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Exploration of the Shared Molecular Mechanisms between COVID-19 and Neurodegenerative Diseases through Bioinformatic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054839. [PMID: 36902271 PMCID: PMC10002862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of deaths and remains a major public health burden worldwide. Previous studies found that a large number of COVID-19 patients and survivors developed neurological symptoms and might be at high risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to explore the shared pathways between COVID-19, AD, and PD by using bioinformatic analysis to reveal potential mechanisms, which may explain the neurological symptoms and degeneration of brain that occur in COVID-19 patients, and to provide early intervention. In this study, gene expression datasets of the frontal cortex were employed to detect common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of COVID-19, AD, and PD. A total of 52 common DEGs were then examined using functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) construction, candidate drug identification, and regulatory network analysis. We found that the involvement of the synaptic vesicle cycle and down-regulation of synapses were shared by these three diseases, suggesting that synaptic dysfunction might contribute to the onset and progress of neurodegenerative diseases caused by COVID-19. Five hub genes and one key module were obtained from the PPI network. Moreover, 5 drugs and 42 transcription factors (TFs) were also identified on the datasets. In conclusion, the results of our study provide new insights and directions for follow-up studies of the relationship between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases. The hub genes and potential drugs we identified may provide promising treatment strategies to prevent COVID-19 patients from developing these disorders.
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Network-Based Data Analysis Reveals Ion Channel-Related Gene Features in COVID-19: A Bioinformatic Approach. Biochem Genet 2022; 61:471-505. [PMID: 36104591 PMCID: PMC9473477 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seriously threatens human health and has been disseminated worldwide. Although there are several treatments for COVID-19, its control is currently suboptimal. Therefore, the development of novel strategies to treat COVID-19 is necessary. Ion channels are located on the membranes of all excitable cells and many intracellular organelles and are key components involved in various biological processes. They are a target of interest when searching for drug targets. This study aimed to reveal the relevant molecular features of ion channel genes in COVID-19 based on bioinformatic analyses. The RNA-sequencing data of patients with COVID-19 and healthy subjects (GSE152418 and GSE171110 datasets) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Ion channel genes were selected from the Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) database. The RStudio software was used to process the data based on the corresponding R language package to identify ion channel-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Based on the DEGs, Gene Ontology (GO) functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the Enrichr web tool. The STRING database was used to generate a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and the Cytoscape software was used to screen for hub genes in the PPI network based on the cytoHubba plug-in. Transcription factors (TF)-DEG, DEG-microRNA (miRNA) and DEG-disease association networks were constructed using the NetworkAnalyst web tool. Finally, the screened hub genes as drug targets were subjected to enrichment analysis based on the DSigDB using the Enrichr web tool to identify potential therapeutic agents for COVID-19. A total of 29 ion channel-associated DEGs were identified. GO functional analysis showed that the DEGs were integral components of the plasma membrane and were mainly involved in inorganic cation transmembrane transport and ion channel activity functions. Pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in nicotine addiction, calcium regulation in the cardiac cell and neuronal system pathways. The top 10 hub genes screened based on the PPI network included KCNA2, KCNJ4, CACNA1A, CACNA1E, NALCN, KCNA5, CACNA2D1, TRPC1, TRPM3 and KCNN3. The TF-DEG and DEG-miRNA networks revealed significant TFs (FOXC1, GATA2, HINFP, USF2, JUN and NFKB1) and miRNAs (hsa-mir-146a-5p, hsa-mir-27a-3p, hsa-mir-335-5p, hsa-let-7b-5p and hsa-mir-129-2-3p). Gene-disease association network analysis revealed that the DEGs were closely associated with intellectual disability and cerebellar ataxia. Drug-target enrichment analysis showed that the relevant drugs targeting the hub genes CACNA2D1, CACNA1A, CACNA1E, KCNA2 and KCNA5 were gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil, pregabalin, guanidine hydrochloride and 4-aminopyridine. The results of this study provide a valuable basis for exploring the mechanisms of ion channel genes in COVID-19 and clues for developing therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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Croon M, Szczepanowska K, Popovic M, Lienkamp C, Senft K, Brandscheid CP, Bock T, Gnatzy-Feik L, Ashurov A, Acton RJ, Kaul H, Pujol C, Rosenkranz S, Krüger M, Trifunovic A. FGF21 modulates mitochondrial stress response in cardiomyocytes only under mild mitochondrial dysfunction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7105. [PMID: 35385313 PMCID: PMC8986112 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial integrated stress response (mitoISR) has emerged as a major adaptive pathway to respiratory chain deficiency, but both the tissue specificity of its regulation, and how mitoISR adapts to different levels of mitochondrial dysfunction are largely unknown. Here, we report that diverse levels of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy activate mitoISR, including high production of FGF21, a cytokine with both paracrine and endocrine function, shown to be induced by respiratory chain dysfunction. Although being fully dispensable for the cell-autonomous and systemic responses to severe mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, in the conditions of mild-to-moderate cardiac OXPHOS dysfunction, FGF21 regulates a portion of mitoISR. In the absence of FGF21, a large part of the metabolic adaptation to mitochondrial dysfunction (one-carbon metabolism, transsulfuration, and serine and proline biosynthesis) is strongly blunted, independent of the primary mitoISR activator ATF4. Collectively, our work highlights the complexity of mitochondrial stress responses by revealing the importance of the tissue specificity and dose dependency of mitoISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Croon
