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Green JD, Fuemmeler EG, Hele TJH. Inverse molecular design from first principles: tailoring organic chromophore spectra for optoelectronic applications. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:180901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of molecules with tailored optoelectronic properties such as specific frequency and intensity of absorption or emission is a major challenge in creating next-generation organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and photovoltaics. This raises the question: how can we predict a potential chemical structure from these properties? Approaches that attempt to tackle this inverse design problem include virtual screening, active machine learning and genetic algorithms. However, these approaches rely on a molecular database or many electronic structure calculations, and significant computational savings could be achieved if there was prior knowledge of (i) whether the optoelectronic properties of a parent molecule could easily be improved and (ii) what morphing operations on a parent molecule could improve these properties. In this perspective we address both of these challenges from first principles. We firstly adapt the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule to organic chromophores and show how this indicates how easily the absorption and emission of a molecule can be improved. We then show how by combining electronic structure theory and intensity borrowing perturbation theory we can predict whether or not the proposed morphing operations will achieve the desired spectral alteration, and thereby derive widely-applicable design rules. We go on to provide proof-of-concept illustrations of this approach to optimizing the visible absorption of acenes and the emission of radical OLEDs. We believe this approach can be integrated into genetic algorithms by biasing morphing operations in favour of those which are likely to be successful, leading to faster molecular discovery and greener chemistry.
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Philippe C, Bui AT, Batsongo-Boulingui S, Pokladek Z, Matczyszyn K, Mongin O, Lemiègre L, Paul F, Hamlin TA, Trolez Y. 1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobutadiene-Functionalized Anthracenes: Regioselectivity of Cycloadditions in the Synthesis of Small Near-IR Dyes. Org Lett 2021; 23:2007-2012. [PMID: 33635667 PMCID: PMC8155560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two small 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene-functionalized chromophores were obtained by careful leverage of the regioselectivity of the cycloaddition reaction of tetracyanoethylene with anthracene-ynamide derivatives, inducing either a [2 + 2] or a [4 + 2] Diels-Alder process. DFT calculations unraveled the mechanism of the [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction sequence with ynamides and elucidated the differing mechanisms in the two substrates. The synthesized dyes presented panchromatic absorption extending into the near-IR and far-red/near-IR photoluminescence in the solid state up to 1550 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Philippe
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Anh Thy Bui
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Ziemowit Pokladek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olivier Mongin
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Loïc Lemiègre
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Paul
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Trolez
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Synthesis and electronic properties of a linearly fused anthracene dimer. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tykwinski RR. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Derivatives of Pentacene for Materials Applications. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2056-2069. [PMID: 31310504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pentacene shows unique electronic properties that have long been appreciated and exploited. Over the past 20 years, new synthetic schemes have been developed to address some of the problems encountered with pristine pentacene (e.g., stability and solubility), and pentacene derivatives have become a mainstay in the realm of organic semiconductors in applications such as organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics. At the onset of our work, the vast majority of known pentacene derivatives featured a symmetrical structure, often as the result of synthetic protocols that rely on nucleophilic additions to 6,13-pentacenequinone (PQ). The assembly of pentacenes featuring an unsymmetrical framework held great appeal, but the stepwise formation of derivatives, in which a specific function might be incorporated through each individual addition step, did not exist. This Account presents contributions from our lab and others to the synthesis and study of unsymmetrical pentacene derivatives. PQ offers an ideal platform for desymmetrization through the sequential addition of nucleophiles to each of the two ketone groups. Addition can be completed in a one-pot protocol, or through individual steps in which the product of the first addition is isolated and used as a precursor in the divergent synthesis of a series of structurally related molecules. This general approach has been used to assemble pentacene derivatives appended with alkynyl/aryl/alkyl groups, polarized frameworks via substitution with donor and/or acceptor groups, and conjugated oligomers linked by butadiynyl moieties. Stepwise substitution also provides derivatives with remarkable functionality, including pentacene-porphyrin dyads, pendent TEMPO free radicals, cyanoacrylic acid anchor groups (for incorporation into dye-sensitized solar cells), and derivatives with ambipolar behavior for