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Furrer R, Handschin C. Molecular aspects of the exercise response and training adaptation in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2024:S0891-5849(24)00572-0. [PMID: 39059515 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plasticity enables an enormous potential to adapt to various internal and external stimuli and perturbations. Most notably, changes in contractile activity evoke a massive remodeling of biochemical, metabolic and force-generating properties. In recent years, a large number of signals, sensors, regulators and effectors have been implicated in these adaptive processes. Nevertheless, our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of training adaptation remains rudimentary. Specifically, the mechanisms that underlie signal integration, output coordination, functional redundancy and other complex traits of muscle adaptation are unknown. In fact, it is even unclear how stimulus-dependent specification is brought about in endurance or resistance exercise. In this review, we will provide an overview on the events that describe the acute perturbations in single endurance and resistance exercise bouts. Furthermore, we will provide insights into the molecular principles of long-term training adaptation. Finally, current gaps in knowledge will be identified, and strategies for a multi-omic and -cellular analyses of the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle plasticity that are engaged in individual, acute exercise bouts and chronic training adaptation discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regula Furrer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Blemker SS, Brooks SV, Esser KA, Saul KR. Fiber-type traps: revisiting common misconceptions about skeletal muscle fiber types with application to motor control, biomechanics, physiology, and biology. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:109-121. [PMID: 37994416 PMCID: PMC11212792 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00337.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly complex tissue that is studied by scientists from a wide spectrum of disciplines, including motor control, biomechanics, exercise science, physiology, cell biology, genetics, regenerative medicine, orthopedics, and engineering. Although this diversity in perspectives has led to many important discoveries, historically, there has been limited overlap in discussions across fields. This has led to misconceptions and oversimplifications about muscle biology that can create confusion and potentially slow scientific progress across fields. The purpose of this synthesis paper is to bring together research perspectives across multiple muscle fields to identify common assumptions related to muscle fiber type that are points of concern to clarify. These assumptions include 1) classification by myosin isoform and fiber oxidative capacity is equivalent, 2) fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) is a surrogate marker for myosin isoform or oxidative capacity, and 3) muscle force-generating capacity can be inferred from myosin isoform. We address these three fiber-type traps and provide some context for how these misunderstandings can and do impact experimental design, computational modeling, and interpretations of findings, from the perspective of a range of fields. We stress the dangers of generalizing findings about "muscle fiber types" among muscles or across species or sex, and we note the importance for precise use of common terminology across the muscle fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Katherine R Saul
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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3
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Robinson MM. Induction of muscle damage following percutaneous needle biopsy procedure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1402. [PMID: 37969080 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00799.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Robinson
- Kinesiology, School of Exercise, Sport, and Health Sciences, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
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4
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Long DE, Mantuano AJ, Confides AL, Miller BF, Kern PA, Butterfield TA, Dupont-Versteegden EE. Short-term repeated human biopsy sampling contributes to changes in muscle morphology and higher outcome variability. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1403-1414. [PMID: 37705447 PMCID: PMC10979834 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00441.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in skeletal muscle are an important aspect of overall health. The collection of human muscle to study cellular and molecular processes for research requires a needle biopsy procedure which, in itself, can induce changes in the tissue. To investigate the effect of repeat tissue sampling, we collected skeletal muscle biopsy samples from vastus lateralis separated by 7 days. Cellular infiltrate, central nucleation, enlarged extracellular matrix, and rounding of muscle fibers were used as indices to define muscle damage, and we found that 16/26 samples (61.5%) revealed at least two of these symptoms in the secondary biopsy. The presence of damage influenced outcome measures usually obtained in human biopsies. Damaged muscle showed an increase in the number of small fibers even though average fiber and fiber type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA) were not different. This included higher numbers of embryonic myosin heavy chain-positive fibers (P = 0.001) as well as elevated satellite cell number (P = 0.02) in the damaged areas and higher variability in satellite cell count in the total area (P = 0.04). Collagen content was higher in damaged (P = 0.0003) as well as nondamaged areas (P = 0.05) of the muscle sections of the damaged compared with the nondamaged group. Myofibrillar protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) fractional synthesis rates were not significantly different between the damaged compared with the nondamaged group. Results indicate that common outcomes as well as outcome variability in human muscle tissue are affected by previous biopsies. Therefore, the extent of potential damage should be assessed when performing repeated biopsies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Indices of damage can be found in repeated biopsy samples of nonintervened control legs. Variables, directly and not directly related to muscle damage or regeneration, were compromised in second biopsy. There is a need to determine potential damage within muscle tissue when repeated muscle sampling is part of the study design. Muscle biopsy sampling may be a source of increased heterogeneity in human muscle data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Long
