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Barreto de Jesus P, de Mattos Lyra G, Zhang H, Toyota Fujii M, Nauer F, Marcos de Castro Nunes J, Davis CC, Cabral Oliveira M. Phylogenomics and taxon-rich phylogenies of new and historical specimens shed light on the systematics of Hypnea (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 183:107752. [PMID: 36893930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Cystocloniacae is a highly diverse family of Rhodophyta, including species of ecological and economic importance, whose phylogeny remains largely unresolved. Species delimitation is unclear, particularly in the most speciose genus, Hypnea, and cryptic diversity has been revealed by recent molecular assessments, especially in the tropics. Here, we carried out the first phylogenomic investigation of Cystocloniaceae, focused on the genus Hypnea, inferred from chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes including taxa sampled from new and historical collections. In this work, molecular synapomorphies (gene losses, InDels and gene inversions) were identified to better characterize clades in our congruent organellar phylogenies. We also present taxon-rich phylogenies based on plastid and mitochondrial markers. Molecular and morphological comparisons of historic collections with contemporary specimens revealed the need for taxonomic updates in Hypnea, the synonymization of H. marchantae to a later heterotypic synonym of H. cervicornis and the description of three new species: H. davisiana sp. nov., H. djamilae sp. nov. and H. evaristoae sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Barreto de Jesus
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (CCNH - UFABC), Rua Arcturus 03, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, 09606-070, Brazil; Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Goia de Mattos Lyra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brasil; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, USA; Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Salvador Bahia 40170-115, Brasil
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mutue Toyota Fujii
- Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Av. Miguel Estefano 3687, 04301-902, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Nauer
- Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Av. Miguel Estefano 3687, 04301-902, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - José Marcos de Castro Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brasil; Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Salvador Bahia 40170-115, Brasil
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mariana Cabral Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
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Kim SY, Lee HW, Yang EC, Boo SM, Lopez-Bautista J, Fredericq S, D’Archino R, Yoon HS, Kim MS. Resurrection of the Family Grateloupiaceae Emend. (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) Based on a Multigene Phylogeny and Comparative Reproductive Morphology. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.775627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine red algal order Halymeniales currently includes two families, the Halymeniaceae and Tsengiaceae, and consist of 38 genera and about 358 species. Phylogenetic analyses on specific taxa of the order are common, but not comprehensive, leaving the many intra-ordinal relationships within the Halymeniales unresolved. To reassess the phylogeny of the Halymeniales, we conducted extensive phylogenetic analyses based on 207 rbcL sequences and multigene analyses (rbcL, psaA, psbA, cox1, and LSU) using 47 taxa from the order. The combined data set fully supports the monophyly of the Grateloupia sensu lato clade. Phylogenetic assessment of the reproductive structures in the order using the type of auxiliary cell ampullae, pericarp origin, and tetrasporangial development characters, supports a Grateloupia sensu lato clade distinct from the Halymeniaceae exemplified by the generitype Halymenia. As a result, we propose to reinstate the family Grateloupiaceae Schmitz based on the Grateloupia sensu lato clade and including Grateloupia and eight other genera: Dermocorynus, Mariaramirezia, Neorubra, Pachymeniopsis, Kintokiocolax, Phyllymenia, Prionitis, and Yonagunia. The emended Grateloupiaceae is distinguished from the Halymeniaceae by the following three characteristics; (i) simple unbranched and unilateral type of auxiliary cell ampullae, (ii) pericarp formed densely by the fusion of secondary medullary filaments from subcortical cells and lateral ampullary filaments from a fusion cell complex, (iii) tetrasporangia originating laterally from the outer cortex. The Halymeniales comprises the monophyletic Grateloupiaceae, Halymeniaceae sensu lato (which requires further study), and the Tsengiaceae.