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karolina Szczepanowska
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Milica Popovic
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Lienkamp
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Senft
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Paul Brandscheid
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Theresa Bock
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Leoni Gnatzy-Feik
- Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Herzzentrum, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str, 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Artem Ashurov
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard James Acton
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Harshita Kaul
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claire Pujol
- Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stephan Rosenkranz
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Herzzentrum, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str, 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Mages C, Gampp H, Syren P, Rahm AK, André F, Frey N, Lugenbiel P, Thomas D. Electrical Ventricular Remodeling in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102767. [PMID: 34685747 PMCID: PMC8534398 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). Pathomechanisms underlying arrhythmogenicity in patients with structural heart disease and impaired cardiac function include myocardial fibrosis and the remodeling of ion channels, affecting electrophysiologic properties of ventricular cardiomyocytes. The dysregulation of ion channel expression has been associated with cardiomyopathy and with the development of arrhythmias. However, the underlying molecular signaling pathways are increasingly recognized. This review summarizes clinical and cellular electrophysiologic characteristics observed in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with ionic and structural alterations at the ventricular level. Furthermore, potential translational strategies and therapeutic options are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mages
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.); (H.G.); (P.S.); (A.-K.R.); (F.A.); (N.F.); (P.L.)
- Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Gampp
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.); (H.G.); (P.S.); (A.-K.R.); (F.A.); (N.F.); (P.L.)
- Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Syren
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.); (H.G.); (P.S.); (A.-K.R.); (F.A.); (N.F.); (P.L.)
- Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Rahm
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.); (H.G.); (P.S.); (A.-K.R.); (F.A.); (N.F.); (P.L.)
- Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian André
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.); (H.G.); (P.S.); (A.-K.R.); (F.A.); (N.F.); (P.L.)
- Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.); (H.G.); (P.S.); (A.-K.R.); (F.A.); (N.F.); (P.L.)
- Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lugenbiel
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.); (H.G.); (P.S.); (A.-K.R.); (F.A.); (N.F.); (P.L.)
- Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.); (H.G.); (P.S.); (A.-K.R.); (F.A.); (N.F.); (P.L.)
- Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-568855; Fax: +49-6221-565514
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de las Heras N, Galiana A, Ballesteros S, Olivares-Álvaro E, Fuller PJ, Lahera V, Martín-Fernández B. Proanthocyanidins Maintain Cardiac Ionic Homeostasis in Aldosterone-Induced Hypertension and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179602. [PMID: 34502509 PMCID: PMC8431754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess aldosterone promotes pathological remodeling of the heart and imbalance in cardiac ion homeostasis of sodium, potassium and calcium. Novel treatment with proanthocyanidins in aldosterone-treated rats has resulted in downregulation of cardiac SGK1, the main genomic aldosterone-induced intracellular mediator of ion handling. It therefore follows that proanthocyanidins could be modulating cardiac ion homeostasis in aldosterone-treated rats. Male Wistar rats received aldosterone (1 mg kg−1 day−1) +1% NaCl for three weeks. Half of the animals in each group were simultaneously treated with the proanthocyanidins-rich extract (80% w/w) (PRO80, 5 mg kg−1 day−1). PRO80 prevented cardiac hypertrophy and decreased calcium content. Expression of ion channels (ROMK, NHE1, NKA and NCX1) and calcium transient mediators (CAV1.2, pCaMKII and oxCaMKII) were reduced by PRO80 treatment in aldosterone-treated rats. To conclude, our data indicate that PRO80 may offer an alternative treatment to conventional MR-blockade in the prevention of aldosterone-induced cardiac pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia de las Heras
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.l.H.); (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.O.-Á.); (V.L.)
| | - Adrián Galiana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.l.H.); (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.O.-Á.); (V.L.)
| | - Sandra Ballesteros
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.l.H.); (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.O.-Á.); (V.L.)
| | - Elena Olivares-Álvaro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.l.H.); (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.O.-Á.); (V.L.)
| | - Peter J. Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Vicente Lahera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.l.H.); (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.O.-Á.); (V.L.)
