1
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Suthar S, Mondal KC. Unveiling the Anomaly of Reduction of Carborane-bis-silylene-Stabilised Silylone/Germylone Leading to Unusual Oxidation of Si 0 /Ge 0 to Si I /Ge I with EDA-NOCV Analyses. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303355. [PMID: 38014513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have successfully isolated Si0 /Ge0 species, termed silylone and germylone, with two lone pairs of electrons on them. These elusive compounds have been stabilised in singlet ground states by using different donor base ligands. Driess et al. in particular have made strides in this area, isolating carborane-bis-silylene-stabilised silylone/germylone and their N+ /Pb analogues. Carborane (C2 B10 H10 ) plays a pivotal role as a redox-active ligand, converting from closo-carborane to nido-carborane with the addition of two electrons. Notably, anomalous oxidation of Si0 /Ge0 centres in carborane-bis-silylene-stabilised species to SiI /GeI has been reported, resulting in the formation of dimeric SiI -SiI /GeI -GeI di-cationic units. The energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) study focuses on the carborane-bis-silylene ligand in the free state, and its three other species, including silylone/germylone species. Interestingly, it reveals that the carborane unit in an anionic doublet state tends to form one electron-sharing bond and one dative bond with the counter fragment in its cationic doublet state. This helps us to rationalise why the carborane unit undergoes intramolecular electronic rearrangements leading to the formation of a di-anionic carborane unit with a significantly elongated C-C bond (2.38-2.68 Å) and undergoes unusual oxidation of Si0 /Ge0 to SiI /GeI .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Suthar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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2
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Muhasina PV, Parameswaran P. σ versus π-radical: Tuning the electronic nature of neutral carbon (I) compounds with three non-bonding electrons. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:422-431. [PMID: 35802539 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bonding and reactivity of the hypo-coordinated compounds with one, two, and four non-bonding electrons namely, carbon-centered free radical, carbenes, and carbones were well earlier established. Here, we report stability, bonding and reactivity of compounds RCL, where R is one-electron donor group (R = CH3 (a), CHO (b), and NO2 (c)) and L is two-electron donor ligand (L = cAAC (1), CO (2), NHC (3) and PMe3 (4)), having three non-bonding electrons. The ground states of molecules exist in a doublet with a lone pair of electrons and an unpaired electron at the central carbon atom (C1). The spin hops over from π- to σ-type orbitals is observed as the π-acceptor strength of the donor ligand increases. The replacement of the methyl group by CHO and NO2 indicate that the cAAC and CHO substituted compounds gives a σ-radical except in compound 2c. These molecules show very high proton affinity and exothermic reaction energy for the hydrogen atom addition indicating dual reactivity namely, radical and lone pair reactivity.
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3
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Dolai R, Kumar R, Elvers BJ, Pal PK, Joseph B, Sikari R, Nayak MK, Maiti A, Singh T, Chrysochos N, Jayaraman A, Krummenacher I, Mondal J, Priyakumar UD, Braunschweig H, Yildiz CB, Schulzke C, Jana A. Carbodicarbenes and Striking Redox Transitions of their Conjugate Acids: Influence of NHC versus CAAC as Donor Substituents. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202888. [PMID: 36129127 PMCID: PMC10100033 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a new type of carbodicarbene (CDC) comprising two different classes of carbenes is reported; NHC and CAAC as donor substituents and compare the molecular structure and coordination to Au(I)Cl to those of NHC-only and CAAC-only analogues. The conjugate acids of these three CDCs exhibit notable redox properties. Their reactions with [NO][SbF6 ] were investigated. The reduction of the conjugate acid of CAAC-only based CDC with KC8 results in the formation of hydrogen abstracted/eliminated products, which proceed through a neutral radical intermediate, detected by EPR spectroscopy. In contrast, the reduction of conjugate acids of NHC-only and NHC/CAAC based CDCs led to intermolecular reductive (reversible) carbon-carbon sigma bond formation. The resulting relatively elongated carbon-carbon sigma bonds were found to be readily oxidized. They were, thus, demonstrated to be potent reducing agents, underlining their potential utility as organic electron donors and n-dopants in organic semiconductor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramapada Dolai