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Tonicelli GA, Croce ME, Díaz-Tapia P, Fredericq S, Freshwater DW, Gauna MC, Parodi ER, Verbruggen H, Hommersand MH. Meridionella gen. nov., a New Genus of Cystocloniaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from the Southern Hemisphere, Including M. obtusangula comb. nov. and M. antarctica sp. nov. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:797-816. [PMID: 33450046 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The classification of Cystoclonium obtusangulum has been questioned since the species was first described by Hooker and Harvey as Gracilaria? obtusangula. The objective of this study was to provide the first comprehensive taxonomic analysis of Cystoclonium obtusangulum, based on DNA sequences coupled with morphological observations made on syntype specimens and new collections. Sequence divergences of rbcL, UPA, and COI-5P, and maximum-likelihood phylogenies for rbcL and 18S demonstrated that specimens identified as Cystoclonium obtusangulum represent a clade of two distinct species that are distantly related to the generitype Cystoclonium purpureum. A new genus, Meridionella gen. nov., is proposed for this clade. The two species placed in this new genus were morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species, but have disjunct distributions, with Meridionella obtusangula comb. nov. found from temperate to cold coasts of South America and the Falkland Islands and Meridionella antarctica sp. nov., occurring in Antarctic waters. Vegetative and reproductive characters of Meridionella gen. nov. are described, and implications of our results for the biogeography of the family Cystocloniaceae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina A Tonicelli
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, CONICET-UNS, Camino La carrindanga km 7.5, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
| | - Maria Emilia Croce
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, CONICET-UNS, Camino La carrindanga km 7.5, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
| | - Pilar Díaz-Tapia
- Coastal Biology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences and Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Apdo, 130, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Suzanne Fredericq
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-3602, USA
| | - David Wilson Freshwater
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28409, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Gauna
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, CONICET-UNS, Camino La carrindanga km 7.5, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
| | - Elisa R Parodi
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, CONICET-UNS, Camino La carrindanga km 7.5, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Max H Hommersand
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3280, USA
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Orofacial antinociceptive effect of sulphated polysaccharide from the marine algae Hypnea pseudomusciformis in rodents. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:261-269. [PMID: 29460077 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of sulphated polysaccharide from the marine algae Hypnea pseudomusciformis (PLS) using rodent models of orofacial pain. Acute pain was induced by formalin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, acidified saline or glutamate (cutaneous modes) and hypertonic saline (corneal model). In one experiment, animals were pretreated with ruthenium red, glibenclamide, naloxone, L-NAME, methylene blue or ketamine to investigate the mechanism of antinociception. In another experiment, animals pretreated with PLS or saline were submitted to the temporomandibular joint formalin test. In yet another, animals were submitted to craniofacial pain induced by mustard oil. Motor activity was evaluated with the open-field test. Cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities were also assessed. Pre-treatment with PLS significantly reduced nociceptive behavior associated with acute pain. Antinociception was effectively reduced, but not inhibited, by ruthenium red and ketamine. L-NAME and glibenclamide enhanced the PLS effect. PLS antinociception was resistant to methylene blue, naloxone and heating. PLS presented no cytotoxicity or antioxidant properties. Our results confirm the potential pharmacological relevance of PLS as an inhibitor of orofacial nociception in acute pain probably mediated by glutamatergic, nitrergic, TRPs and K + ATP pathways.
