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Dohanik VT, Medeiros-Santana L, Santos CG, Santana WC, Serrão JE. Expression and function of the vitellogenin receptor in the hypopharyngeal glands of the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 116:e22120. [PMID: 38739744 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The vitellogenin receptor (VgR) is essential for the uptake and transport of the yolk precursor, vitellogenin (Vg). Vg is synthesized in the fat body, released in the hemolymph, and absorbed in the ovaries, via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Besides its important role in the reproductive pathway, Vg occurs in nonreproductive worker honey bee, suggesting its participation in other pathways. The objective was to verify if the VgR occurs in the hypopharyngeal glands of Apis mellifera workers and how Vg is internalized by these cells. VgR occurrence in the hypopharyngeal glands was evaluated by qPCR analyses of VgR and immunohistochemistry in workers with different tasks. The VgR gene is expressed in the hypopharyngeal glands of workers with higher transcript levels in nurse honey bees. VgR is more expressed in 11-day-old workers from queenright colonies, compared to orphan ones. Nurse workers with developed hypopharyngeal glands present higher VgR transcripts than those with poorly developed glands. The immunohistochemistry results showed the co-localization of Vg, VgR and clathrin (protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles in endocytosis) in the hypopharyngeal glands, suggesting receptor-mediated endocytosis. The results demonstrate that VgR performs the transport of Vg to the hypopharyngeal glands, supporting the Ovary Ground Plan Hypothesis and contributing to the understanding of the role of this gland in the social context of honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luanda Medeiros-Santana
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Rio Paranaíba, Rio Paranaíba, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Wang C, Yu B, Meng X, Xia D, Pei B, Tang X, Zhang G, Wei J, Long M, Chen J, Bao J, Li C, Pan G, Zhou Z, Li T. Microsporidian Nosema bombycis hijacks host vitellogenin and restructures ovariole cells for transovarial transmission. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011859. [PMID: 38060601 PMCID: PMC10729982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasites that infect almost all animals, causing serious human diseases and major economic losses to the farming industry. Nosema bombycis is a typical microsporidium that infects multiple lepidopteran insects via fecal-oral and transovarial transmission (TOT); however, the underlying TOT processes and mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we characterized the TOT process and identified key factors enabling N. bombycis to invade the ovariole and oocyte of silkworm Bombyx mori. We found that the parasites commenced with TOT at the early pupal stage when ovarioles penetrated the ovary wall and were exposed to the hemolymph. Subsequently, the parasites in hemolymph and hemolymph cells firstly infiltrated the ovariole sheath, from where they invaded the oocyte via two routes: (I) infecting follicular cells, thereby penetrating oocytes after proliferation, and (II) infecting nurse cells, thus entering oocytes following replication. In follicle and nurse cells, the parasites restructured and built large vacuoles to deliver themselves into the oocyte. In the whole process, the parasites were coated with B. mori vitellogenin (BmVg) on their surfaces. To investigate the BmVg effects on TOT, we suppressed its expression and found a dramatic decrease of pathogen load in both ovarioles and eggs, suggesting that BmVg plays a crucial role in the TOT. Thereby, we identified the BmVg domains and parasite spore wall proteins (SWPs) mediating the interaction, and demonstrated that the von Willebrand domain (VWD) interacted with SWP12, SWP26 and SWP30, and the unknown function domain (DUF1943) bound with the SWP30. When disrupting these interactions, we found significant reductions of the pathogen load in both ovarioles and eggs, suggesting that the interplays between BmVg and SWPs were vital for the TOT. In conclusion, our study has elucidated key aspects about the microsporidian TOT and revealed the key factors for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guizheng Zhang
- Guangxi Institute of Sericulture Science, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Deng D, Xing S, Liu X, Ji Q, Zhai Z, Peng W. Transcriptome analysis of sex-biased gene expression in the spotted-wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6588685. [PMID: 35587603 PMCID: PMC9339319 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism occurs widely throughout insects and has profound influences on evolutionary path. Sex-biased genes are considered to account for most of phenotypic differences between sexes. In order to explore the sex-biased genes potentially associated with sexual dimorphism and sexual development in Drosophila suzukii, a major devastating and invasive crop pest, we conducted whole-organism transcriptome profiling and sex-biased gene expression analysis on adults of both sexes. We identified transcripts of genes involved in several sex-specific physiological and functional processes, including transcripts involved in sex determination, reproduction, olfaction, and innate immune signals. A total of 11,360 differentially expressed genes were identified in the comparison, and 1,957 differentially expressed genes were female-biased and 4,231 differentially expressed genes were male-biased. The pathway predominantly enriched for differentially expressed genes was related to spliceosome, which might reflect the differences in the alternative splicing mechanism between males and females. Twenty-two sex determination and 16 sex-related reproduction genes were identified, and expression pattern analysis revealed that the majority of genes were differentially expressed between sexes. Additionally, the differences in sex-specific olfactory and immune processes were analyzed and the sex-biased expression of these genes may play important roles in pheromone and odor detection, and immune response. As a valuable dataset, our sex-specific transcriptomic data can significantly contribute to the fundamental elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in fruit flies, and may provide candidate genes potentially useful for the development of genetic sexing strains, an important tool for sterile insect technique applications against this economically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Shisi Xing
