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Ruiz-Castilla FJ, Ruiz Pérez FS, Ramos-Moreno L, Ramos J. Candida albicans Potassium Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094884. [PMID: 35563275 PMCID: PMC9105532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium is basic for life. All living organisms require high amounts of intracellular potassium, which fulfils multiple functions. To reach efficient potassium homeostasis, eukaryotic cells have developed a complex and tightly regulated system of transporters present both in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of internal organelles that allow correct intracellular potassium content and distribution. We review the information available on the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. While some of the plasma membrane potassium transporters are relatively well known and experimental data about their nature, function or regulation have been published, in the case of most of the transporters present in intracellular membranes, their existence and even function have just been deduced because of their homology with those present in other yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, we analyse the possible links between pathogenicity and potassium homeostasis. We comment on the possibility of using some of these transporters as tentative targets in the search for new antifungal drugs.
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Pan YT, Li L, Yang JY, Li B, Zhang YZ, Wang P, Huang L. Involvement of Protein Kinase CgSat4 in Potassium Uptake, Cation Tolerance, and Full Virulence in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:773898. [PMID: 35463420 PMCID: PMC9021643 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.773898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a causal agent of anthracnose on crops and trees and causes enormous economic losses in the world. Protein kinases have been implicated in the regulation of growth and development, and responses to extracellular stimuli. However, the mechanism of the protein kinases regulating phytopathogenic fungal-specific processes is largely unclear. In the study, a serine/threonine CgSat4 was identified in C. gloeosporioides. The CgSat4 was localized in the cytoplasm. Targeted gene deletion showed that CgSat4 was essential for vegetative growth, sporulation, and full virulence. CgSat4 is involved in K+ uptake by regulating the localization and expression of the potassium transporter CgTrk1. CgSat4 is required for the cation stress resistance by altering the phosphorylation of CgHog1. Our study provides insights into potassium acquisition and the pathogenesis of C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Pan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Yun Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Hans S, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Mass spectrometry-based untargeted lipidomics reveals new compositional insights into membrane dynamics of Candida albicans under magnesium deprivation. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:978-993. [PMID: 34424599 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is growing appreciation in adopting new approaches to disrupt multidrug resistance in human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. The plasma membrane of C. albicans comprises potential lipid moieties that contribute towards the survival of pathogen and could be utilized as antifungal targets. Considering promising applications of developments in mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics technology, the aim of the study was to analyse lipidome profile and expose lipid-dependent changes in response to Mg deprivation. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were decreased. Increased flip (inward translocation) in the fluorophore labelled NBD-PC was ascribed to enhanced PC-specific flippase activity. Furthermore, a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) leading to altered membrane fluidity and loss of cellular material was prominent. Additionally, we observed decreased phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) leading to genotoxic stress. Besides, we could detect enhanced levels of phosphatidylserine (PS), diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerides (TAG). The altered gene expressions of lipid biosynthetic pathway by RT-PCR correlated with the lipidome profile. Lastly, we explored abrogated ionic (Na+ and K+ ) transport across the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS We propose that C. albicans exposed to Mg deprivation could reorganize plasma membrane (lipid species, membrane fluidity and ionic transport), and possibly redirected carbon flux to store energy in TAGs as an adaptive stress response. This work unravels several vulnerable targets governing lipid metabolism in C. albicans and pave way for better antifungal strategies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates that magnesium availability is important when one considers dissecting drug resistance mechanisms in Candida albicans. Through mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics technology, the study analyses lipidome profile and exposes lipid-dependent changes that are vulnerable to magnesium availability and presents an opportunity to employ this new information in improving treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
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Cation Transporters of Candida albicans-New Targets to Fight Candidiasis? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040584. [PMID: 33923411 PMCID: PMC8073359 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is the wide-spread fungal infection caused by numerous strains of yeast, with the prevalence of Candida albicans. The current treatment of candidiasis is becoming rather ineffective and costly owing to the emergence of resistant strains; hence, the exploration of new possible drug targets is necessary. The most promising route is the development of novel antibiotics targeting this pathogen. In this review, we summarize such candidates found in C. albicans and those involved in the transport of (metal) cations, as the latter are essential for numerous processes within the cell; hence, disruption of their fluxes can be fatal for C. albicans.