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Alessandra J Mantuano
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Amy L Confides
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Timothy A Butterfield
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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5
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Deschrevel J, Maes K, Andries A, Beukelaer ND, Corvelyn M, Costamagna D, Campenhout AV, Wachter ED, Desloovere K, Agten A, Vandenabeele F, Nijs S, Gayan-Ramirez G. Fine-needle percutaneous muscle microbiopsy technique as a feasible tool to address histological analysis in young children with cerebral palsy and age-matched typically developing children. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294395. [PMID: 37992082 PMCID: PMC10664906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of motor disorders attributed to a non-progressive lesion in the developing brain. Knowledge on skeletal muscle properties is important to understand the impact of CP and treatment but data at the microscopic levels are limited and inconsistent. Currently, muscle biopsies are collected during surgery and are restricted to CP eligible for such treatment or they may refer to another muscle or older children in typically developing (TD) biopsies. A minimally invasive technique to collect (repeated) muscle biopsies in young CP and TD children is needed to provide insights into the early muscle microscopic alterations and their evolution in CP. This paper describes the protocol used to 1) collect microbiopsies of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and semitendinosus (ST) in CP children and age-matched TD children, 2) handle the biopsies for histology, 3) stain the biopsies to address muscle structure (Hematoxylin & Eosin), fiber size and proportion (myosin heavy chain), counting of the satellite cells (Pax7) and capillaries (CD31). Technique feasibility and safety as well as staining feasibility and measure accuracy were evaluated. Two microbiopsies per muscle were collected in 56 CP (5.8±1.1 yr) and 32 TD (6±1.1 yr) children using ultrasound-guided percutaneous microbiopsy technique. The biopsy procedure was safe (absence of complications) and well tolerated (Score pain using Wong-Baker faces). Cross-sectionally orientated fibers were found in 86% (CP) and 92% (TD) of the biopsies with 60% (CP) and 85% (TD) containing more than 150 fibers. Fiber staining was successful in all MG biopsies but failed in 30% (CP) and 16% (TD) of the ST biopsies. Satellite cell staining was successful in 89% (CP) and 85% (TD) for MG and in 70% (CP) and 90% (TD) for ST biopsies, while capillary staining was successful in 88% (CP) and 100% (TD) of the MG and in 86% (CP) and 90% (TD) for the ST biopsies. Intraclass coefficient correlation showed reliable and reproducible measures of all outcomes. This study shows that the percutaneous microbiopsy technique is a safe and feasible tool to collect (repeated) muscle biopsies in young CP and TD children for histological analysis and it provides sufficient muscle tissue of good quality for reliable quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorieke Deschrevel
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Maes
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Andries
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Beukelaer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlies Corvelyn
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Domiziana Costamagna
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva De Wachter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anouk Agten
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frank Vandenabeele
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Nijs
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Olthof MG, Flück M, Borbas P, Valdivieso P, Toigo M, Egli F, Joshy J, Filli L, Snedeker JG, Gerber C, Wieser K. Structural Musculotendinous Parameters That Predict Failed Tendon Healing After Rotator Cuff Repair. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231196875. [PMID: 37736603 PMCID: PMC10510361 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231196875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healing of the rotator cuff after repair constitutes a major clinical challenge with reported high failure rates. Identifying structural musculotendinous predictors for failed rotator cuff repair could enable improved diagnosis and management of patients with rotator cuff disease. Purpose To investigate structural predictors of the musculotendinous unit for failed tendon healing after rotator cuff repair. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Included were 116 shoulders of 115 consecutive patients with supraspinatus (SSP) tear documented on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) who were treated with an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Preoperative assessment included standardized clinical and imaging (MRI) examinations. Intraoperatively, biopsies of the joint capsule, the SSP tendon, and muscle were harvested for histological assessment. At 3 and 12 months postoperatively, patients were re-examined clinically and with MRI. Structural and clinical predictors of healing were evaluated using logistic and linear regression models. Results Structural failure of tendon repair, which was significantly associated with poorer clinical outcome, was associated with older age (β = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.26; P = .03), shorter SSP tendon length (β = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.8 to 0.98; P = .02), and increased proportion of slow myosin heavy chain (MHC)-I/fast MHC-II hybrid muscle fibers (β = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.42; P = .004). Primary clinical outcome (12-month postoperative Constant score) was significantly less favorable for shoulders with fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus muscle (β = -4.71; 95% CI, -9.30 to -0.12; P = .044). Conversely, a high content of fast MHC-II muscle fibers (β = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.026 to 0.44; P = .028) was associated with better clinical outcome. Conclusion Both decreased tendon length and increased hybrid muscle fiber type were independent predictors for retear. Clinical outcome was compromised by tendon retearing and increased fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus muscle. A high content of fast MHC-II SSP muscle fibers was associated with a better clinical outcome. Registration NCT02123784 (ClinicalTrials.govidentifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits G.L. Olthof
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Borbas
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valdivieso
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Toigo
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Egli
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jethin Joshy
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Filli
- Department of Radiology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerber
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Wieser
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Lim C, McKendry J, Giacomin T, Mcleod JC, Ng SY, Currier BS, Coletta G, Phillips SM. Fortetropin supplementation prevents the rise in circulating myostatin but not disuse-induced muscle atrophy in young men with limb immobilization: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286222. [PMID: 37220119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with Fortetropin® (FOR), a naturally occurring component from fertilized egg yolks, reduces circulating myostatin concentration. We hypothesized that FOR would mitigate muscle atrophy during immobilization. We examined the effect of FOR supplementation on muscle size and strength during 2-wk of single-leg immobilization and recovery. Twenty-four healthy young men (22 ± 2 yrs; BMI = 24.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to either a Fortetropin® supplement (FOR-SUPP, n = 12) group consuming 19.8 g/d of FOR or placebo (PLA-SUPP, n = 12) group consuming energy- and macronutrient-matched cheese powder for 6-wk. The 6-wk period consisted of 2-wk run-in, 2-wk single-leg immobilization, and 2-wk recovery phase returning to habitual physical activities. Ultrasonography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle biopsies and isometric peak torque assessments were performed prior to and following each phase (days 1, 14, 28, and 42) to measure vastus lateralis and muscle fiber cross-section area (CSA), leg lean mass (LM), and muscular strength. Blood samples were taken on days 1 and 42 for measurement of plasma myostatin concentration, which increased in PLA-SUPP (4221 ± 541 pg/mL to 6721 ± 864 pg/mL, P = 0.013) but not in FOR-SUPP (5487 ± 489 pg/mL to 5383 ± 781 pg/mL, P = 0.900). After the immobilization phase, vastus lateralis CSA, LM, and isometric peak torque were decreased by 7.9 ± 1.7% (P < 0.001), -1.6 ± 0.6% (P = 0.037), and -18.7 ± 2.7% (P < 0.001) respectively, with no difference between groups. The decreased peak torque was recovered after 2-wk of normal activity (vs. day 1, P = 0.129); however, CSA and LM were not recovered (vs. day 1, P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively), with no differences between groups. Supplementation with FOR prevented the rise in circulating myostatin but not disuse-induced muscle atrophy in young men after 2-wk of single-leg immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Lim
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Giacomin
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Mcleod
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Y Ng
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Coletta
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Binet ER, McKenna CF, Salvador AF, Martinez IG, Alamilla RA, Collao N, Bodnariuc G, Khan NA, Paluska SA, Burd NA, De Lisio M. Sex-based comparisons of muscle cellular adaptations after 10 weeks of progressive resistance training in middle-aged adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:116-129. [PMID: 36454678 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00274.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training combined with adequate protein intake supports skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy. These adaptations are supported by the action of muscle stem cells (MuSCs), which are regulated, in part, by fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) and circulating factors delivered through capillaries. It is unclear if middle-aged males and females have similar adaptations to resistance training at the cellular level. To address this gap, 27 (13 males, 14 females) middle-aged (40-64 yr) adults participated in 10 wk of whole body resistance training with dietary counseling. Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis pre- and posttraining. Type II fiber cross-sectional area increased similarly with training in both sexes (P = 0.014). MuSC content was not altered with training; however, training increased PDGFRα+/CD90+ FAP content (P < 0.0001) and reduced PDGFRα+/CD90- FAP content (P = 0.044), independent of sex. The number of CD31+ capillaries per fiber also increased similarly in both sexes (P < 0.05). These results suggest that muscle fiber hypertrophy, stem/progenitor cell, and capillary adaptations are similar between middle-aged males and females in response to whole body resistance training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that resistance training-induced increases in fiber hypertrophy, FAP content, and capillarization are similar between middle-aged males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emileigh R Binet