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Benedict J. Elvers
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pal
- International Institute of Information Technology GachibowliHyderabad500032India
| | - Benson Joseph
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Rina Sikari
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Avijit Maiti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Tejender Singh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Arumugam Jayaraman
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jagannath Mondal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - U. Deva Priyakumar
- International Institute of Information Technology GachibowliHyderabad500032India
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal PlantsAksaray UniversityAksaray68100Turkey
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
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Gendy C, Mikko Rautiainen J, Mailman A, Tuononen HM. Low-Valent Germanylidene Anions: Efficient Single-Site Nucleophiles for Activation of Small Molecules. Chemistry 2021; 27:14405-14409. [PMID: 34403540 PMCID: PMC8596740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rare mononuclear and helical chain low-valent germanylidene anions supported by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene and hypermetallyl ligands were synthesised by stepwise reduction from corresponding germylene precursors via stable and isolable germanium radicals. The electronic structures of the anions can be described with ylidene and ylidone resonance forms with the Ge-C π-electrons capable of binding even weak electrophiles. The germanylidene anions reacted with CO2 to give μ-CO2 -κC:κO complexes, a rare coordination mode for low-valent germanium and inaccessible for the related neutral germylones. These results implicate low-valent germanylidene anions as efficient single-site nucleophiles for activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gendy
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
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5
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Gorantla SMNVT, Parameswaran P, Mondal KC. Stabilization of group 14 elements E = C, Si, Ge by hetero-bileptic ligands cAAC, MCO n with push-pull mechanism. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1159-1177. [PMID: 33856693 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The stability and bonding of a series of hetero-diatomic molecules with general formula (cAAC)EM(CO)n , where cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene; E = group 14 elements (C, Si, and Ge); M = transition metal (Ni, Fe, and Cr) have been studied by quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) and energy decomposition analysis-natural orbital chemical valence (EDA-NOCV). The equilibrium geometries were calculated at the BP86/def2-TZVPP level of theory. The tri-coordinated group 14 complex (1a, 4a, and 7a) in which one of the CO groups is migrated to the central group 14 element from adjacent metal is theoretically found to be more stable when the central atom (E) is carbon. On the other hand, the two-coordinate group 14 element containing metal-complexes (2, 5, 8, 3, 6, and 9) are found to be more stable with their corresponding heavier analogues. The electronic structures of all the molecules have been analyzed by molecular orbital, topological analysis of electron density and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis at the M06/def2-TZVPP//BP86/def2-TZVPP level of theory. The nature of the cAACE and EM bonds has been studied by EDA-NOCV calculations at BP86-D3(BJ)/TZ2P level of theory. The EDA analysis suggests that the bonding of cAACC(CO) can be best represented by electron sharing σ and π interactions, whereas, C(CO)M(CO)n-1 by dative σ and π interactions. On the other hand, EDA-NOCV calculations suggests both dative σ and π interactions for cAACE and EM(CO)n bonds of the corresponding Si and Ge analogues having stronger σ- and relatively weaker π-bonds. The topological analysis of electron density supports the closed-shell interaction for the Si and Ge complexes and open-shell interaction for the carbon complexes. The calculated proton affinity and hydride affinity values corroborated well with the present bonding description. This class of complexes might act as efficient future catalysts for different organic transformations due to the presence of electron rich group 14 element and metal carbonyl.