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xuxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biological Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinge Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biological Control, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zongzhao Zhai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
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4
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Zhu F, Li D, Song D, Huo S, Ma S, Lü P, Liu X, Yao Q, Chen K. Glycoproteome in silkworm Bombyx mori and alteration by BmCPV infection. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103802. [PMID: 32360640 PMCID: PMC7194664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The biological functions of protein glycosylation have been increasingly recognized but not yet been very well understood, especially in lower organisms. Silkworm as a model lepidopteran insect and important economic insect, has been widely studied in life science, however, the current knowledge on the glycosylation status of its proteome is not satisfactory, and little is known about how pathogenic infections could affect the glycosylation status. This study performed large scale glycosite mapping for the silkworm Bombyx mori P50 strain, and quantitatively compared with that infected with the Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV). Some 400 glycoproteins were mapped in the silkworm, including N- and O-glycoproteins. Upon virus infection, the glycosylation levels of 41 N-glycopeptides were significantly changed, some of them belonging to transmembrane glycoproteins. The O-glycosylation profiles were also affected. In addition, 4 BmCPV-encoded viral proteins were found to be glycosylated for the first time, including polyhedrin, P101, VP3, and the NS protein. This study drafted a silkworm protein glycosylation map and underlined the potential impact of virus infection on glycosylation. SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals the characteristics of the glycoproteome in the silkworm strain P50, and quantitatively compared to that infected by the virus BmCPV, which underlines the impact of virus infection on the alteration of protein glycosylation in invertebrate species. Our findings add to the knowledge of the post translational modifications of this model organism, and also uncovered for the first time the glycosylation status of the viral proteins expressed by BmCPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dong Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dandan Song
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Peng Lü
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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5
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Li R, Hu C, Geng T, Lv D, Gao K, Guo X, Hou C. Expressional analysis of the silkworm storage protein 1 and identification of its interacting proteins. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:66-76. [PMID: 31301266 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Storage proteins are haemolymph-specific proteins in insects, mainly synthesized in the fat body, released into the haemolymph, and then selectively reabsorbed by the fat body before pupation. These storage proteins play an important role in insect metamorphosis and egg development. Some of these storage proteins are responsive to pathogen infection and can even suppress pathogen multiplication. However, the mechanisms of the physiological, biochemical and immune-responsive functions of storage proteins remain unclear. In this study, the expression patterns of Bombyx mori storage protein 1 (BmSP1) during the larval stage were analysed. Then, BmSP1 protein fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was successfully expressed in a B. mori baculovirus vector expression system. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expression level of BmSP1 increased with the advance of instars and reached the highest level in the fifth instar, especially in the fat body. Recombinant BmSP1 expressed in silkworm larvae inhibited haemolymph melanization. Then, proteins that interact with BmSP1 were identified with EGFP used as an antigenic determinant by co-immunoprecipitation. A 30 kDa low molecular weight lipoprotein PBMHP-6 precursor (BmLP6) was shown to interact with BmSP1. Yeast two-hybrid experiments confirmed the interaction between BmSP1 and BmLP6. The results obtained in this study will be helpful for further study of the functions of BmSP1 and BmLP6 in the regulatory network of silkworm development and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Congwu Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tao Geng
- Environment and Plant Protection Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | - Kun Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengxiang Hou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
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6