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Isabel G Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rafael A Alamilla
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nicolas Collao
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giana Bodnariuc
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael De Lisio
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Garcia-Retortillo S, Ivanov PC. Inter-muscular networks of synchronous muscle fiber activation. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:1059793. [PMID: 36926057 PMCID: PMC10012969 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.1059793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles continuously coordinate to facilitate a wide range of movements. Muscle fiber composition and timing of activation account for distinct muscle functions and dynamics necessary to fine tune muscle coordination and generate movements. Here we address the fundamental question of how distinct muscle fiber types dynamically synchronize and integrate as a network across muscles with different functions. We uncover that physiological states are characterized by unique inter-muscular network of muscle fiber cross-frequency interactions with hierarchical organization of distinct sub-networks and modules, and a stratification profile of links strength specific for each state. We establish how this network reorganizes with transition from rest to exercise and fatigue-a complex process where network modules follow distinct phase-space trajectories reflecting their functional role in movements and adaptation to fatigue. This opens a new area of research, Network Physiology of Exercise, leading to novel network-based biomarkers of health, fitness and clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Complex Systems in Sport INEFC University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Plamen Ch. Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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10
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Mikhail AI, Nagy PL, Manta K, Rouse N, Manta A, Ng SY, Nagy MF, Smith P, Lu JQ, Nederveen JP, Ljubicic V, Tarnopolsky MA. Aerobic exercise elicits clinical adaptations in myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients independent of pathophysiological changes. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156125. [PMID: 35316212 PMCID: PMC9106360 DOI: 10.1172/jci156125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a complex life-limiting neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe skeletal muscle atrophy, weakness, and cardio-respiratory defects. Exercised DM1 mice exhibit numerous physiological benefits that are underpinned by reduced CUG foci and improved alternative splicing. However, the efficacy of physical activity in patients is unknown. METHODS Eleven genetically diagnosed DM1 patients were recruited to examine the extent to which 12-weeks of cycling can recuperate clinical, and physiological metrics. Furthermore, we studied the underlying molecular mechanisms through which exercise elicits benefits in skeletal muscle of DM1 patients. RESULTS DM1 was associated with impaired muscle function, fitness, and lung capacity. Cycling evoked several clinical, physical, and metabolic advantages in DM1 patients. We highlight that exercise-induced molecular and cellular alterations in patients do not conform with previously published data in murine models and propose a significant role of mitochondrial function in DM1 pathology. Lastly, we discovered a subset of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that correlated to indicators of disease severity. CONCLUSION With no available cures, our data supports the efficacy of exercise as a primary intervention to partially mitigate the clinical progression of DM1. Additionally, we provide evidence for the involvement of snoRNAs and other noncoding RNAs in DM1 pathophysiology. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was approved by the HiREB committee (#7901) and registered under ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04187482). FUNDING This work was primarily supported by Neil and Leanne Petroff. This study was also supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation Grant to MAT (#143325).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Mikhail
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Peter L Nagy
- Department of Neurology, Praxis Genomics, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Katherine Manta
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nicholas Rouse
- Department of Neurology, Praxis Genomics, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Alexander Manta
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sean Y Ng
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael F Nagy
- Department of Neurology, Praxis Genomics, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Paul Smith
- Department of Neurology, Praxis Genomics, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine/Neuropathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Canada
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11