| | - Beatriz Martín-Fernández
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.l.H.); (A.G.); (S.B.); (E.O.-Á.); (V.L.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-291-000 (ext. 3650)
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A constricted opening in Kir channels does not impede potassium conduction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3024. [PMID: 32541684 PMCID: PMC7295778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical mechanistic model explaining potassium channel gating is of a conformational change that alternately dilates and constricts a collar-like intracellular entrance to the pore. It is based on the premise that K+ ions maintain a complete hydration shell while passing between the transmembrane cavity and cytosol, which must be accommodated. To put the canonical model to the test, we locked the conformation of a Kir K+ channel to prevent widening of the narrow collar. Unexpectedly, conduction was unimpaired in the locked channels. In parallel, we employed all-atom molecular dynamics to simulate K+ ions moving along the conduction pathway between the lower cavity and cytosol. During simulations, the constriction did not significantly widen. Instead, transient loss of some water molecules facilitated K+ permeation through the collar. The low free energy barrier to partial dehydration in the absence of conformational change indicates Kir channels are not gated by the canonical mechanism.
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Ramírez J, van Duijvenboden S, Young WJ, Orini M, Lambiase PD, Munroe PB, Tinker A. Common Genetic Variants Modulate the Electrocardiographic Tpeak-to-Tend Interval. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:764-778. [PMID: 32386560 PMCID: PMC7273524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death is responsible for half of all deaths from cardiovascular disease. The analysis of the electrophysiological substrate for arrhythmias is crucial for optimal risk stratification. A prolonged T-peak-to-Tend (Tpe) interval on the electrocardiogram is an independent predictor of increased arrhythmic risk, and Tpe changes with heart rate are even stronger predictors. However, our understanding of the electrophysiological mechanisms supporting these risk factors is limited. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for resting Tpe and Tpe response to exercise and recovery in ∼30,000 individuals, followed by replication in independent samples (∼42,000 for resting Tpe and ∼22,000 for Tpe response to exercise and recovery), all from UK Biobank. Fifteen and one single-nucleotide variants for resting Tpe and Tpe response to exercise, respectively, were formally replicated. In a full dataset GWAS, 13 further loci for resting Tpe, 1 for Tpe response to exercise and 1 for Tpe response to exercise were genome-wide significant (p ≤ 5 × 10-8). Sex-specific analyses indicated seven additional loci. In total, we identify 32 loci for resting Tpe, 3 for Tpe response to exercise and 3 for Tpe response to recovery modulating ventricular repolarization, as well as cardiac conduction and contraction. Our findings shed light on the genetic basis of resting Tpe and Tpe response to exercise and recovery, unveiling plausible candidate genes and biological mechanisms underlying ventricular excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ramírez
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stefan van Duijvenboden
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - William J Young
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Michele Orini
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Andrew Tinker
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Abstract
This review is focusing on the understanding of various factors and components governing and controlling the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias including (i) the role of various ion channel-related changes in the action potential (AP), (ii) electrocardiograms (ECGs), (iii) some important arrhythmogenic mediators of reperfusion, and pharmacological approaches to their attenuation. The transmembrane potential in myocardial cells is depending on the cellular concentrations of several ions including sodium, calcium, and potassium on both sides of the cell membrane and active or inactive stages of ion channels. The movements of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ via cell membranes produce various currents that provoke AP, determining the cardiac cycle and heart function. A specific channel has its own type of gate, and it is opening and closing under specific transmembrane voltage, ionic, or metabolic conditions. APs of sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and Purkinje cells determine the pacemaker activity (depolarization phase 4) of the heart, leading to the surface manifestation, registration, and evaluation of ECG waves in both animal models and humans. AP and ECG changes are key factors in arrhythmogenesis, and the analysis of these changes serve for the clarification of the mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drugs. The classification of antiarrhythmic drugs may be based on their electrophysiological properties emphasizing the connection between basic electrophysiological activities and antiarrhythmic properties. The review also summarizes some important mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in the ischemic/reperfused myocardium and permits an assessment of antiarrhythmic potential of drugs used for pharmacotherapy under experimental and clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Differential expression of genes participating in cardiomyocyte electrophysiological remodeling via membrane ionic mechanisms and Ca 2+-handling in human heart failure. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 463:33-44. [PMID: 31520233 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excitation-contraction coupling in normal cardiac function is performed with well balanced and coordinated functioning but with complex dynamic interactions between functionally connected membrane ionic currents. However, their genomic investigations provide essential information on the regulation of diseases by their transcripts. Therefore, we examined the gene expression levels of the most important voltage-gated ionic channels such as Na+-channels (SCN5A), Ca2+-channels (CACNA1C and CACNA1H), and K+-channels, including transient outward (KCND2, KCNA2, KCNA5, KCNA8), inward rectifier (KCNJ2, KCNJ12, KCNJ4), and delayed rectifier (KCNB1) in left ventricular tissues from either ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (ICM or DCM). We also examined the mRNA levels of ATP-dependent K+-channels (KCNJ11, ABCC9) and ERG-family channels (KCNH2). We further determined the mRNA levels of ryanodine receptors (RyR2; ARVC2), phospholamban (PLB or PLN), SR Ca2+-pump (SERCA2; ATP2A1), an accessory protein FKBP12 (PPIASE), protein kinase A (PPNAD4), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2G). The mRNA levels of SCN5A, CACNA1C, and CACNA1H in both groups decreased markedly in the heart samples with similar significance, while KvLQT1 genes were high with depressed Kv4.2. The KCNJ11 and KCNJ12 in both groups were depressed, while the KCNJ4 level was significantly high. More importantly, the KCNA5 gene was downregulated only in the ICM, while the KCNJ2 was upregulated only in the DCM. Besides, mRNA levels of ARVC2 and PLB were significantly high compared to the controls, whereas others (ATP2A1, PPIASE, PPNAD4, and CAMK2G) were decreased. Importantly, the increases of KCNB1 and KCNJ11 were more prominent in the ICM than DCM, while the decreases in ATP2A1 and FKBP1A were more prominent in DCM compared to ICM. Overall, this study was the first to demonstrate that the different levels of changes in gene profiles via different types of cardiomyopathy are prominent particularly in some K+-channels, which provide further information about our knowledge of how remodeling processes can be differentiated in HF originated from different pathological conditions.