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Peng L, Wang Q, Zou MM, Qin YD, Vasseur L, Chu LN, Zhai YL, Dong SJ, Liu LL, He WY, Yang G, You MS. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Vitellogenin Receptor Knockout Leads to Functional Deficiency in the Reproductive Development of Plutella xylostella. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1585. [PMID: 32038281 PMCID: PMC6989618 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitellogenin receptor (VgR) belongs to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene superfamily and plays an indispensable role in Vg transport, yolk deposition, and oocyte development. For this reason, it has become a promising target for pest control. The involvement of VgR in Vg transport and reproductive functions remains unclear in diamondback moths, Plutella xylostella (L.), a destructive pest of cruciferous crops. Here, we cloned and identified the complete cDNA sequence of P. xylostella VgR, which encoded 1805 amino acid residues and contained four conserved domains of LDLR superfamily. PxVgR was mainly expressed in female adults, more specifically in the ovary. PxVgR protein also showed the similar expression profile with the PxVgR transcript. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PxVgR knockout created a homozygous mutant of P. xylostella with 5-bp-nucleotide deletion in the PxVgR. The expression deficiency of PxVgR protein was detected in the ovaries and eggs of mutant individuals. Vg protein was still detected in the eggs of the mutant individuals, but with a decreased expression level. However, PxVg transcripts were not significantly affected by the PxVgR knockout. Knockout of PxVgR resulted in shorter ovarioles of newly emerged females. No significant difference was detected between wild and mutant individuals in terms of the number of eggs laid in the first 3 days after mating. The loss of PxVgR gene resulted in smaller and whiter eggs and lower egg hatching rate. This study represents the first report on the functions of VgR in Vg transport, ovary development, oviposition, and embryonic development of P. xylostella using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This study lays the foundation for understanding molecular mechanisms of P. xylostella reproduction, and for making use of VgR as a potential genetic-based molecular target for better control of the P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming-Min Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Dong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Li-Na Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Long Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shi-Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min-Sheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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7
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Hungund SP, Pradeep ANR, Makwana P, Sagar C, Mishra RK. Cellular defence and innate immunity in the larval ovarian disc and differentiated ovariole of the silkworm Bombyx moriinduced by microsporidian infection. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2019.1669727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pooja Makwana
- Proteomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, CSB-Kodathi Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Sagar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore- 560029, India
| | - Rakesh K. Mishra
- Proteomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, CSB-Kodathi Campus, Bangalore, India
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8
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Evidence for a transcellular route for vitellogenin transport in the telotrophic ovary of Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:16441. [PMID: 31712640 PMCID: PMC6848487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitellogenin is the main yolk precursor protein in insect oocytes. It is synthesized in the fat body and released into the hemolymph. To reach the oocyte surface, vitellogenin must cross a single layer of follicular epithelium cells. The transport of vitellogenin across the follicular epithelium has been suggested to occur through the enlarged intercellular spaces (patency) by a paracellular route or by endocytosis by follicular cells and release onto oocyte surface in a transcelluar route. In this study, we investigated whether vitellogenin transport in the meroistic telotrophic ovary of Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera) occurs via a paracellular or transcellular route. Light and transmission electron microscopies showed that short cell–cell contacts with well-developed occluding septate junctions were present in follicular cells with patency. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of vitellogenin receptors in the plasma membrane and of vitellogenin in the cytoplasm of follicular cells. Data suggest that cell–cell contacts serve as a barrier to large vitellogenin molecules and that this protein is transported via a transcellular route of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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9
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Xiang M, Sang D, Dong B, Hu H, Ji R, Wang H. Molecular Features and Expression Patterns of Vitellogenin Receptor in Calliptamus italicus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5669931. [PMID: 31812980 PMCID: PMC6899333 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) mediates the intake of vitellin via oocytes, thus exerting an important role in vitellogenesis. In this study, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid-amplification of cDNA ends techniques were adopted to clone the CiVgR gene, namely the VgR gene of Calliptamus italicus, i.e., Orthopteran. The full length of CiVgR was 5,589 bp, and the open reading frame was estimated to be 5,265 bp, which encoded 1,754 amino acids (aa). Sequence alignment analysis showed that CiVgR belonged to the superfamily of low-density lipoprotein receptor genes, which contained several conserved domains, including ligand-binding domains, epidermal growth factor precursor homology domains, transmembrane domains, and cytoplasmic domains. However, no O-linked sugar domain was identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CiVgR had the closest genetic relationship to Blattarias. RT-PCR showed that CiVgR was only specifically expressed in the ovarian tissue of females. quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction showed that the transcription of CiVgR already appeared in the fourth-instar nymph of C. italicus, which gradually increased after adult emergence, peaked at the previtellogenesis stage, and then started to decrease. The expression pattern of CiVgR was closely associated with vitellogenesis. The findings of this study further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the reproduction of C. italicus, and provide new ideas to control this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiang