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Ruiz-Castilla FJ, Bieber J, Caro G, Michán C, Sychrova H, Ramos J. Regulation and activity of CaTrk1, CaAcu1 and CaHak1, the three plasma membrane potassium transporters in Candida albicans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183486. [PMID: 33069635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type cells of Candida albicans, the most common human fungal pathogen, are able to grow at very low micromolar concentrations of potassium in the external milieu. One of the reasons behind that behaviour is the existence of three different types of K+ transporters in their plasma membrane: Trk1, Acu1 and Hak1. This work shows that the transporters are very differently regulated at the transcriptional level upon exposure to saline stress, pH alterations or K+ starvation. We propose that different transporters take the lead in the diverse environmental conditions, Trk1 being the "house-keeping" one, and Acu1/Hak1 dominating upon K+ limiting conditions. Heterologous expression of the genes coding for the three transporters in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking its endogenous potassium transporters showed that all of them mediated cation transport but with very different efficiencies. Moreover, expression of the transporters in S. cerevisiae also affected other physiological characteristics such as sodium and lithium tolerance, membrane potential or intracellular pH, being, in general, CaTrk1 the most effective in keeping these parameters close to the usual wild-type physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Bieber
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Caro
- Department of Microbiology, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Michán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hana Sychrova
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - José Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Trk1, the sole potassium-specific transporter in Candida glabrata, contributes to the proper functioning of various cell processes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:124. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Elicharova H, Herynkova P, Zimmermannova O, Sychrova H. Potassium uptake systems of
Candida krusei. Yeast 2019; 36:439-448. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Elicharova
- Department of Membrane TransportInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Herynkova
- Department of Membrane TransportInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Olga Zimmermannova
- Department of Membrane TransportInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sychrova
- Department of Membrane TransportInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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Llopis-Torregrosa V, Vaz C, Monteoliva L, Ryman K, Engstrom Y, Gacser A, Gil C, Ljungdahl PO, Sychrová H. Trk1-mediated potassium uptake contributes to cell-surface properties and virulence of Candida glabrata. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7529. [PMID: 31101845 PMCID: PMC6525180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of high-affinity potassium uptake in Candida glabrata, the consequence of the deletion of the TRK1 gene encoding the sole potassium-specific transporter, has a pleiotropic effect. Here, we show that in addition to changes in basic physiological parameters (e.g., membrane potential and intracellular pH) and decreased tolerance to various cell stresses, the loss of high affinity potassium uptake also alters cell-surface properties, such as an increased hydrophobicity and adherence capacity. The loss of an efficient potassium uptake system results in diminished virulence as assessed by two insect host models, Drosophila melanogaster and Galleria mellonella, and experiments with macrophages. Macrophages kill trk1Δ cells more effectively than wild type cells. Consistently, macrophages accrue less damage when co-cultured with trk1Δ mutant cells compared to wild-type cells. We further show that low levels of potassium in the environment increase the adherence of C. glabrata cells to polystyrene and the propensity of C. glabrata cells to form biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Llopis-Torregrosa
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Catarina Vaz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Monteoliva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kicki Ryman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Engstrom
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Attila Gacser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" "Mycobiome" Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Concha Gil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Per O Ljungdahl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Plasma Membrane Potential of Candida albicans Measured by Di-4-ANEPPS Fluorescence Depends on Growth Phase and Regulatory Factors. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7040110. [PMID: 31022974 PMCID: PMC6518178 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of the plasma membrane (Δѱ) regulates the electrochemical potential between the outer and inner sides of cell membranes. The opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, regulates the membrane potential in response to environmental conditions, as well as the physiological state of the cell. Here we demonstrate a new method for detection of cell membrane depolarization/permeabilization in C. albicans using the potentiometric zwitterionic dye di-4-ANEPPS. Di-4-ANEPPS measures the changes in the cell Δѱ depending on the phases of growth and external factors regulating Δѱ, such as potassium or calcium chlorides, amiodarone or DM-11 (inhibitor of H+-ATPase). We also demonstrated that di-4-ANEPPS is a good tool for fast measurement of the influence of amphipathic compounds on Δѱ.
