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de Oliveira TC, Freyria NJ, Sarmiento-Villamil JL, Porth I, Tanguay P, Bernier L. Unraveling the transcriptional features and gene expression networks of pathogenic and saprotrophic Ophiostoma species during the infection of Ulmus americana. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0369423. [PMID: 38230934 PMCID: PMC10845970 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03694-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
American elm (Ulmus americana), highly prized for its ornamental value, has suffered two successive outbreaks of Dutch elm disease (DED) caused by ascomycete fungi belonging to the genus Ophiostoma. To identify the genes linked to the pathogenicity of different species and lineages of Ophiostoma, we inoculated 2-year-old U. americana saplings with six strains representing three species of DED fungi, and one strain of the saprotroph Ophiostoma quercus. Differential expression analyses were performed following RNA sequencing of fungal transcripts recovered at 3- and 10-days post-infection. Based on a total of 8,640 Ophiostoma genes, we observed a difference in fungal gene expression depending on the strain inoculated and the time of incubation in host tissue. Some genes overexpressed in the more virulent strains of Ophiostoma encode hydrolases that possibly act synergistically. A mutant of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in which the gene encoding the ogf1 transcription factor had been deleted did not produce transcripts for the gene encoding the hydrophobin cerato-ulmin and was less virulent. Weighted gene correlation network analyses identified several candidate pathogenicity genes distributed among 13 modules of interconnected genes.IMPORTANCEOphiostoma is a genus of cosmopolitan fungi that belongs to the family Ophiostomataceae and includes the pathogens responsible for two devastating pandemics of Dutch elm disease (DED). As the mechanisms of action of DED agents remain unclear, we carried out the first comparative transcriptomic study including representative strains of the three Ophiostoma species causing DED, along with the phylogenetically close saprotrophic species Ophiostoma quercus. Statistical analyses of the fungal transcriptomes recovered at 3 and 10 days following infection of Ulmus americana saplings highlighted several candidate genes associated with virulence and host-pathogen interactions wherein each strain showed a distinct transcriptome. The results of this research underscore the importance of investigating the transcriptional behavior of different fungal taxa to understand their pathogenicity and virulence in relation to the timeline of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais C. de Oliveira
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la Forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nastasia J. Freyria
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, St. Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jorge Luis Sarmiento-Villamil
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la Forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ilga Porth
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la Forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Tanguay
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Bernier
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la Forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Zhu H, Liu D, Zheng L, Chen L, Ma A. Characterization of a G protein α subunit encoded gene from the dimorphic fungus-Tremella fuciformis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1949-1960. [PMID: 34510304 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tremella fuciformis is a dimorphic fungus which can undertake the reversible transition between yeast and pseudohypha forms. G protein α subunit (Gα) carries different signals to regulate a variety of biological processes in eukaryotes, including fungal dimorphism. In this study, a novel Gα subunit encoded gene, TrGpa1, was firstly cloned from T. fuciformis. The TrGpa1 open reading frame has 1059 nucleotides, and encodes a protein which belongs to the group I of Gαi superfamily. Furthermore, the role of TrGpa1 in the T. fuciformis dimorphism was analysed by gene overexpression and knockdown. Stable integration of the target gene into the genome was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. Transformants with the highest and lowest TrGpa1 expression levels were selected via quantitative real-time PCR analysis and Western blot. Each transformant was compared with the wild-type strain about the morphological change under different environmental factors, including pH values, temperature, cultivation time, inoculum size, and quorum-sensing molecules (farnesol and tyrosol). Comparing with the wild-type strain, the overexpression transformant always had higher ratios of pseudohyphae, while the knockdown transformant had less proportions of pseudohyphae. Therefore, the TrGpa1 is involved in the dimorphism of T. fuciformis and plays a positive role in promoting pseudohyphal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhu
- College of Life Science and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421000, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liesheng Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liguo Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is one of the most studied cell-cell communication mechanisms in fungi. Research in the last 20 years has explored various fungal QS systems that are involved in a wide range of biological processes, especially eukaryote- or fungus-specific behaviors, mirroring the significant contribution of QS regulation to fungal biology and evolution. Based on recent progress, we summarize in this review fungal QS regulation, with an emphasis on its functional role in behaviors unique to fungi or eukaryotes. We suggest that using fungi as genetically amenable eukaryotic model systems to address why and how QS regulation is integrated into eukaryotic reproductive strategies and molecular or cellular processes could be an important direction for QS research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Weixin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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Dort EN, Tanguay P, Hamelin RC. CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing: An Unexplored Frontier for Forest Pathology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1126. [PMID: 32793272 PMCID: PMC7387688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has taken the scientific community by storm since its development in 2012. First discovered in 1987, CRISPR/Cas systems act as an adaptive immune response in archaea and bacteria that defends against invading bacteriophages and plasmids. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology modifies this immune response to function in eukaryotic cells as a highly specific, RNA-guided complex that can edit almost any genetic target. This technology has applications in all biological fields, including plant pathology. However, examples of its use in forest pathology are essentially nonexistent. The aim of this review is to give researchers a deeper understanding of the native CRISPR/Cas systems and how they were adapted into the CRISPR/Cas9 technology used today in plant pathology-this information is crucial for researchers aiming to use this technology in the pathosystems they study. We review the current applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant pathology and propose future directions for research in forest pathosystems where this technology is currently underutilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N. Dort
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philippe Tanguay
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département des Sciences du bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie et Géographie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Liu G, Cao L, Qiu X, Han R. Quorum Sensing Activity and Hyphal Growth by External Stimuli in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040205. [PMID: 32225083 PMCID: PMC7240566 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis is one of the best known and most precious medicines and health food in China. The blastospores-hyphae (dimorphism) transition of this fungus in host hemolymph is critical for the virulence and the mummification of host larvae. To regulate this transition, the effects of inoculum density and fifteen chemicals including fungal nutrients, fungal metabolites, quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs) and insect hormones on the dimorphism in O. sinensis were investigated in vitro. The blastospores tended to exhibit budding growth when inoculated at 107 blastospores per mL, and hyphal growth at concentrations lower than 106 blastospores per mL. At 105 blastospores per mL, the percentage of hyphal formation decreased with the addition of filtered spent medium containing 107 blastospores per mL, indicating the quorum-sensing effect. Blastospores-hyphae transition in this fungus by fifteen chemicals was varied from no response to dimorphic reversion. The addition of N-acetylglucosamine at three concentrations significantly stimulated hyphal formation while inhibiting budding growth. For the first time, insect hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone was found to be involved in the hyphal formation in fungi. These results open new possibilities to regulate the dimorphism, which would be beneficial for the cultivation of the Chinese cordyceps.
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Francisco CS, Ma X, Zwyssig MM, McDonald BA, Palma-Guerrero J. Morphological changes in response to environmental stresses in the fungal plant pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9642. [PMID: 31270361 PMCID: PMC6610121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During their life cycles, pathogens have to adapt to many biotic and abiotic environmental stresses to maximize their overall fitness. Morphological transitions are one of the least understood of the many strategies employed by fungal plant pathogens to adapt to constantly changing environments, even though different morphotypes may play important biological roles. Here, we first show that blastospores (the "yeast-like" form of the pathogen typically known only under laboratory conditions) can form from germinated pycnidiospores (asexual spores) on the surface of wheat leaves, suggesting that this morphotype can play an important role in the natural history of Z. tritici. Next, we characterized the morphological responses of this fungus to a series of environmental stresses to understand the effects of changing environments on fungal morphology and adaptation. All tested stresses induced morphological changes, but different responses were found among four strains. We discovered that Z. tritici forms chlamydospores and demonstrated that these structures are better able to survive extreme cold, heat and drought than other cell types. Finally, a transcriptomic analysis showed that morphogenesis and the expression of virulence factors are co-regulated in this pathogen. Our findings illustrate how changing environmental conditions can affect cellular morphology and lead to the formation of new morphotypes, with each morphotype having a potential impact on both pathogen survival and disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Ma
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Manuela Zwyssig
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Palma-Guerrero
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Barriuso J, Hogan DA, Keshavarz T, Martínez MJ. Role of quorum sensing and chemical communication in fungal biotechnology and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:627-638. [PMID: 29788231 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cells do not live in isolation in their environment, but rather they communicate with each other using chemical signals. This sophisticated mode of cell-to-cell signalling, known as quorum sensing, was first discovered in bacteria, and coordinates the behaviour of microbial population behaviour in a cell-density-dependent manner. More recently, these mechanisms have been described in eukaryotes, particularly in fungi, where they regulate processes such as pathogenesis, morphological differentiation, secondary metabolite production and biofilm formation. In this manuscript, we review the information available to date on these processes in yeast, dimorphic fungi and filamentous fungi. We analyse the diverse chemical 'languages' used by different groups of fungi, their possible cross-talk and interkingdom interactions with other organisms. We discuss the existence of these mechanisms in multicellular organisms, the ecophysiological role of QS in fungal colonisation and the potential applications of these mechanisms in biotechnology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barriuso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tajalli Keshavarz