- International Research Center for the Collaborative Containment of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Di Sang
- International Research Center for the Collaborative Containment of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bin Dong
- International Research Center for the Collaborative Containment of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hongxia Hu
- International Research Center for the Collaborative Containment of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Rong Ji
- International Research Center for the Collaborative Containment of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
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Wang YF, Chen XD, Wang G, Li QY, Liang XY, Sima YH, Xu SQ. Influence of hyperproteinemia on reproductive development in an invertebrate model. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2170-2181. [PMID: 31592097 PMCID: PMC6775287 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.33310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperproteinemia is a severe metabolic disease characterized by abnormally elevated plasma protein concentrations (PPC). However, there is currently no reliable animal model for PPC, and the pathological mechanism of hyperproteinemia thus remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hyperproteinemia on reproductive development in an invertebrate silkworm model with a controllable PPC and no primary disease effects. High PPC inhibited the synthesis of vitellogenin and 30K protein essential for female ovarian development in the fat body of metabolic tissues, and inhibited their transport through the hemolymph to the ovary. High PPC also induced programmed cell death in testis and ovary cells, slowed the development of germ cells, and significantly reduced the reproductive coefficient. Furthermore, the intensities and mechanisms of high-PPC-induced reproductive toxicity differed between sexes in this silkworm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Feng Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue-Dong Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guang Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin-Yin Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Al Baki MA, Lee DW, Jung JK, Kim Y. Insulin signaling mediates previtellogenic development and enhances juvenile hormone-mediated vitellogenesis in a lepidopteran insect, Maruca vitrata. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:14. [PMID: 31277577 PMCID: PMC6610926 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Insulin/insulin-like growth peptide signaling (IIS) down-regulates hemolymph sugar level and facilitates larval growth in the soybean pod borer, Maruca vitrata. The objective of this study is to determine whether IIS of M. vitrata can mediate ovarian development of adult females. Results A pair of ovaries consists of 8 ovarioles, each of which is separated into distal germarium and proximal vitellarium in M. vitrata. In the germarium, oocyte development occurred with active mitotic activity which was visible by incorporating bromodeoxyribose uridine. Previtellogenic development and subsequent vitellogenesis began soon after adult emergence. They continued with increase of female age. Oocyte development was facilitated by up-regulation of vitellogenin (Vg) and Vg receptor (VgR) gene expression. Larval diets significantly influenced on ovarian development of M. vitrata because oocyte development varied with pupal size derived from larvae treated with different nutritional diets. Its ovarian development was dependent on endocrine signal(s) from the head because decapitation soon after adult emergence prevented oogenesis and subsequent vitellogenesis along with marked reduction of Vg and VgR expression. Topical application of juvenile hormone (JH) significantly recovered its ovarian development whereas farnesoic acid (a precursor of JH biosynthesis) or 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment did not. JH stimulated vitellogenesis and choriogenesis, but not previtellogenic development. In contrast, insulin injection to decapitated females stimulated oocyte differentiation and vitellogenesis along with increase of Vg and VgR expression. To further analyze the effect of insulin on ovarian development, expression of four IIS components (InR, FOXO, Akt, and TOR) genes was manipulated by RNA interference. Hemocoelic injection of gene-specific double stranded RNAs significantly reduced their target gene mRNA levels and interfered with ovarian development. An addition of insulin to JH treatment against decapitated females enhanced the gonadotropic effect of JH by stimulating oogenesis. Conclusions IIS plays crucial role in mediating previtellogenic development of M. vitrata in response to nutrient signal. It also enhances the gonadotropic effect of JH II on vitellogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-019-0194-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdullah Al Baki
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Dae-Weon Lee
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Korea
| | - Jin Kyo Jung
- Division of Crop Cultivation and Environment Research, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16429, Korea.
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea.