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Saunders GW, Filloramo G, Dixon K, Le Gall L, Maggs CA, Kraft GT. Multigene analyses resolve early diverging lineages in the Rhodymeniophycidae (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:505-522. [PMID: 27150836 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multigene phylogenetic analyses were directed at resolving the earliest divergences in the red algal subclass Rhodymeniophycidae. The inclusion of key taxa (new to science and/or previously lacking molecular data), additional sequence data (SSU, LSU, EF2, rbcL, COI-5P), and phylogenetic analyses removing the most variable sites (site stripping) have provided resolution for the first time at these deep nodes. The earliest diverging lineage within the subclass was the enigmatic Catenellopsis oligarthra from New Zealand (Catenellopsidaceae), which is here placed in the Catenellopsidales ord. nov. In our analyses, Atractophora hypnoides was not allied with the other included Bonnemaisoniales, but resolved as sister to the Peyssonneliales, and is here assigned to Atractophoraceae fam. nov. in the Atractophorales ord. nov. Inclusion of Acrothesaurum gemellifilum gen. et sp. nov. from Tasmania has greatly improved our understanding of the Acrosymphytales, to which we assign three families, the Acrosymphytaceae, Acrothesauraceae fam. nov. and Schimmelmanniaceae fam. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Saunders
- Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5A3
| | - Gina Filloramo
- Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5A3
| | - Kyatt Dixon
- Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5A3
| | - Line Le Gall
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 39 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christine A Maggs
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Gerald T Kraft
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 1010, Australia
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Yang EC, Kim KM, Kim SY, Lee J, Boo GH, Lee JH, Nelson WA, Yi G, Schmidt WE, Fredericq S, Boo SM, Bhattacharya D, Yoon HS. Highly Conserved Mitochondrial Genomes among Multicellular Red Algae of the Florideophyceae. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:2394-406. [PMID: 26245677 PMCID: PMC4558864 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two red algal classes, the Florideophyceae (approximately 7,100 spp.) and Bangiophyceae (approximately 193 spp.), comprise 98% of red algal diversity in marine and freshwater habitats. These two classes form well-supported monophyletic groups in most phylogenetic analyses. Nonetheless, the interordinal relationships remain largely unresolved, in particular in the largest subclass Rhodymeniophycidae that includes 70% of all species. To elucidate red algal phylogenetic relationships and study organelle evolution, we determined the sequence of 11 mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 5 florideophycean subclasses. These mtDNAs were combined with existing data, resulting in a database of 25 florideophytes and 12 bangiophytes (including cyanidiophycean species). A concatenated alignment of mt proteins was used to resolve ordinal relationships in the Rhodymeniophycidae. Red algal mtDNA genome comparisons showed 47 instances of gene rearrangement including 12 that distinguish Bangiophyceae from Hildenbrandiophycidae, and 5 that distinguish Hildenbrandiophycidae from Nemaliophycidae. These organelle data support a rapid radiation and surprisingly high conservation of mtDNA gene syntheny among the morphologically divergent multicellular lineages of Rhodymeniophycidae. In contrast, we find extensive mitochondrial gene rearrangements when comparing Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae and multiple examples of gene loss among the different red algal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chan Yang
- Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, Korea Department of Marine Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyeong Mi Kim
- Bioresource Systematics Department, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - JunMo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ga Hun Boo
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, Korea
| | - Wendy A Nelson
- National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gangman Yi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju, Korea
| | | | | | - Sung Min Boo
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources and Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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Kapraun DF, Freshwater DW. Estimates of nuclear DNA content in red algal lineages. AOB PLANTS 2012; 2012:pls005. [PMID: 22479676 PMCID: PMC3303098 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The red algae are an evolutionarily ancient group of predominantly marine organisms with an estimated 6000 species. Consensus higher-level molecular phylogenies support a basal split between the unicellular Cyanidiophytina and morphologically diverse Rhodophytina, the later subphylum containing most red algal species. The Rhodophytina is divided into six classes, of which five represent early diverging lineages of generally uninucleate species, whose evolutionary relationships are poorly resolved. The remaining species compose the large (27 currently recognized orders), morphologically diverse and typically multinucleate Florideophyceae. Nuclear DNA content estimates have been published for <1 % of the described red algae. The present investigation summarizes the state of our knowledge and expands our coverage of DNA content information from 196 isolates of red algae. METHODOLOGY The DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and RBC (chicken erythrocytes) standards were used to estimate 2C values with static microspectrophotometry. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Nuclear DNA contents are reported for 196 isolates of red algae, almost doubling the number of estimates available for these organisms. Present results also confirm the reported DNA content range of 0.1-2.8 pg, with species of Ceramiales, Nemaliales and Palmariales containing apparently polyploid genomes with 2C = 2.8, 2.3 and 2.8 pg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Early diverging red algal lineages are characterized by relatively small 2C DNA contents while a wide range of 2C values is found within the derived Florideophyceae. An overall correlation between phylogenetic placement and 2C DNA content is not apparent; however, genome size data are available for only a small portion of red algae. Current data do support polyploidy and aneuploidy as pervasive features of red algal genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F. Kapraun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-3915, USA
| | - D. Wilson Freshwater
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
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Evolutionary History and Taxonomy of Red Algae. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3795-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Le Gall L, Saunders GW. A nuclear phylogeny of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta) inferred from combined EF2, small subunit and large subunit ribosomal DNA: establishing the new red algal subclass Corallinophycidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 43:1118-30. [PMID: 17197199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that resolution of supraordinal relationships in the red algal class Florideophyceae will require additional characters, improved taxon sampling and optimized methods of phylogenetic analysis. To this end, we have generated data to introduce a novel nuclear marker to red algal systematics, elongation factor 2, as well as expanded ribosomal DNA alignments (SSU and LSU) to include 62 ingroup and 4 outgroup taxa. Both single gene and combined data sets were considered. Our analyses resulted in better resolution of both deep as well as more recent divergences, with higher support realized at many nodes. Distance, parsimony and bayesian analyses of the single gene and combined data sets indicated that the subclasses Hildenbrandiophycidae, Ahnfeltiophycidae and Rhodymeniophycidae were monophyletic, whereas the Nemaliophycidae was polyphyletic: one lineage containing the Rhodogorgonales and Corallinales (CR complex); and the other containing the Acrochaetiales, Balbianiales, Balliales, Batrachospermales, Colaconematales, Nemaliales, Palmariales, and Thoreales (APB complex). Based on these results a new subclass of the Florideophyceae, the Corallinophycidae subclassis nov., is proposed to accommodate the Corallinales and Rhodogorgonales. In addition to resolving supraordinal relationships, the present analyses resolved some novel ordinal affinities within the Nemaliophycidae and Rhodymeniophycidae, which are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Le Gall
- CEMAR, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
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Rodríguez MC, Merino ER, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Cerezo AS, Matulewicz MC. Galactans from cystocarpic plants of the red seaweed Callophyllis variegata (Kallymeniaceae, Gigartinales). Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2742-51. [PMID: 16289051 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The polysaccharide extracted from cystocarpic Callophyllis variegata was fractionated with potassium chloride yielding three small fractions that precipitated in the ranges of 0-0.05 M KCl, 1.20-1.25 M KCl, and 1.80-2.00 M KCl, and a main product soluble in 2.00 M KCl. These fractions were analyzed, and as the first one contained very high amounts of protein, it was not studied further. Structural analysis of the rest of the fractions (F1-F3) was carried out by methylation, desulfation-methylation, IR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results are consistent for F1 with a carrageenan-type backbone mainly constituted by beta-D-galactose 2-sulfate linked to alpha-D-galactose 2,3,6-trisulfate and beta-D-galactose 2,4-disulfate linked to 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose 2-sulfate as dominant diads. In F2 these diads are present together with low amounts of beta-D-galactose 2-sulfate linked to 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose 2-sulfate, whose contribution becomes higher in F3. In addition, minor but significant amounts of L-galactose were detected. F1-F3 showed potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex types 1 and 2 and dengue type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Saunders GW, Hommersand MH. Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2004; 91:1494-507. [PMID: 21652305 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The wondrously diverse eukaryotes that constitute the red algae have been the focus of numerous recent molecular surveys and remain a rich source of undescribed and little known species for the traditional taxonomist. Molecular studies place the red algae in the kingdom Plantae; however, supraordinal classification has been largely confined to debate on subclass vs. class level status for the two recognized subgroups, one of which is widely acknowledged as paraphyletic. This narrow focus has generally masked the extent to which red algal classification needs modification. We provide a comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to the antiquity, diversity, and systematics of the red algae and propose a contemporary classification based on recent and traditional evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Saunders
- Centre for Environmental & Molecular Algal Research, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 6E1
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