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de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Leybaert L, de Maré L, Goethals K, De Spiegelaere W, Oosterlinck M, Delesalle C. Comparison of Shifts in Skeletal Muscle Plasticity Parameters in Horses in Three Different Muscles, in Answer to 8 Weeks of Harness Training. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718866. [PMID: 34733900 PMCID: PMC8558477 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Training-induced follow-up of multiple muscle plasticity parameters in postural stability vs. locomotion muscles provides an integrative physiological view on shifts in the muscular metabolic machinery. It can be expected that not all muscle plasticity parameters show the same expression time profile across muscles. This knowledge is important to underpin results of metabolomic studies. Twelve non-competing Standardbred mares were subjected to standardized harness training. Muscle biopsies were taken on a non-training day before and after 8 weeks. Shifts in muscle fiber type composition and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were compared in the m. pectoralis, the m. vastus lateralis, and the m. semitendinosus. In the m. vastus lateralis, which showed most pronounced training-induced plasticity, two additional muscle plasticity parameters (capillarization and mitochondrial density) were assessed. In the m. semitendinosus, additionally the mean minimum Feret's diameter was assessed. There was a significant difference in baseline profiles. The m. semitendinosus contained less type I and more type IIX fibers compatible with the most pronounced anaerobic profile. Though no baseline fiber type-specific and overall mean CSA differences could be detected, there was a clear post-training decrease in fiber type specific CSA, most pronounced for the m. vastus lateralis, and this was accompanied by a clear increase in capillary supply. No shifts in mitochondrial density were detected. The m. semitendinosus showed a decrease in fiber type specific CSA of type IIAX fibers and a decrease of type I fiber Feret's diameter as well as mean minimum Feret's diameter. The training-induced increased capillary supply in conjunction with a significant decrease in muscle fiber CSA suggests that the muscular machinery models itself toward an optimal smaller individual muscle fiber structure to receive and process fuels that can be swiftly delivered by the circulatory system. These results are interesting in view of the recently identified important fuel candidates such as branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and gut microbiome-related xenobiotics, which need a rapid gut-muscle gateway to reach these fibers and are less challenging for the mitochondrial system. More research is needed with that respect. Results also show important differences between muscle groups with respect to baseline and training-specific modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance de Meeûs d'Argenteuil
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorie de Maré
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Klara Goethals
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group Biometrics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cathérine Delesalle
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Nederveen JP, Betz MW, Snijders T, Parise G. The Importance of Muscle Capillarization for Optimizing Satellite Cell Plasticity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:284-290. [PMID: 34547761 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration, repair, and adaptation. The activity of satellite cells is influenced by their interactions with muscle-resident endothelial cells. We postulate that the microvascular network between muscle fibers plays a critical role in satellite cell function. Exercise-induced angiogenesis can mitigate the decline in satellite cell function with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Milan W Betz
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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13
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Jacques M, Landen S, Alvarez Romero J, Yan X, Garnham A, Hiam D, Siegwald M, Mercier E, Hecksteden A, Eynon N, Voisin S. Individual physiological and mitochondrial responses during 12 weeks of intensified exercise. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14962. [PMID: 34327858 PMCID: PMC8322753 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Observed effects of exercise are highly variable between individuals, and subject-by-training interaction (i.e., individual response variability) is often not estimated. Here, we measured mitochondrial (citrate synthetase, cytochrome-c oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial copy-number), performance markers (Wpeak , lactate threshold [LT], and VO2peak ), and fiber type proportions/expression (type I, type IIa, and type IIx) in multiple time points during 12-week of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to investigate effects of exercise at the individual level. METHODS Sixteen young (age: 33.1 ± 9.0 years), healthy men (VO2peak 35-60 ml/min/kg and BMI: 26.4 ± 4.2) from the Gene SMART study completed 12-week of progressive HIIT. Performance markers and muscle biopsies were collected every 4 weeks. We used mixed-models and bivariate growth models to quantify individual response and to estimate correlations between variables. RESULTS All performance markers exhibited significant (Wpeak 0.56 ± 0.33 p = 0.003, LT 0.37 ± 0.35 p = 0.007, VO2peak 3.81 ± 6.13 p = 0.02) increases overtime, with subject-by-training interaction being present (95% CI: Wpeak 0.09-0.24, LT 0.06-0.18, VO2peak 0.27-2.32). All other measurements did not exhibit significant changes. Fiber type IIa proportions at baseline was significantly associated with all physiological variables (p < 0.05), and citrate synthetase and cytochrome-c oxidase levels at baseline and overtime (i.e., intercept and slope) presented significant covariance (p < 0.05). Finally, low correlations between performance and mitochondrial markers were observed. CONCLUSION We identified a significant subject-by-training interaction for the performance markers. While for all other measures within-subject variability was too large and interindividual differences in training efficacy could not be verified. Changes in measurements in response to exercise were not correlated, and such disconnection should be further investigated by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS)MelbourneAustralia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | | | | | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive MedicineSaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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14
