Histological Evaluation of Alveolar Ridge Preservation Using Different Bone Grafts: Clinical Study Analysis Part II

To compare histologically the percentage of bone formation 12-20 weeks after ridge augmentation using 2 different techniques. Tooth loss is associated with 3-dimensional bone remodeling and ridge atrophy. Ridge preservation procedures can prevent alveolar bone volume loss. Different techniques and materials are used to preserve the alveolar ridge. Computer-generated randomization software was used to assign 2 ridge preservation techniques for 11 extraction sites. In group I, type I bovine Achilles tendon collagen plugs with bioactive resorbable calcium apatite crystals (CPCAC) were placed, and in group II, cortico-cancellous bone chips (CCBC) mix and an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) barrier membrane were placed. The histomorphometric studies were performed using a computer-based image analysis system (ImageJ 1.4, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md) to calculate the pixel area of bone tissue and the remaining bone graft material. The histomorphometric data were analyzed using a Student t test to compare the measurements between the 2 experimental groups. This parametric statistical test was employed to determine if there were any statistically significant differences in the quantitative histological parameters between the groups. The sockets that received CPCAC showed a lower (31.89%) percentage of native bone surface area compared with the CCBC group (43.87%). However, the difference was not statistically significant (P < .05). In addition, the CPCAC group showed evidence of foreign-body reaction. The CCBC graft covered with an ePTFE barrier may induce more bone formation with minimal inflammation in an extraction socket compared with a collagen plug with calcium apatite crystals. In addition, histological analysis of the CPCAC graft showed evidence of foreign-body reaction, which indicates a negative clinical impact.

Adhesion and proliferation properties of type I collagen-derived peptide for possible use in skin tissue engineering application

The surface properties of three-dimensional scaffolds are improved by coating or covalently linking certain adhesion-promoting proteins or peptides. In the present study, the effect of type I collagen-derived peptide (GKNGDDGEA) on adhesion and proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes and NIH3T3 murine fibroblast cell lines was studied to assess its suitability for possible skin tissue engineering applications. Cell adhesion and proliferation of HaCaT and NIH3T3 were found to be enhanced by peptide coating. The optimum peptide coating densities to obtain the best cell adhesion and proliferation were found to be 0.827 µmoles/cm² and 0.62 µmoles/cm² for HaCaT and NIH3T3, respectively. Cell adhesion, in the presence of anti-integrin α1 antibody, inhibited attachment of NIH3T3 cells indicating the involvement of integrin α1 receptor. However, the attachment of HaCaT cells was not affected by anti-integrin treatment. The higher expression of paxillin confirmed the effect of the peptide in mediating focal adhesion kinases (FAKs) in cell adhesion and proliferation. Gene expression analysis was performed on cell migration proteins like Rho, Rac, Cdc42, integrin receptor α1, and β1, and the extracellular matrix modulating proteins like MMP2, TIMP, and COL1A1 to validate their role on the peptide-mediated cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence analysis showed the distribution and localisation of phospho-FAK on cells cultured on the peptide-coated surfaces. Results support the role of peptides in enhancing cell adhesion and proliferation properties.

Matrikines for therapeutic and biomedical applications

Matrikines, peptides originating from the fragmentation of extracellular matrix proteins are identified to play important role in both health and disease. They possess biological activities, much different from their parent protein. Identification of such bioactive cryptic regions in the extracellular matrix proteins has attracted the researchers all over the world in the recent decade. These bioactive peptides could find use in preparation of biomaterials and tissue engineering applications. Matrikines identified in major extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins like collagen, elastin, fibronectin, and laminin are being extensively studied for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. They are identified to modulate cellular activity like cell growth, proliferation, migration and may induce apoptosis. RGD, a well-known peptide identified in fibronectin with cell adhesive property is being investigated in designing biomaterials. Collagen hexapeptide GFOGER was found to promote cell adhesion and differentiation. Laminin also possesses regions with strong cell adhesion property. Recently, cell-penetrating peptides from elastin are used as a targeted delivery system for therapeutic drugs. The continued search for cryptic sequences in the extracellular matrix proteins along with advanced peptide coupling chemistries would lead to biomaterials with improved surface properties. This review article outlines the peptides derived from extracellular matrix and some of the possible applications of these peptides in therapeutics and tissue engineering applications.

A collagen telopeptide binding peptide shows potential in aiding collagen bundle formation and fibril orientation

A double-armed CTBP-PEG-CTBP derivative of a collagen telopeptide binding peptide (CTBP), shows potential in aiding collagen bundle formation and fibril orientation by interacting with fibrils.

Bio-mimetic mineralization potential of collagen hydrolysate obtained from chromium tanned leather waste

Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics serve as an alternative to autogenous-free bone grafting by virtue of their excellent biocompatibility. However, chemically synthesized HA lacks the strong load-bearing capacity as required by bone. The bio-mimetic growth of HA crystals on collagen surface provides a feasible solution for synthesizing bone substitutes with the desired properties. This study deals with the utilization of the collagen hydrolysate recovered from leather waste as a substrate for promoting HA crystal growth. Bio-mimetic growth of HA was induced by subjecting the hydrolysate to various mineralization conditions. Parameters that would have a direct effect on crystal growth were varied to determine the optimal conditions necessary. Maximum mineralization was achieved with a combination of 10mM of CaCl2, 5mM of Na2HPO4, 100mM of NaCl and 0.575% glutaraldehyde at a pH of 7.4. The metal-protein interactions leading to formation of HA were identified through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The crystal dimensions were determined to be in the nanoscale range by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The size and crystallinity of bio-mimetically grown HA indicate that hydrolysate from leather waste can be used as an ideal alternative substrate for bone growth.

Wound healing activity of a collagen-derived cryptic peptide

Wound healing involves a well-controlled series of interactions among cells and several mediators leading to the restoration of damaged tissue. Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen during remodelling of wound tissue leads to the release of bioactive peptides that can possibly influence the healing process. The RGD-containing, antioxidative collagen peptide E1 isolated in an earlier work was screened in this study for its ability to influence multiple steps of the wound healing process. E1 was assayed for and found to be chemotactic. Excision and incision wounds were created on separate groups of rats and E1 was administered topically. The wound tissues were isolated on the 4th and 8th days post-wound and subjected to biochemical and biophysical analysis. A significant decrease in lipid peroxides in the treatment group confirmed the in vivo antioxidant capacity of E1. The treatment group also displayed significant increase in total protein, collagen and amino sugar synthesis indicating faster ECM formation. The significantly increased rate of wound contraction and reepithelialisation along with higher tensile strength of the wound tissue corroborated the results of biochemical analysis. The results confirm the significant role played by collagen peptides in accelerating the healing process and justify their possible use as a pharmaceutical agent.