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Vaidyanathan R, Van Ert H, Haq KT, Morotti S, Esch S, McCune EC, Grandi E, Eckhardt LL. Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels (Kir2.x) and Caveolin-3 Domain-Specific Interaction: Implications for Purkinje Cell-Dependent Ventricular Arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 11:e005800. [PMID: 29326130 DOI: 10.1161/circep.117.005800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human cardiac ventricle, IK1 is mainly comprised Kir2.1, but Kir2.2 and Kir2.3 heterotetramers occur and modulate IK1. Long-QT syndrome-9-associated CAV3 mutations cause decreased Kir2.1 current density, but Kir2.x heterotetramers have not been studied. Here, we determine the effect of long-QT syndrome-9-CAV3 mutation F97C on Kir2.x homo- and heterotetramers and model-associated arrhythmia mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Super-resolution microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation, cellular electrophysiology, on-cell Western blotting, and simulation of Purkinje and ventricular myocyte mathematical models were used. Kir2.x isoforms have unique subcellular colocalization in human cardiomyocytes and coimmunoprecipitate with Cav3. F97C-Cav3 decreased peak inward Kir2.2 current density by 50% (-120 mV; P=0.019) and peak outward by 75% (-40 mV; P<0.05) but did not affect Kir2.3 current density. FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer) efficiency for Kir2.2 with Cav3 is high, and on-cell Western blotting demonstrates decreased Kir2.2 membrane expression with F97C-Cav3. Cav3-F97C reduced peak inward and outward current density of Kir2.2/Kir2.1 or Kir2.2/Kir2.3 heterotetramers (P<0.05). Only Cav3 scaffolding and membrane domains co-immunoprecipitation with Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 and Kir2.x-N-terminal Cav3 binding motifs are required for interaction. Mathematical Purkinje, but not ventricular, myocyte model incorporating simulated current reductions, predicts spontaneous delayed after-depolarization-mediated triggered activity. CONCLUSIONS Kir2.x isoforms have a unique intracellular pattern of distribution in association with specific Cav3 domains and that critically depends on interaction with N-terminal Kir2.x Cav3-binding motifs. Long-QT syndrome-9-CAV3 mutation differentially regulates current density and cell surface expression of Kir2.x homomeric and heteromeric channels. Mathematical Purkinje cell model incorporating experimental findings suggests delayed after-depolarization-type triggered activity as a possible arrhythmia mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Vaidyanathan
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (R.V., H.V.E., S.E., E.C.M., L.L.E.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis (K.T.H., S.M., E.G.)
| | - Hanora Van Ert
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (R.V., H.V.E., S.E., E.C.M., L.L.E.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis (K.T.H., S.M., E.G.)
| | - Kazi T Haq
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (R.V., H.V.E., S.E., E.C.M., L.L.E.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis (K.T.H., S.M., E.G.)
| | - Stefano Morotti
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (R.V., H.V.E., S.E., E.C.M., L.L.E.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis (K.T.H., S.M., E.G.)
| | - Samuel Esch
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (R.V., H.V.E., S.E., E.C.M., L.L.E.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis (K.T.H., S.M., E.G.)
| | - Elise C McCune
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (R.V., H.V.E., S.E., E.C.M., L.L.E.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis (K.T.H., S.M., E.G.)
| | - Eleonora Grandi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (R.V., H.V.E., S.E., E.C.M., L.L.E.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis (K.T.H., S.M., E.G.)
| | - Lee L Eckhardt
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (R.V., H.V.E., S.E., E.C.M., L.L.E.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis (K.T.H., S.M., E.G.).