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Mølmen KS, Hammarström D, Pedersen K, Lian Lie AC, Steile RB, Nygaard H, Khan Y, Hamarsland H, Koll L, Hanestadhaugen M, Eriksen AL, Grindaker E, Whist JE, Buck D, Ahmad R, Strand TA, Rønnestad BR, Ellefsen S. Vitamin D 3 supplementation does not enhance the effects of resistance training in older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:599-628. [PMID: 33788419 PMCID: PMC8200443 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle therapy with resistance training is a potent measure to counteract age-related loss in muscle strength and mass. Unfortunately, many individuals fail to respond in the expected manner. This phenomenon is particularly common among older adults and those with chronic diseases (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) and may involve endocrine variables such as vitamin D. At present, the effects of vitamin D supplementation on responses to resistance training remain largely unexplored. METHODS Ninety-five male and female participants (healthy, n = 71; COPD, n = 24; age 68 ± 5 years) were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin D3 or placebo supplementation for 28 weeks in a double-blinded manner (latitude 61°N, September-May). Seventy-eight participants completed the RCT, which was initiated by 12 weeks of supplementation-only (two weeks with 10 000 IU/day, followed by 2000 IU/day), followed by 13 weeks of combined supplementation (2000 IU/day) and supervised whole-body resistance training (twice weekly), interspersed with testing and measurements. Outcome measures included multiple assessments of muscle strength (nvariables = 7), endurance performance (n = 6), and muscle mass (n = 3, legs, primary), as well as muscle quality (legs), muscle biology (m. vastus lateralis; muscle fibre characteristics, transcriptome), and health-related variables (e.g. visceral fat mass and blood lipid profile). For main outcome domains such as muscle strength and muscle mass, weighted combined factors were calculated from the range of singular assessments. RESULTS Overall, 13 weeks of resistance training increased muscle strength (13% ± 8%), muscle mass (9% ± 8%), and endurance performance (one-legged, 23% ± 15%; whole-body, 8% ± 7%), assessed as weighted combined factors, and were associated with changes in health variables (e.g. visceral fat, -6% ± 21%; [LDL]serum , -4% ± 14%) and muscle tissue characteristics such as fibre type proportions (e.g. IIX, -3% points), myonuclei per fibre (30% ± 65%), total RNA/rRNA abundances (15%/6-19%), and transcriptome profiles (e.g. 312 differentially expressed genes). Vitamin D3 supplementation did not affect training-associated changes for any of the main outcome domains, despite robust increases in [25(OH)D]serum (∆49% vs. placebo). No conditional effects were observed for COPD vs. healthy or pre-RCT [25(OH)D]serum . In secondary analyses, vitamin D3 affected expression of gene sets involved in vascular functions in muscle tissue and strength gains in participants with high fat mass, which advocates further study. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D3 supplementation did not affect muscular responses to resistance training in older adults with or without COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Sindre Mølmen
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Daniel Hammarström
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Karianne Pedersen
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Anne Cecilie Lian Lie
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Ragnvald B. Steile
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Håvard Nygaard
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Yusuf Khan
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
- Department of BiotechnologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesHamarNorway
| | - Håvard Hamarsland
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Lise Koll
- Innlandet Hospital TrustLillehammerNorway
| | | | | | - Eirik Grindaker
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | | | - Daniel Buck
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Rafi Ahmad
- Department of BiotechnologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesHamarNorway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Tor A. Strand
- Innlandet Hospital TrustLillehammerNorway
- Centre for International HealthUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Bent R. Rønnestad
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
| | - Stian Ellefsen
- Section for Health and Exercise PhysiologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesLillehammerNorway
- Innlandet Hospital TrustLillehammerNorway
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15
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Horwath O, Envall H, Röja J, Emanuelsson EB, Sanz G, Ekblom B, Apró W, Moberg M. Variability in vastus lateralis fiber type distribution, fiber size, and myonuclear content along and between the legs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:158-173. [PMID: 34013752 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle characteristics such as fiber type composition, fiber size, and myonuclear content are widely studied in clinical and sports-related contexts. Being aware of the methodological and biological variability of the characteristics is a critical aspect in study design and outcome interpretation, but comprehensive data on the variability of morphological features in human skeletal muscle are currently limited. Accordingly, in the present study, m. vastus lateralis biopsies (10 per subject) from young and healthy individuals, collected in a systematic manner, were analyzed for various characteristics using immunohistochemistry (n = 7) and SDS-PAGE (n = 25). None of the analyzed parameters, fiber type % (FT%), type I and II fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), percentage fiber type area (fCSA%), myosin heavy chain composition (MyHC%), type IIX content, myonuclear content, or myonuclear domain, varied in a systematic manner longitudinally along the muscle or between the two legs. The average within-subject coefficient of variation for FT%, fCSA, fCSA%, and MyHC% ranged between 13% and 18% but was only 5% for fiber-specific myonuclear content, which reduced the variability for myonuclear domain size to 