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6
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Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Mondal KC, Frenking G. Revisiting the Bonding Scenario of Two Donor Ligand Stabilized C 2 Species. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:291-301. [PMID: 33369414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using density functional methods were performed for complexes of type L2C2 with L = NHCMe (1), SNHCMe (2) (S = saturated), cAACMe (3), and diamidocarbene (DACMe) (4). The equilibrium structures of 1-4 possess almost linear C4 cores. A high thermochemical stability of the complexes with respect to dissociation, L2C2 → C2 + 2L, is indicated by the large bond dissociation energy following the order 3 > 4 > 2 > 1. The results show that the use of SNHCMe and DACMe as ligands is preferable over NHCMe. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods reveals that (cAACMe)2C2 and (DACMe)2C2 possess genuine cumulene C4 moieties, which results from the electron-sharing bonding between quintet L2 and quintet C2 fragments. In contrast, the bonding in (NHCMe)2C2 and (SNHCMe)2C2 comes from a combination of dative and electron-sharing interactions between doublet L2+ and doublet C2- fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Manoj N V T Gorantla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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7
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Gorantla SMNVT, Pan S, Mondal KC, Frenking G. Stabilization of Linear C 3 by Two Donor Ligands: A Theoretical Study of L-C 3 -L (L=PPh 3 , NHC Me , cAAC Me )*. Chemistry 2020; 26:14211-14220. [PMID: 32743817 PMCID: PMC7702110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical studies using density functional theory and ab initio methods have been carried out for the molecules L-C3 -L with L=PPh3 (1), NHCMe (2, NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene), and cAACMe (3, cAAC=cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene). The calculations predict that 1 and 2 have equilibrium geometries where the ligands are bonded with rather acute bonding angles at the linear C3 moiety. The phosphine adduct 1 has a synclinal (gauche) conformation whereas 2 exhibits a trans conformation of the ligands. In contrast, the compound 3 possesses a nearly linear arrangement of the carbene ligands at the C3 fragment. The bond dissociation energies of the ligands have the order 1<2<3. The bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods suggests that 3 is best described as a cumulene with electron-sharing double bonds between neutral fragments (cAACMe )2 and C3 in the respective electronic quintet state yielding (cAACMe )=C3 =(cAACMe ). In contrast, 1 and 2 possess electron-sharing and dative bonds between positively charged ligands [(PPh3 )2 ]+ or [(NHCMe )2 ]+ and negatively charged [C3 ]- fragments in the respective doublet state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
| | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816P. R. China
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8
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Loan HP, Bui TQ, My TTA, Hai NTT, Quang DT, Tat PV, Hiep DT, Trung NT, Quy PT, Nhung NTA. In-Depth Investigation of a Donor-Acceptor Interaction on the Heavy-Group-14@Group-13-Diyls in Transition-Metal Tetrylone Complexes: Structure, Bonding, and Property. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21271-21287. [PMID: 32875264 PMCID: PMC7450610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization for tetrylone complexes, which carry ylidone(0) ligands [(CO)5W-X (YCp*)2] (X = Ge, Sn, Pb; Y = B-Tl), has become an active theoretical research because of their promising application. Structure, bonding, and quantum properties of the transition-metal donor-acceptor complexes were theoretically investigated at the level of theory BP86 with several types of basis sets including SVP, TZVPP, and TZ2P+. The optimized structures reveal that all ligands X (YCp*)2 are strongly bonded in tilted modes to the metal fragment W(CO)5, and Cp* rings are mainly η5-bonded to atom X. DFT-based bonding analysis results in an implication that the stability of W-X bond strength primarily stems from the donation (CO)5W ← X(YCp*)2 formed by both σ- and π-bondings and the electrostatic interaction ΔE elstat. The W-X bond possesses a considerable polarizability toward atom X, and analysis on its hybridization is either sp2-characteristic or mainly p-characteristic. EDA-NOCV-based results further imply that the ligands XY perform as significant σ-donors but minor π-donors. The visual simulations of NOCV pairs and the deformation densities assemble a comprehensive summary on different components of the chemical bond via σ- and π-types in the complexes. This work contributes to the literature as an in-depth overview on predicted molecular structures and quantum parameters of the complexes [(CO)5W-X(YCp*)2] (X = Ge, Sn, Pb; Y = B-Tl), conducive to either further theoretical reference or extending experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh
Thi Phuong Loan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Q. Bui
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Ai My
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam
| | - Duong Tuan Quang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue
University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Tat
- Institute
of Development and Applied Economics, Hoa
Sen University, Ho Chi
Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Tan Hiep