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11
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Differential Expression of KCNJ12 Gene and Association Analysis of Its Missense Mutation with Growth Traits in Chinese Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050273. [PMID: 31137608 PMCID: PMC6562504 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A central goal of livestock genomic study is to find causal genes underlying economic traits and identify effective variations which can be used as molecular markers for livestock breeding. The cattle KCNJ12 gene is an important candidate gene. To date, however, there have been no reports about the use of its missense mutation as a marker in cattle stature. In this study, missense mutation in KCNJ12 was firstly verified, which led to a change in its protein sequence. Further, a significant association was detected between the mutation of KCNJ12 and cattle stature, and we determined that the mutation in KCNJ12 could be used as a molecular marker in beef breeding programs. In addition, expression analysis of the KCNJ12 gene revealed high abundance in muscle and potential roles in bovine myocyte differentiation, which may be the subject of our future research. Abstract The potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 12 (KCNJ12) gene is a promising candidate for economic traits because of its crucial roles in myoblast development. Here, a missense mutation (Cys > Arg) was first detected to be located in exon 3 of KCNJ12 from three Chinese cattle breeds by DNA-pool sequencing. Then, we performed an association analysis of this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with stature in three Chinese cattle populations (n = 820). A significantly positive correlation was revealed by a reduced animal general linear model and the CC genotype was the most favorable in three breeds. Further, we measured the expression profile of the KCNJ12 gene in various cattle tissues and primary bovine skeletal muscle cells. Ubiquitous expression with high abundance in muscle was observed. Further, in primary bovine skeletal muscle cells, the KCNJ12 mRNA expression was gradually up-regulated in differentiation medium (DM) compared with that in growth medium (GM), suggesting that the KCNJ12 gene is involved in bovine myocyte differentiation. Conclusively, the KCNJ12 gene is a functional candidate gene which can be used as a molecular marker for cattle breeding.
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Yuan HX, Yan K, Hou DY, Zhang ZY, Wang H, Wang X, Zhang J, Xu XR, Liang YH, Zhao WS, Xu L, Zhang L. Whole exome sequencing identifies a KCNJ12 mutation as a cause of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7727. [PMID: 28816949 PMCID: PMC5571686 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by left ventricular dilation, and is associated with systolic dysfunction and increased action potential duration. Approximately 50% of DCM cases are caused by inherited gene mutations with genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Next generation sequencing may be useful in screening unknown mutations in such cases.A family was identified with DCM, in which the affected family members developed heart failure, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Probands and 4 affected family members underwent whole exome sequencing (WES), bioinformatics methods, and gene annotation to identify potentially causative variants. The Sanger sequencing method was used to verify the candidate mutation.WES yielded 2,238,831 variations. KCNJ12 (p.Glu334del) was identified as a candidate mutation, and the heterozygous mutation was verified by Sanger sequencing.Our study emphasizes the application of WES in identifying causative mutations in DCM. This report is the first to describe the KCNJ12 gene as a cause of DCM in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xin Yuan
- Basic Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Kai Yan
- Biomarker Technologies Company
| | - Dong-Yan Hou
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Hua Wang
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Xin Wang
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Juan Zhang
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Xiao-Rong Xu
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Yan-Hong Liang
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Shu Zhao
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Lin Xu
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Lin Zhang
- Heart Failure Center, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
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13
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Klein MG, Shou M, Stohlman J, Solhjoo S, Haigney M, Tidwell RR, Goldstein RE, Flagg TP, Haigney MC. Role of suppression of the inward rectifier current in terminal action potential repolarization in the failing heart. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14:1217-1223. [PMID: 28396172 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The failing heart exhibits an increased arrhythmia susceptibility that is often attributed to action potential (AP) prolongation due to significant ion channel remodeling. The inwardly rectifying K+ current (IK1) has been reported to be reduced, but its contribution to shaping the AP waveform and cell excitability in the failing heart remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to define the effect of IK1 suppression on the cardiac AP and excitability in the normal and failing hearts. METHODS We used electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches to investigate IK1 function in a swine tachy-pacing model of heart failure (HF). RESULTS Terminal repolarization of the AP (TRAP; the time constant of the exponential fit to terminal repolarization) was markedly prolonged in both myocytes and arterially perfused wedges from animals with HF. TRAP was increased by 54.1% in HF myocytes (P < .001) and 26.2% in HF wedges (P = .014). The increase in TRAP was recapitulated by the potent and specific IK1 inhibitor, PA-6 (pentamidine analog 6), indicating that IK1 is the primary determinant of the final phase of repolarization. Moreover, we find that IK1 suppression reduced the ratio of effective refractory period to AP duration at 90% of repolarization, permitting re-excitation before full repolarization, reduction of AP upstroke velocity, and likely promotion of slow conduction. CONCLUSION Using an objective measure of terminal repolarization, we conclude that IK1 is the major determinant of the terminal repolarization time course. Moreover, suppression of IK1 prolongs repolarization and reduces postrepolarization refractoriness without marked effects on the overall AP duration. Collectively, these findings demonstrate how IK1 suppression may contribute to arrhythmogenesis in the failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Klein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Matie Shou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jayna Stohlman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Soroosh Solhjoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Myles Haigney
