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Hacker S, Reichel T, Hecksteden A, Weyh C, Gebhardt K, Pfeiffer M, Ferrauti A, Kellmann M, Meyer T, Krüger K. Recovery-Stress Response of Blood-Based Biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115776. [PMID: 34072201 PMCID: PMC8199256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate blood-based biomarkers and their regulation with regard to different recovery-stress states. A total of 35 male elite athletes (13 badminton, 22 soccer players) were recruited, and two venous blood samples were taken: one in a ‘recovered’ state (REC) after a minimum of one-day rest from exercise and another one in a ‘non-recovered’ state (NOR) after a habitual loading microcycle. Overall, 23 blood-based biomarkers of different physiologic domains, which address inflammation, muscle damage, and tissue repair, were analyzed by Luminex assays. Across all athletes, only creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL-) 6, and IL-17A showed higher concentrations at NOR compared to REC time points. In badminton players, higher levels of CK and IL-17A at NOR were found. In contrast, a higher value for S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) at REC was found in badminton players. Similar differences were found for BDNF in soccer players. Soccer players also showed increased levels of CK, and IL-6 at NOR compared to REC state. Several molecular markers were shown to be responsive to differing recovery-stress states, but their suitability as biomarkers in training must be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hacker
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Christopher Weyh
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Kristina Gebhardt
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Mark Pfeiffer
- Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Unit of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-641-9925-211
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