11%-12%. Pure type IIX fibers and type IIX MyHC were randomly distributed and present in <24% of the analyzed samples, with the average content being 0.1% and 1.1%, respectively. In conclusion, leg or longitudinal orientation does not seem to be an important aspect to consider when investigating human vastus lateralis characteristics. However, single muscle biopsies should preferably not be used when studying fiber type- and fiber size-related aspects, given the notable sample-to-sample variability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the variability of key human skeletal muscle fiber characteristics in multiple sites along and between the m. vastus lateralis of healthy and active individuals. We found a notable but nonsystematic variability in fiber type and size, whereas myonuclear content was distinctively less variable, and the prevalence of type IIX fibers was random and very low. These data are important to consider when designing and interpreting studies including m. vastus lateralis biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Horwath
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Envall
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Röja
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric B Emanuelsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gema Sanz
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Gnomics, Murcia, Spain
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Apró
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Gaffney K, Lucero A, Macartney-Coxson D, Clapham J, Whitfield P, Palmer BR, Wakefield S, Faulkner J, Stoner L, Rowlands DS. Effects of whey protein on skeletal muscle microvascular and mitochondrial plasticity following 10 weeks of exercise training in men with type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:915-924. [PMID: 33591858 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle microvascular dysfunction and mitochondrial rarefaction feature in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) linked to low tissue glucose disposal rate (GDR). Exercise training and milk protein supplementation independently promote microvascular and metabolic plasticity in muscle associated with improved nutrient delivery, but combined effects are unknown. In a randomised-controlled trial, 24 men (55.6 y, SD 5.7) with T2DM ingested whey protein drinks (protein/carbohydrate/fat: 20/10/3 g; WHEY) or placebo (carbohydrate/fat: 30/3 g; CON) before/after 45 mixed-mode intense exercise sessions over 10 weeks, to study effects on insulin-stimulated (hyperinsulinemic clamp) skeletal-muscle microvascular blood flow (mBF) and perfusion (near-infrared spectroscopy), and histological, genetic, and biochemical markers (biopsy) of microvascular and mitochondrial plasticity. WHEY enhanced insulin-stimulated perfusion (WHEY-CON 5.6%; 90% CI -0.1, 11.3), while mBF was not altered (3.5%; -17.5, 24.5); perfusion, but not mBF, associated (regression) with increased GDR. Exercise training increased mitochondrial (range of means: 40%-90%) and lipid density (20%-30%), enzyme activity (20%-70%), capillary:fibre ratio (∼25%), and lowered systolic (∼4%) and diastolic (4%-5%) blood pressure, but without WHEY effects. WHEY dampened PGC1α -2.9% (90% compatibility interval: -5.7, -0.2) and NOS3 -6.4% (-1.4, -0.2) expression, but other messenger RNA (mRNA) were unclear. Skeletal muscle microvascular and mitochondrial exercise adaptations were not accentuated by whey protein ingestion in men with T2DM. ANZCTR Registration Number: ACTRN12614001197628. Novelty: Chronic whey ingestion in T2DM with exercise altered expression of several mitochondrial and angiogenic mRNA. Whey added no additional benefit to muscle microvascular or mitochondrial adaptations to exercise. Insulin-stimulated perfusion increased with whey but was without impact on glucose disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Gaffney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam Lucero
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donia Macartney-Coxson
- Human Genomics, Institute of Environmental and Scientific Research Ltd (ESR). Porirua, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jane Clapham
- Human Genomics, Institute of Environmental and Scientific Research Ltd (ESR). Porirua, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Barry R Palmer
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - StJohn Wakefield
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Faulkner
- School of Sport, Health and Community, University of Winchester, Winchester, England
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David S Rowlands
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Best AW. Why does strength training improve endurance performance? Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23526. [PMID: 33089638 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The specificity of training principle holds that adaptations to exercise training closely match capacity to the specific demands of the stimulus. Improvements in endurance sport performance gained through strength training are a notable exception to this principle. While the proximate mechanisms for how strength training produces muscular adaptations beneficial to endurance sports are increasingly well understood, the ultimate causes of this phenomenon remain unexplored. METHODS Using a holistic approach tying together exercise physiology and evolution, I argue that we can reconcile the apparent "endurance training specificity paradox." RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Competing selective pressures, inherited mammalian biology, and millennia of living in energy-scarce environments constrained our evolution as endurance athletes, but also imparted high muscular plasticity which can be exploited to improve endurance performance beyond what was useful in our evolutionary past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Best