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard R Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert E Goldstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas P Flagg
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark C Haigney
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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14
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Rezazadeh S, Guo J, Duff HJ, Ferrier RA, Gerull B. Reversible Dilated Cardiomyopathy Caused by a High Burden of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Andersen-Tawil Syndrome. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:1576.e15-1576.e18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.07.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Paninka RM, Mazzotti DR, Kizys MML, Vidi AC, Rodrigues H, Silva SP, Kunii IS, Furuzawa GK, Arcisio-Miranda M, Dias-da-Silva MR. Whole genome and exome sequencing realignment supports the assignment of KCNJ12, KCNJ17, and KCNJ18 paralogous genes in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis locus: functional characterization of two polymorphic Kir2.6 isoforms. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1535-44. [PMID: 27008341 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enriched the understanding of the human genome. However, homologous or repetitive sequences shared among genes frequently produce dubious alignments and can puzzle NGS mutation analysis, especially for paralogous potassium channels. Potassium inward rectifier (Kir) channels are important to establish the resting membrane potential and regulating the muscle excitability. Mutations in Kir channels cause disorders affecting the heart and skeletal muscle, such as arrhythmia and periodic paralysis. Recently, a susceptibility muscle channelopathy-thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP)-has been related to Kir2.6 channel (KCNJ18 gene). Due to their high nucleotide sequence homology, variants found in the potassium channels Kir2.6 and Kir2.5 have been mistakenly attributable to Kir2.2 polymorphisms or mutations. We aimed at elucidating nucleotide misalignments by performing realignment of whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) reads to specific Kir2.2, Kir2.5, and Kir2.6 cDNA sequences using BWA-MEM/GATK pipeline. WES/WGS reads correctly aligned 26.9/43.2, 37.6/31.0, and 35.4/25.8 % to Kir2.2, Kir2.5, and Kir2.6, respectively. Realignment was able to reduce over 94 % of misalignments. No putative mutations of Kir2.6 were identified for the three TPP patients included in the cohort of 36 healthy controls using either WES or WGS. We also distinguished sequences for a single Kir2.2, a single Kir2.5 sequence, and two Kir2.6 isoforms, which haplotypes were named RRAI and QHEV, based on changes at 39, 40, 56, and 249 residues. Electrophysiology records on both Kir2.6_RRAI and _QHEV showed typical rectifying currents. In our study, the reduction of misalignments allowed the elucidation of paralogous gene sequences and two distinct Kir2.6 haplotypes, and pointed the need for checking the frequency of these polymorphisms in other populations with different genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf M Paninka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.,Laboratory of Structural and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego R Mazzotti
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina M L Kizys
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Angela C Vidi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Hélio Rodrigues
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silas P Silva
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Metabolism, Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilda S Kunii
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Gilberto K Furuzawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Manoel Arcisio-Miranda
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magnus R Dias-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
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16
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Genge CE, Lin E, Lee L, Sheng X, Rayani K, Gunawan M, Stevens CM, Li AY, Talab SS, Claydon TW, Hove-Madsen L, Tibbits GF. The Zebrafish Heart as a Model of Mammalian Cardiac Function. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 171:99-136. [PMID: 27538987 DOI: 10.1007/112_2016_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely used as vertebrate model in developmental genetics and functional genomics as well as in cardiac structure-function studies. The zebrafish heart has been increasingly used as a model of human cardiac function, in part, due to the similarities in heart rate and action potential duration and morphology with respect to humans. The teleostian zebrafish is in many ways a compelling model of human cardiac function due to the clarity afforded by its ease of genetic manipulation, the wealth of developmental biological information, and inherent suitability to a variety of experimental techniques. However, in addition to the numerous advantages of the zebrafish system are also caveats related to gene duplication (resulting in paralogs not present in human or other mammals) and fundamental differences in how zebrafish hearts function. In this review, we discuss the use of zebrafish as a cardiac function model through the use of techniques such as echocardiography, optical mapping, electrocardiography, molecular investigations of excitation-contraction coupling, and their physiological implications relative to that of the human heart. While some of these techniques (e.g., echocardiography) are particularly challenging in the zebrafish because of diminutive size of the heart (~1.5 mm in diameter) critical information can be derived from these approaches and are discussed in detail in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Genge
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Eric Lin
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Ling Lee
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4
| | - XiaoYe Sheng
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4
| | - Kaveh Rayani
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Marvin Gunawan
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Charles M Stevens
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4
| | - Alison Yueh Li
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Sanam Shafaat Talab
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Thomas W Claydon
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6.,Cardiovascular Research Centre CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glen F Tibbits
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6. .,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4.