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Silkworm storage protein Bm30K-19G1 has a certain antifungal effects on Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 163:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ma L, Zhang W, Liu C, Chen L, Xu Y, Xiao H, Liang G. Methoprene-Tolerant (Met) Is Indispensable for Larval Metamorphosis and Female Reproduction in the Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1601. [PMID: 30498452 PMCID: PMC6249418 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) represses larval metamorphosis and induces adult reproduction in insects. Methoprene-tolerant (Met) is identified as an intranuclear receptor that mediates JH actions. In the present study, we characterized a Met from the severe agricultural pest, Helicoverpa armigera, namely HaMet. In the larval stage, HaMet is predominantly expressed in the epidermis and midgut, and is upregulated before each molting, whereas in adults HaMet is maximally expressed in the ovary, testis, and fat body. The immunofluorescence assay revealed that HaMet was distributed in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of midgut in larvae, whereas in the ovary of female adults, HaMet was localized in the nucleus of the oolemma. Knockdown of HaMet in final-instar larvae shortened the time of pupation, induced abnormal pupation, and dampened pupation rate. In female adults, HaMet depletion severely suppressed the transcription of Vitellogenin (Vg) and Vitellogenin Receptor (VgR), disrupted the Vg accumulation in fat body and the yolk protein uptake in oocytes, and finally led to an impaired fecundity. Our findings therefore confirmed that HaMet acted as a nuclear receptor of JH and played an essential role in larval metamorphosis, vitellogenesis, and oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wanna Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Dohanik VT, Gonçalves WG, Oliveira LL, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. Vitellogenin transcytosis in follicular cells of the honeybee Apis mellifera and the wasp Polistes simillimus. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1703-1712. [PMID: 29756169 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) is a low-density lipoprotein receptor responsible for the mediated endocytosis of vitellogenin (Vg) during egg formation in insects. The maturing oocyte is enveloped by a follicular epithelium, which has large intercellular spaces during Vg accumulation (patency). However, Vg has been reported in the cytoplasm of follicular cells, indicating that there may be a transcellular route for its transport. This study verified the presence of VgR in the follicular cells of the ovaries of the honeybee Apis mellifera and the wasp Polistes simillimus in order to evaluate if Vg is transported via transcytosis in these insects. Antibodies specific for vitellogenin receptor (anti-VgR), vitellogenin (anti-Vg), and clathrin (anti-Clt) were used for immunolocalization. The results showed the presence of VgR on the apical and basal plasma membranes of follicular cells of the vitellogenic follicles in both species, indicating that VgR may have been transported from the basal to the apical cell domain, followed by its release into the perivitelline space, evidenced by the presence of apical plasma membrane projections containing VgR. Co-localization proved that Vg bind to VgR and that the transport of this protein is mediated by clathrin. These data suggest that, in these social insects, Vg is transported via clathrin-mediated VgR transcytosis in follicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Teles Dohanik
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Wagner Gonzaga Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Licursi Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
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Seixas A, Alzugaray MF, Tirloni L, Parizi LF, Pinto AFM, Githaka NW, Konnai S, Ohashi K, Yates Iii JR, Termignoni C, da Silva Vaz I. Expression profile of Rhipicephalus microplus vitellogenin receptor during oogenesis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 9:72-81. [PMID: 29054547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vitellogenin receptor (VgR), which belongs to the low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) family, regulates the absorption of yolk protein accumulated in developing oocytes during oogenesis. In the present study, the full sequence of Rhipicephalus microplus VgR (RmVgR) and the partial sequence of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus VgR (RaVgR) ORF were determined and cloned. The RmVgR amino acid sequence contains the five highly conserved structural motifs characteristic of LDLR superfamily members, the same overall structure as observed in other species. Phylogenetic analysis separated VgRs in two major groups, corresponding to receptors from acarines and insects. Consistent with observations from other arthropods, RmVgR was specifically expressed in the ovarian tissue and its peak of expression occurs in females that are detaching from the host. Silencing with RmVgR dsRNA reduced VgR expression, which resulted in reduced fertility, evidenced by a decrease in the number of larvae. The present study confirms RmVgR is a specific receptor involved in yolk protein uptake and oocyte maturation in R. microplus, playing an important role in tick reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Seixas
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - María Fernanda Alzugaray
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Campus do Vale, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Republica, Alberto Lasplaces 1550 a 1620, Montevideo, Código Postal 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Campus do Vale, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Luis Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Campus do Vale, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Frederico Michel Pinto
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 90037 USA; Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Naftaly Wang'ombe Githaka
- Tick Unit, Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-0818, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-0818, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - John R Yates Iii
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 90037 USA.
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Campus do Vale, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Campus do Vale, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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