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sbaraini N, Andreis FC, Thompson CE, Guedes RLM, Junges Â, Campos T, Staats CC, Vainstein MH, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos AT, Schrank A. Genome-Wide Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters in O phiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Reveals a Fujikurin-Like Gene Cluster with a Putative Role in Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1063. [PMID: 28659888 PMCID: PMC5468452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new microbial pathogens can result in destructive outbreaks, since their hosts have limited resistance and pathogens may be excessively aggressive. Described as the major ecological incident of the twentieth century, Dutch elm disease, caused by ascomycete fungi from the Ophiostoma genus, has caused a significant decline in elm tree populations (Ulmus sp.) in North America and Europe. Genome sequencing of the two main causative agents of Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi), along with closely related species with different lifestyles, allows for unique comparisons to be made to identify how pathogens and virulence determinants have emerged. Among several established virulence determinants, secondary metabolites (SMs) have been suggested to play significant roles during phytopathogen infection. Interestingly, the secondary metabolism of Dutch elm pathogens remains almost unexplored, and little is known about how SM biosynthetic genes are organized in these species. To better understand the metabolic potential of O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, we performed a deep survey and description of SM biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in these species and assessed their conservation among eight species from the Ophiostomataceae family. Among 19 identified BGCs, a fujikurin-like gene cluster (OpPKS8) was unique to Dutch elm pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that orthologs for this gene cluster are widespread among phytopathogens and plant-associated fungi, suggesting that OpPKS8 may have been horizontally acquired by the Ophiostoma genus. Moreover, the detailed identification of several BGCs paves the way for future in-depth research and supports the potential impact of secondary metabolism on Ophiostoma genus’ lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Sbaraini
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fábio C Andreis
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claudia E Thompson
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação CientíficaPetrópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael L M Guedes
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação CientíficaPetrópolis, Brazil
| | - Ângela Junges
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thais Campos
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charley C Staats
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana T Ribeiro de Vasconcelos
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação CientíficaPetrópolis, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Rede Avançada em Biologia ComputacionalPetrópolis, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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Nigg M, Bernier L. From yeast to hypha: defining transcriptomic signatures of the morphological switch in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:920. [PMID: 27846799 PMCID: PMC5111228 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yeast-to-hypha transition is a major morphological change in fungi. Molecular regulators and pathways that are involved in this process have been extensively studied in model species, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Mitogen-Actived Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade, for example, is known to be involved in the yeast-to-pseudohypha switch. Yet the conservation of mechanisms regulating such morphological changes in non-model fungi is still poorly understood. Here, we investigate cell remodeling and transcriptomic modifications that occur during this morphological switch in the highly aggressive ascomycete fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. Results Using a combination of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that the morphological switch occurs in less than 27 h, with phenotypic cell modifications being detected within the first 4 h. Using RNAseq, we found that over 22% of the genome of O. novo-ulmi is differentially expressed during the transition. By performing clustering analyses of time series gene expression data, we identified several sets of genes that are differentially expressed according to distinct and representative temporal profiles. Further, we found that several genes that are homologous to S. cerevisiae MAPK genes are regulated during the yeast-to-hypha transition in O. novo-ulmi and mostly over-expressed, suggesting convergence in gene expression regulation. Conclusions Our results are the first report of a time-course experiment monitoring the morphological transition in a non-model Sordariomycota species and reveal many genes of interest for further functional investigations of fungal dimorphism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3251-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nigg
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Room 2255, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Centre d'Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - L Bernier
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Room 2255, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Centre d'Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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