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Garcia-Retortillo S, Rizzo R, Wang JWJL, Sitges C, Ivanov PC. Universal spectral profile and dynamic evolution of muscle activation: a hallmark of muscle type and physiological state. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:419-441. [PMID: 32673157 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00385.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is an integrated multicomponent system with complex dynamics of continuous myoelectrical activation of various muscle types across time scales to facilitate muscle coordination among units and adaptation to physiological states. To understand the multiscale dynamics of neuromuscular activity, we investigated spectral characteristics of different muscle types across time scales and their evolution with physiological states. We hypothesized that each muscle type is characterized by a specific spectral profile, reflecting muscle composition and function, that remains invariant over time scales and is universal across subjects. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the myoelectrical activation and corresponding spectral profile during certain movements exhibit an evolution path in time that is unique for each muscle type and reflects responses in muscle dynamics to exercise, fatigue, and aging. To probe the multiscale mechanism of neuromuscular regulation, we developed a novel protocol of repeated squat exercise segments, each performed until exhaustion, and we analyzed differentiated spectral power responses over a range of frequency bands for leg and back muscle activation in young and old subjects. We found that leg and back muscle activation is characterized by muscle-specific spectral profiles, with differentiated frequency band contribution, and a muscle-specific evolution path in response to fatigue and aging that is universal across subjects in each age group. The uncovered universality among subjects in the spectral profile of each muscle at a given physiological state, as well as the robustness in the evolution of these profiles over a range of time scales and states, reveals a previously unrecognized multiscale mechanism underlying the differentiated response of distinct muscle types to exercise-induced fatigue and aging.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To understand coordinated function of distinct fibers in a muscle, we investigated spectral dynamics of muscle activation during maximal exercise across a range of frequency bands and time scales of observation. We discovered a spectral profile that is specific for each muscle type, robust at short, intermediate, and large time scales, universal across subjects, and characterized by a muscle-specific evolution path with accumulation of fatigue and aging, indicating a previously unrecognized multiscale mechanism of muscle tone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- University School of Health and Sport, University of Girona, Salt, Spain.,Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rossella Rizzo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Evolutionary Systems Group Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Jilin W J L Wang
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol Sitges
- University of Balearic Islands, Department of Psychology, Research Institute of Health Sciences and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Plamen Ch Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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19
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A comparison of pain responses, hemodynamic reactivity and fibre type composition between Bergström and microbiopsy skeletal muscle biopsies. Curr Res Physiol 2020; 3:1-10. [PMID: 34746815 PMCID: PMC8562142 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that 1) skeletal muscle biopsies performed with the Bergström needle evoke larger perceptions of pain and greater hemodynamic reactivity compared to biopsies performed with the microbiopsy needle, and 2) both needles yield samples with similar fibre type compositions when samples are collected at similar skeletal muscle depths. Fourteen healthy (age: 21.6 ± 3.2 years; VO2peak: 41.5 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min) males (n = 7) and females (n = 7) provided two resting skeletal muscle biopsies, one with each needle type, following a randomized crossover design. Participants completed the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire and the Brief Pain Inventory before, during, and after the skeletal muscle biopsies. Hemodynamic reactivity was assessed by measuring heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest and during the biopsy procedures. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to assess fibre type composition in vastus lateralis samples. Compared to the microbiopsy needle, the Bergström needle elicited a larger perception of pain but similar hemodynamic reactivity during the biopsy. Both needles yielded skeletal muscle samples with similar fibre type composition and resulted in similar perceptions of pain and pain-related interference during the post-biopsy recovery period. Collectively, these findings suggest that studies should consider using the microbiopsy needle rather than the Bergström needle unless large amounts of muscle tissue or certain muscle fibre lengths are required. However, future work should determine whether our findings are generalizable to biopsies performed with different procedures and/or types of Bergström/microbiopsy needles. The first characterization of responses to two muscle biopsy techniques. Compared to the Bergström, the microbiopsy needle evokes smaller pain responses. Both needles resulted in similar hemodynamic reactivity and fibre type composition. If analysis permits, future work should consider using the microbiopsy needle.
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Key Words
- BPI, Brief pain inventory
- BPI-6, Brief pain inventory question #6
- BPI-9, Brief pain inventory question #9
- HR, Heart rate
- Heart rate
- MAP, Mean arterial pressure
- McGill-D, Descriptors from the McGill Pain Questionnaire
- Mean arterial pressure
- PCS, Pain catastrophizing scale
- PPI, Present pain intensity
- Perceptions of pain
- Skeletal muscle biopsies
- VAS, Visual analog scale
- VO2peak, Peak oxygen consumption
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