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17
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Ortega A, Tarazón E, Roselló-Lletí E, Gil-Cayuela C, Lago F, González-Juanatey JR, Cinca J, Jorge E, Martínez-Dolz L, Portolés M, Rivera M. Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Sustained Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Show Up-Regulation of KCNN3 and KCNJ2 Genes and CACNG8-Linked Left Ventricular Dysfunction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145518. [PMID: 26710323 PMCID: PMC4692400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Disruptions in cardiac ion channels have shown to influence the impaired cardiac contraction in heart failure. We sought to determine the altered gene expression profile of this category in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients and relate the altered gene expression with the clinical signs present in our patients, such as ventricular dysfunction and sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT). METHODS AND RESULTS Left ventricular (LV) tissue samples were used in RNA-sequencing technique to elucidate the transcriptomic changes of 13 DCM patients compared to controls (n = 10). We analyzed the differential gene expression of cardiac ion channels, and we found a total of 34 altered genes. We found that the calcium channel CACNG8 mRNA and protein levels were down-regulated and highly and inversely related with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (r = -0.78, P<0.01). Furthermore, the potassium channels KCNN3 and KCNJ2 mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated and showed also a significant and inverse correlation with LVEF (r = -0.61, P<0.05; r = -0.60, P<0.05) in patients with SMVT. CONCLUSION A broad set of deregulated genes have been identified by RNA-sequencing technique. The relationship of CACNG8, KCNN3 and KCNJ2 with LVEF, and the up-regulation of KCNN3 and KCNJ2 in all patients with SMVT, irrespective of CACNG8 expression, suggest a significant role for these three ion flux related genes in the LV dysfunction present in this cardiomyopathy and an important relationship between KCNN3 and KCNJ2 up-regulation and the presence of SMVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Tarazón
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Gil-Cayuela
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Biomedical Research, University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose-Ramón González-Juanatey
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Biomedical Research, University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Cinca
- Cardiology Service of Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Jorge
- Cardiology Service of Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Dolz
- Heart Failure and Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Rivera
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a popular model for human cardiac diseases and pharmacology including cardiac arrhythmias and its electrophysiological basis. Notably, the phenotype of zebrafish cardiac action potential is similar to the human cardiac action potential in that both have a long plateau phase. Also the major inward and outward current systems are qualitatively similar in zebrafish and human hearts. However, there are also significant differences in ionic current composition between human and zebrafish hearts, and the molecular basis and pharmacological properties of human and zebrafish cardiac ionic currents differ in several ways. Cardiac ionic currents may be produced by non-orthologous genes in zebrafish and humans, and paralogous gene products of some ion channels are expressed in the zebrafish heart. More research on molecular basis of cardiac ion channels, and regulation and drug sensitivity of the cardiac ionic currents are needed to enable rational use of the zebrafish heart as an electrophysiological model for the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Vornanen
- a Department of Biology , University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu , Finland
| | - Minna Hassinen
- a Department of Biology , University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu , Finland
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19
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Chaudhari U, Nemade H, Wagh V, Gaspar JA, Ellis JK, Srinivasan SP, Spitkovski D, Nguemo F, Louisse J, Bremer S, Hescheler J, Keun HC, Hengstler JG, Sachinidis A. Identification of genomic biomarkers for anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes: an in vitro repeated exposure toxicity approach for safety assessment. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2763-2777. [PMID: 26537877 PMCID: PMC5065579 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The currently available techniques for the safety evaluation of candidate drugs are usually cost-intensive and time-consuming and are often insufficient to predict human relevant cardiotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro repeated exposure toxicity methodology allowing the identification of predictive genomics biomarkers of functional relevance for drug-induced cardiotoxicity in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). The hiPSC-CMs were incubated with 156 nM doxorubicin, which is a well-characterized cardiotoxicant, for 2 or 6 days followed by washout of the test compound and further incubation in compound-free culture medium until day 14 after the onset of exposure. An xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyser was used to monitor doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity while also monitoring functional alterations of cardiomyocytes by counting of the beating frequency of cardiomyocytes. Unlike single exposure, repeated doxorubicin exposure resulted in long-term arrhythmic beating in hiPSC-CMs accompanied by significant cytotoxicity. Global gene expression changes were studied using microarrays and bioinformatics tools. Analysis of the transcriptomic data revealed early expression signatures of genes involved in formation of sarcomeric structures, regulation of ion homeostasis and induction of apoptosis. Eighty-four significantly deregulated genes related to cardiac functions, stress and apoptosis were validated using real-time PCR. The expression of the 84 genes was further studied by real-time PCR in hiPSC-CMs incubated with daunorubicin and mitoxantrone, further anthracycline family members that are also known to induce cardiotoxicity. A panel of 35 genes was deregulated by all three anthracycline family members and can therefore be expected to predict the cardiotoxicity of compounds acting by similar mechanisms as doxorubicin, daunorubicin or mitoxantrone. The identified gene panel can be applied in the safety assessment of novel drug candidates as well as available therapeutics to identify compounds that may cause cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Chaudhari
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Harshal Nemade
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Vilas Wagh
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - John Antonydas Gaspar
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - James K Ellis
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sureshkumar Perumal Srinivasan
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Dimitry Spitkovski
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Filomain Nguemo
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Susanne Bremer
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Hector C Keun
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931, Cologne, NRW, Germany.
