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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S. States
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001
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Affiliation(s)
- F. D. Calonge
- Department of Botany, University of Bristol, England
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Liu L, Yan Y, Huang J, Hsiang T, Wei Y, Li Y, Gao J, Zheng L. A Novel MFS Transporter Gene ChMfs1 Is Important for Hyphal Morphology, Conidiation, and Pathogenicity in Colletotrichum higginsianum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1953. [PMID: 29067014 PMCID: PMC5641377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a widely distributed fungus attacking many cruciferous species. To investigate pathogenic mechanisms of the pathogen on the host Arabidopsis thaliana, we screened and obtained a virulence-deficient mutant Ch-1-T513 in a T-DNA insertion mutant library of C. higginsianum. The mutant Ch-1-T513 produced yellow colony centers with distorted multi-branching hyphal tips as well as producing few conidia. Heavily swollen hyphae in the mutant could be observed, and intra-hyphal hyphae were found to be formed in the balloon-shaped hyphae. The mutant failed to produce lesions on 12-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings, and invasive hyphae did not differentiate into large primary and thin secondary hyphae after appressorial formation on Arabidopsis leaves, but formed abundant bulbous hyphae in epidermal cells. Southern blot analysis showed Ch-1-T513 had double-site T-DNA integrations. The mutant had insertions upstream of genes for a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter, ChMfs1 and an aldo/keto reductase, ChAkr. Complementation experiments by transforming genomic sequences from a wild-type strain into the insertion mutant demonstrated that ChMfs1 is involved in the Ch-1-T513 phenotype. The complementation strain C-ChMfs1-1 exhibited normal hyphal morphology, conidiation, and pathogenicity identical to the wild-type. The results demonstrate that ChMfs1 is involved in intra-hyphal hyphae production, conidiation, and pathogenicity in C. higginsianum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a MFS transporter gene in a phytopathogenic fungus associated with intra-hyphal hyphae formation, playing a key role in infection of its plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaqin Yan
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yu Li
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Becker Y, Eaton CJ, Brasell E, May KJ, Becker M, Hassing B, Cartwright GM, Reinhold L, Scott B. The Fungal Cell-Wall Integrity MAPK Cascade Is Crucial for Hyphal Network Formation and Maintenance of Restrictive Growth of Epichloë festucae in Symbiosis With Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:69-85. [PMID: 25303335 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae is a mutualistic symbiont that systemically colonizes the intercellular spaces of Lolium perenne leaves to form a highly structured and interconnected hyphal network. In an Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA forward genetic screen, we identified a mutant TM1066 that had a severe host interaction phenotype, causing stunting and premature senescence of the host. Molecular analysis revealed that the mutation responsible for this phenotype was in the cell-wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), mkkA. Mutants generated by targeted deletion of the mkkA or the downstream mpkA kinase recapitulated the phenotypes observed for TM1066. Both mutants were defective in hyphal cell–cell fusion, formed intrahyphal hyphae, had enhanced conidiation, and showed microcyclic conidiation. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy analysis of leaf tissue showed that mutant hyphae were more abundant than the wild type in the intercellular spaces and colonized the vascular bundles. Hyphal branches failed to fuse but, instead, grew past one another to form bundles of convoluted hyphae. Mutant hyphae showed increased fluorescence with AF488-WGA, indicative of increased accessibility of chitin, a hypothesis supported by changes in the cell-wall ultrastructure. These results show that the CWI MAPK pathway is a key signaling pathway for controlling the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between E. festucae and L. perenne.
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Fine structural features of rhizomorphs (sensu lato) produced by four species of lichen fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1017/s095375629600278x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jabaji-Hare SH, Charest PM. Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Observations on the Somatic Phase of Endogone Pisiformis(Endogonaceae). Mycologia 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1987.12025401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Jabaji-Hare
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Département de Foresterie et de Géodesie, Université Laval, Ste. Foy, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - P. M. Charest
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Lavai, Ste. Foy, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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Farley JF, Jersild RA, Niederpruem DJ. Origin and ultrastructure of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. Arch Microbiol 1975; 106:195-200. [PMID: 1217936 DOI: 10.1007/bf00446523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A cell observation chamber was designed to perform continuous photomicroscopic observations of hyphal anastomosis and the origin of intra-hyphal hyphae in Trichophyton terrestre and T. rubrum. These data were correlated with ultrastructural features of intra-hyphal hyphae. Hyphal fusions occurred commonly in either species of Trichophyton when incubated alone. In T. terrestre, empty phyphal segments adjoined by live units were invaded at the septa from both directions by new hyphal ingrowth. Continuous observations revealed that the intra-hyphal hyphae subsequently anastomosed via a lateral fusion peg. Similar intra-hyphal hyphae were shown in T. rubrum. Electron microscopic studies revealed ascomycetous septa in both conventional hyphae and intra-hyphal hyphae. For the latter, the cytoplasm and wall of the inner hypha were bounded by cytoplasmic organelles and another cell wall of the outer hypha.
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Boller RA, Schroeder HW. Self-Parasitism in Aspergillus Flavus. Mycologia 1972. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1972.12019281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Boller
- Field Crops and Animal Products Research Branch, Market Quality Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77840
| | - H. W. Schroeder
- Field Crops and Animal Products Research Branch, Market Quality Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77840
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