratio has to increase before performance improvements occur at moderate altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kultida Klarod
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
| | - Marc Philippe
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Prevention of downhill walking-induced muscle damage by non-damaging downhill walking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173909. [PMID: 28288187 PMCID: PMC5348007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mountain trekking involves level, uphill, and downhill walking (DW). Prolonged DW induces damage to leg muscles, reducing force generating ability and muscle coordination. These increase risks for more serious injuries and accidents in mountain trekking, thus a strategy to minimize muscle damage is warranted. It has been shown that low-intensity eccentric contractions confer protective effect on muscle damage induced by high-intensity eccentric contractions. This study tested the hypothesis that 5-min non-damaging DW would attenuate muscle damage induced by 40-min DW, but 5-min level walking (LW) would not. METHODS Untrained young men were allocated (n = 12/group) to either a control or one of the two preconditioning groups (PRE-DW or PRE-LW). The PRE-DW and PRE-LW groups performed 5-min DW (-28%) and 5-min LW, respectively, at 5 km/h with a load of 10% body mass, 1 week before 40-min DW (-28%, 5 km/h, 10% load). The control group performed 40-min DW only. Maximal knee extension strength, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, and muscle soreness (0-100 mm visual analogue scale) were measured before and 24 h after 5-min DW and 5-min LW, and before and 24, 48, and 72 h after 40-min DW. RESULTS No significant changes in any variables were evident after 5-min DW and 5-min LW. After 40-min DW, the control and PRE-LW groups showed significant (P<0.05) changes in the variables without significant differences between groups (control vs. PRE-LW; peak strength reduction: -19.2 ± 6.9% vs. -18.7 ± 11.0%, peak CK: 635.5 ± 306.0 vs. 639.6 ± 405.4 U/L, peak soreness: 81.4 ± 14.8 vs. 72.0 ± 29.2 mm). These changes were significantly (P<0.05) attenuated (47-64%) for the PRE-DW group (-9.9 ± 9.6%, 339.3 ± 148.4 U/L, 27.8 ± 16.8 mm). CONCLUSIONS The results supported the hypothesis and suggest that performing small volume of downhill walking is crucial in preparation for trekking.
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Maeo S, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H. Downhill walking training with and without exercise-induced muscle damage similarly increase knee extensor strength. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2018-26. [PMID: 26920254 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1149607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether avoiding or experiencing exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) influences strength gain after downhill walking training. Healthy young males performed treadmill downhill walking (gradient: -28%, velocity: 5 km · h(-1) and load: 10% of body mass) 1 session per week for four weeks using either a ramp-up protocol (n = 16), where exercise duration was gradually increased from 10 to 30, 50 and 70 min over four sessions, or a constant protocol (n = 14), where exercise duration was 40 min for all four sessions. Indirect markers of EIMD were measured throughout the training period. Maximal knee extension torque in eccentric (-1.05 rad·s(-1)), isometric and concentric (1.05 rad·s(-1)) conditions were measured at pre- and post-training. The ramp-up group showed no indications of EIMD throughout the training period (e.g., plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity: always <185 U · L(-1)) while EIMD was evident after the first session in the constant group (CK: peak 485 U · L(-1)). Both groups significantly increased maximal knee extension torque in all conditions with greater gains in eccentric (ramp-up: +19%, constant: +21%) than isometric (+16%, +15%) and concentric (+12%, +10%) strength without any significant group-difference. The current results suggest that EIMD can be avoided by the ramp-up protocol and is not a major determinant of training-induced strength gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- a Faculty of Sport Sciences , Waseda University , Mikajima , Tokorozawa , Japan.,b Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yamamoto
- c Department of Sports and Life Science , National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya , Shiromizu , Kanoya , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- c Department of Sports and Life Science , National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya , Shiromizu , Kanoya , Japan
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