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Abstract
Patients with suppressed immunity are at the highest risk for hospital-acquired infections. Among these, invasive candidiasis is the most prevalent systemic fungal nosocomial infection. Over recent decades, the combined prevalence of non-albicans Candida species outranked Candida albicans infections in several geographical regions worldwide, highlighting the need to understand their pathobiology in order to develop effective treatment and to prevent future outbreaks. Candida parapsilosis is the second or third most frequently isolated Candida species from patients. Besides being highly prevalent, its biology differs markedly from that of C. albicans, which may be associated with C. parapsilosis' increased incidence. Differences in virulence, regulatory and antifungal drug resistance mechanisms, and the patient groups at risk indicate that conclusions drawn from C. albicans pathobiology cannot be simply extrapolated to C. parapsilosis Such species-specific characteristics may also influence their recognition and elimination by the host and the efficacy of antifungal drugs. Due to the availability of high-throughput, state-of-the-art experimental tools and molecular genetic methods adapted to C. parapsilosis, genome and transcriptome studies are now available that greatly contribute to our understanding of what makes this species a threat. In this review, we summarize 10 years of findings on C. parapsilosis pathogenesis, including the species' genetic properties, transcriptome studies, host responses, and molecular mechanisms of virulence. Antifungal susceptibility studies and clinician perspectives are discussed. We also present regional incidence reports in order to provide an updated worldwide epidemiology summary.
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Camenzind T, Lehmberg J, Weimershaus P, Álvarez-Garrido L, Andrade Linares DR, Súarez JP, Rillig MC. Do fungi need salt licks? No evidence for fungal contribution to the Sodium Ecosystem Respiration Hypothesis based on lab and field experiments in Southern Ecuador. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Felcmanova K, Neveceralova P, Sychrova H, Zimmermannova O. Yeast Kch1 and Kch2 membrane proteins play a pleiotropic role in membrane potential establishment and monovalent cation homeostasis regulation. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:3966712. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Elicharová H, Hušeková B, Sychrová H. ThreeCandida albicanspotassium uptake systems differ in their ability to provideSaccharomyces cerevisiae trk1trk2mutants with necessary potassium. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow039. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Potassium Uptake Mediated by Trk1 Is Crucial for Candida glabrata Growth and Fitness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153374. [PMID: 27058598 PMCID: PMC4825953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of potassium homeostasis is crucial for all types of cells, including Candida glabrata. Three types of plasma-membrane systems mediating potassium influx with different transport mechanisms have been described in yeasts: the Trk1 uniporter, the Hak cation-proton symporter and the Acu ATPase. The C. glabrata genome contains only one gene encoding putative system for potassium uptake, the Trk1 uniporter. Therefore, its importance in maintaining adequate levels of intracellular potassium appears to be critical for C. glabrata cells. In this study, we first confirmed the potassium-uptake activity of the identified gene’s product by heterologous expression in a suitable S. cerevisiae mutant, further we generated a corresponding deletion mutant in C. glabrata and analysed its phenotype in detail. The obtained results show a pleiotropic effect on the cell physiology when CgTRK1 is deleted, affecting not only the ability of trk1Δ to grow at low potassium concentrations, but also the tolerance to toxic alkali-metal cations and cationic drugs, as well as the membrane potential and intracellular pH. Taken together, our results find the sole potassium uptake system in C. glabrata cells to be a promising target in the search for its specific inhibitors and in developing new antifungal drugs.
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