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Hassinen M, Haverinen J, Hardy ME, Shiels HA, Vornanen M. Inward rectifier potassium current (I K1) and Kir2 composition of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) heart. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2437-46. [PMID: 25991088 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological properties and molecular background of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) cardiac inward rectifier current (IK1) were examined. Ventricular myocytes of zebrafish have a robust (-6.7 ± 1.2 pA pF(-1) at -120 mV) strongly rectifying and Ba(2+)-sensitive (IC50 = 3.8 μM) IK1. Transcripts of six Kir2 channels (drKir2.1a, drKir2.1b, drKir2.2a, drKir2.2b, drKir2.3, and drKir2.4) were expressed in the zebrafish heart. drKir2.4 and drKir2.2a were the dominant isoforms in both the ventricle (92.9 ± 1.5 and 6.3 ± 1.5%) and the atrium (28.9 ± 2.9 and 64.7 ± 3.0%). The remaining four channels comprised together less than 1 and 7 % of the total transcripts in ventricle and atrium, respectively. The four main gene products (drKir2.1a, drKir2.2a, drKir2.2b, drKir2.4) were cloned, sequenced, and expressed in HEK cells for electrophysiological characterization. drKir2.1a was the most weakly rectifying (passed more outward current) and drKir2.2b the most strongly rectifying (passed less outward current) channel, whilst drKir2.2a and drKir2.4 were intermediate between the two. In regard to sensitivity to Ba(2+) block, drKir2.4 was the most sensitive (IC50 = 1.8 μM) and drKir2.1a the least sensitive channel (IC50 = 132 μM). These findings indicate that the Kir2 isoform composition of the zebrafish heart markedly differs from that of mammalian hearts. Furthermore orthologous Kir2 channels (Kir2.1 and Kir2.4) of zebrafish and mammals show striking differences in Ba(2+)-sensitivity. Structural and functional differences needs to be taken into account when zebrafish is used as a model for human cardiac electrophysiology, cardiac diseases, and in screening cardioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Hassinen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Jaakko Haverinen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matt E Hardy
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Matti Vornanen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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21
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Ketoconazole induces apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes through reactive oxygen species-mediated parkin overexpression. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1871-80. [PMID: 25787151 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Azole antifungals such as ketoconazole are generally known to induce a variety of heart function side effects, e.g., long-QT syndrome and ventricular arrhythmias. However, a clear mechanism for the action of ketoconazole in heart cells has not been reported. In the present study, we assessed the correlation between ketoconazole-induced apoptosis and the alteration of genes in response to ketoconazole in rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte viability was significantly inhibited by treatment with ketoconazole. Ketoconazole also stimulated H2O2 generation and TUNEL-positive apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. DNA microarray technology revealed that 10,571 genes were differentially expressed by more than threefold in ketoconazole-exposed cardiomyocytes compared with untreated controls. Among these genes, parkin, which encodes a component of the multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, was predominantly overexpressed among those classified as apoptosis- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes. The expression of parkin was also elevated in cardiomyocytes treated with exogenous H2O2. Moreover, cell viability and apoptosis in response to ketoconazole were inhibited in cardiomyocytes treated with ROS inhibitors and transfected with parkin siRNA. From the present findings, we concluded that ketoconazole may increase the expression of parkin via the ROS-mediated pathway, which consequently results in the apoptosis and decreased viability of cardiomyocytes.
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Mustroph J, Maier LS, Wagner S. CaMKII regulation of cardiac K channels. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:20. [PMID: 24600393 PMCID: PMC3930912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac K channels are critical determinants of cardiac excitability. In hypertrophied and failing myocardium, alterations in the expression and activity of voltage-gated K channels are frequently observed and contribute to the increased propensity for life-threatening arrhythmias. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of disturbed K channel regulation in heart failure (HF) is of critical importance. Amongst others, Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been identified as an important regulator of K channel activity. In human HF but also various animal models, increased CaMKII expression and activity has been linked to deteriorated contractile function and arrhythmias. This review will discuss the current knowledge about CaMKII regulation of several K channels, its influence on action potential properties, dispersion of repolarization, and arrhythmias with special focus on HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Mustroph
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars S Maier
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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