OFET devices. The study of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) has emerged as one of the most fruitful applications of unsymmetrical pentacene derivatives. SF involves the spontaneous splitting of a photoexcited singlet state (S1) in one chromophore into a pair of triplets (T1) shared with a neighboring chromophore. Pentacene derivatives are particularly well suited for this since E(S1) ≥ 2E(T1) satisfies the thermodynamic requirements for SF, and they have the additional feature that two chromophores can be tethered together by a "spacer" that allows spectroscopic studies of iSF to be done in dilute solution. From a synthetic perspective, the major advantage of the dimeric structure is the ability to modify the spacer, which allows for control over the distance, geometric relationship, and electronic coupling between the two pentacene groups. Dimeric pentacenes are central to providing an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of SF, often providing advances not possible from measurements in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Michinobu T, Diederich F. The [2+2] Cycloaddition-Retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) Click Reaction: Facile Access to Molecular and Polymeric Push-Pull Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3552-3577. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 1 52-8552 Japan
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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Michinobu T, Diederich F. Die [2+2]-Cycloadditions-Retroelektrocyclisierungs(CA-RE)-Klick-Reaktion: ein einfacher Zugang zu molekularen und polymeren Push-pull-Chromophoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH-Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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Sharma R, Maragani R, Misra R. C3-Symmetric star shaped donor–acceptor truxenes: synthesis and photophysical, electrochemical and computational studies. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03934d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the design and synthesis of C3-symmetric star shaped donor and acceptor substituted truxenes 6, 7, 10 and 11 using Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling and [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore
- India
| | - Ramesh Maragani
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore
- India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore
- India
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Marshall JL, Lehnherr D, Lindner BD, Tykwinski RR. Reductive Aromatization/Dearomatization and Elimination Reactions to Access Conjugated Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Heteroacenes, and Cumulenes. Chempluschem 2017; 82:967-1001. [PMID: 31961601 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acenes, heteroacenes, conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (collectively referred to in this review as conjugated polycyclic molecules, CPMs) have fascinated chemists since they were first isolated and synthesized in the mid 19th century. Most recently, these compounds have shown significant promise as the active components in organic devices (e.g., solar cells, thin-film transistors, light-emitting diodes, etc.), and, since 2001, a plethora of publications detail synthetic strategies to produce CPMs. In this review, we discuss reductive aromatization, reductive dearomatization, and elimination/extrusion reactions used to form CPMs. After a brief discussion on early methods to synthesize CPMs, we detail the use of reagents used for the reductive (de)aromatization of precursors containing 1,4-diols/diethers, including SnCl2 and iodide (I- ). Extension of these methods to carbomers and cumulenes is briefly discussed. We then describe low-valent metal species used to reduce endoxides to CPMs, and discuss the methods to directly reduce acenediones and acenones to the respective acene. In the final section, we describe methods used to affect aromatization to the desired CPM via extrusion of small, volatile molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Benjamin D Lindner
- Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICCM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.,Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICCM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Maragani R, Bijesh S, Sharma R, Misra R. C
s
-Symmetric Donor-Acceptor Bis(thiazole)s: Synthesis and Photophysical, Electrochemical, and Computational Studies. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Maragani
- IIT Indore; Dept. of Chemistry; Khandwa Road, 452017, Indore Madhya Pradesh 453552 India
| | - S. Bijesh
- IIT Indore; Dept. of Chemistry; Khandwa Road, 452017, Indore Madhya Pradesh 453552 India
| | - Rekha Sharma
- IIT Indore; Dept. of Chemistry; Khandwa Road, 452017, Indore Madhya Pradesh 453552 India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- IIT Indore; Dept. of Chemistry; Khandwa Road, 452017, Indore Madhya Pradesh 453552 India
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Kurata R, Ito A, Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Diarylamino- and Diarylboryl-Substituted Donor–Acceptor Pyrene Derivatives: Influence of Substitution Pattern on Their Photophysical Properties. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5111-5121. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kurata
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and ‡Department of
Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and ‡Department of
Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and ‡Department of
Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and ‡Department of
Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and ‡Department of
Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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