- Office
of Academic Affairs, HCMC University of
Food Industry, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Trung
- Laboratory
of Computational Chemistry and Modeling, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon City 590000, Vietnam
| | - Phan Tu Quy
- Department
of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay
Nguyen University, Buon Ma
Thuot City 630000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam
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9
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Abstract
Allenes (carbodicarbenes) and [3]cumulenes are linear carbon chains that can be bent when the terminal group has a strong carbene nature. This bending can be quite pronounced in allenes but not in [3]cumulenes. In this study, how N-heterocyclic or cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (NHC and CAAC, respectively) terminal groups can modify the linear structure of [n]cumulenes has been analyzed. A low π acidity of the terminal carbene affects the linearity of [2n]cumulenes. Indeed, it has been found that the NHC [4]cumulene is extremely bent, contrary to classical [4]cumulenes. The predicted NHC [4]cumulene or tricarbodicarbene has two lone pairs and the π electrons are delocalized over the whole molecule. More significantly, DFT calculations have shown that this bent [4]cumulene is very stable, considerably more so than the corresponding [3]cumulene, which has been elusive to synthesize. Remarkably, calculations have shown that all the NHC [2n]cumulenes are more than 25 kcal mol-1 more stable than the [2n-1]cumulenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Enrique Barquera-Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, México, D.F., 04510, Mexico
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Welz E, Böhnke J, Dewhurst RD, Braunschweig H, Engels B. Unravelling the Dramatic Electrostructural Differences Between N-Heterocyclic Carbene- and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene-Stabilized Low-Valent Main Group Species. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12580-12591. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Welz
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Böhnke
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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12
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Loan HTP, Duc HV, Quang DT, Tat PV, Hiep DT, Nhung NTA. Theoretically predicted divalent silicon(0) compounds: Structures and chemical bonding of silylone in molybdenum pentacarbonyl complexes [Mo(CO)5-Si(XCp∗)2] (X = B–Tl). COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Purushothaman I, De S, Parameswaran P. Different Donor-Acceptor Interactions of Carbene Ligands in Heteroleptic Divalent Group 14 Compounds, LEL′ (E=C-Sn; L=N-Heterocyclic Carbene; L′=Cyclic Alkyl(Amino) Carbene). Chemistry 2018; 24:3816-3824. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Purushothaman
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O., Kozhikode 673 601 Kerala India
| | - Susmita De
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O., Kozhikode 673 601 Kerala India
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Cochin University of Science and Technology; Trikakkara Cochin 682022, Kerala India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Calicut; NIT Campus P.O., Kozhikode 673 601 Kerala India
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Zhao L, von Hopffgarten M, Andrada DM, Frenking G. Energy decomposition analysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | | | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Spain
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Morosaki T, Iijima R, Suzuki T, Wang WW, Nagase S, Fujii T. Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Reactivities of Two-Sulfur-Stabilized Carbones Exhibiting Four-Electron Donor Ability. Chemistry 2017; 23:8694-8702. [PMID: 28337803 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bis(sulfane)carbon(0) (BSC; Ph2 S→C←SPh2 (1)) is successfully synthesized by deprotonation of the corresponding protonated salt 1⋅HTfO. The diprotonated salt 1⋅(HTfO)2 as the starting material can be also easily accessed by the deimination of iminosulfane(sulfane)carbon(0) (iSSC)⋅HBF4 . Density functional theory calculations revealed the peculiar electronic structure of 1, which has two lone pairs of electrons at the central carbon atom. The largest proton affinities (PA(1): 297.5 kcal mol-1 ; PA(2): 183.7 kcal mol-1 ) and the highest energy levels of the HOMOs (HOMO: -4.89 eV; HOMO-1: -5.02 eV) for 1 among the two-sulfur-stabilized carbones clearly indicate the strong donor ability of carbon center stabilized by two SII ligands. The donating ability of these lone pairs of electrons is demonstrated by the C-diaurated and C-proton-aurated complexes, which provide the first experimental evidence for two-sulfurstabilized carbones behaving as four-electron donors. Furthermore, the syntheses and application of AgI carbone complexes as carbone transfer agents are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Morosaki
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Iijima
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Suzuki
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Fujii
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan
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Morosaki T, Fujii T. Recent Advances in Heteroatom-Stabilized Carbones and Their Metal Complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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