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Zhang H, Zeng C, Li L, Zhu W, Xu L, Wang Y, Zeng J, Fan X, Sha L, Wu D, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Chen G, Zhou Y, Kang H. RNA-seq analysis revealed considerable genetic diversity and enabled the development of specific KASP markers for Psathyrostachys huashanica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1166710. [PMID: 37063223 PMCID: PMC10097992 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1166710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Psathyrostachys huashanica, which grows exclusively in Huashan, China, is an important wild relative of common wheat that has many desirable traits relevant for wheat breeding. However, the poorly characterized interspecific phylogeny and genomic variations and the relative lack of species-specific molecular markers have limited the utility of P. huashanica as a genetic resource for enhancing wheat germplasm. In this study, we sequenced the P. huashanica transcriptome, resulting in 50,337,570 clean reads that were assembled into 65,617 unigenes, of which 38,428 (58.56%) matched at least one sequence in public databases. The phylogenetic analysis of P. huashanica, Triticeae species, and Poaceae species was conducted using 68 putative orthologous gene clusters. The data revealed the distant evolutionary relationship between P. huashanica and common wheat as well as the substantial diversity between the P. huashanica genome and the wheat D genome. By comparing the transcriptomes of P. huashanica and Chinese Spring, 750,759 candidate SNPs between P. huashanica Ns genes and their common wheat orthologs were identified. Among the 90 SNPs in the exon regions with different functional annotations, 58 (64.4%) were validated as Ns genome-specific SNPs in the common wheat background by KASP genotyping assays. Marker validation analyses indicated that six specific markers can discriminate between P. huashanica and the other wheat-related species. In addition, five markers are unique to P. huashanica, P. juncea, and Leymus species, which carry the Ns genome. The Ns genome-specific markers in a wheat background were also validated regarding their specificity and stability for detecting P. huashanica chromosomes in four wheat-P. huashanica addition lines. Four and eight SNP markers were detected in wheat-P. huashanica 2Ns and 7Ns addition lines, respectively, and one marker was specific to both wheat-P. huashanica 3Ns, 4Ns, and 7Ns addition lines. These markers developed using transcriptome data may be used to elucidate the genetic relationships among Psathyrostachys, Leymus, and other closely-related species. They may also facilitate precise introgressions and the high-throughput monitoring of P. huashanica exogenous chromosomes or segments in future crop breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liangxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Sha
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Hou S, Wu F, Wang Z, Yan N, Chen H, Li H, Yang P, Zhang Y, Li C, Lin Y, Ma J, Huang L, Liu Y. Mapping Stripe Rust Resistance QTL in 'N2496', a Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Derivative. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:443-449. [PMID: 35802018 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-22-1518-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust is a destructive disease that affects plant growth and substantially reduces wheat yields globally. An economically and environmentally friendly way to control this disease is to use resistant cultivars. 'N2496' is a synthetic hexaploid wheat derivative that exhibits high resistance and could serve as a source of resistance for breeding programs. We developed three recombinant inbred lines (RILs) populations by crossing 'N2496' with common wheat cultivars 'CN16', 'CM107', and 'MM37'. Stripe rust responses were evaluated in all three populations using a mixture of current predominant Chinese Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici races. A stripe rust resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) in the 'N2496'/'CN16' RIL population was mapped on chromosome arm 6BL at 519.35 to 526.55 Mb using bulked segregant RNA sequencing. The population was genotyped using simple sequence repeats and kompetitive allele-specific polymerase (KASP) markers. The QTL QYr.sicau-6B was localized to a 1.19-cM interval flanked by markers KASP-TXK-10 and KASP-TXK-6. The genetic effect of QYr.sicau-6B was validated in the 'N2496' × 'CM107' and 'N2496' × 'MM37' RILs populations and explained up to 63.16% of the phenotypic variation. RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction identified two differentially expressed candidate genes in the physical interval of QYr.sicau-6B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Caixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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Cytogenetic and Molecular Marker Analyses of a Novel Wheat–Psathyrostachys huashanica 7Ns Disomic Addition Line with Powdery Mildew Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810285. [PMID: 36142197 PMCID: PMC9499632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici is a devastating disease that reduces wheat yield and quality worldwide. The exploration and utilization of new resistance genes from wild wheat relatives is the most effective strategy against this disease. Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng f. ex P. C. Kuo (2n = 2x = 14, NsNs) is an important tertiary gene donor with multiple valuable traits for wheat genetic improvement, especially disease resistance. In this study, we developed and identified a new wheat—P. huashanica disomic addition line, 18-1-5—derived from a cross between P. huashanica and common wheat lines Chinese Spring and CSph2b. Sequential genomic and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses revealed that 18-1-5 harbored 21 pairs of wheat chromosomes plus a pair of alien Ns chromosomes. Non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization and molecular marker analyses further demonstrated that the alien chromosomes were derived from chromosome 7Ns of P. huashanica. The assessment of powdery mildew response revealed that line 18-1-5 was highly resistant at the adult stage to powdery mildew pathogens prevalent in China. The evaluation of agronomic traits indicated that 18-1-5 had a significantly reduced plant height and an increased kernel length compared with its wheat parents. Using genotyping-by-sequencing technology, we developed 118 PCR-based markers specifically for chromosome 7Ns of P. huashanica and found that 26 of these markers could be used to distinguish the genomes of P. huashanica and other wheat-related species. Line 18-1-5 can therefore serve as a promising bridging parent for wheat disease resistance breeding. These markers should be conducive for the rapid, precise detection of P. huashanica chromosomes and chromosomal segments carrying Pm resistance gene(s) during marker-assisted breeding and for the investigation of genetic differences and phylogenetic relationships among diverse Ns genomes and other closely related ones.
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Ma X, Chang Y, Chen J, Yu M, Wang B, Ye X, Lin Z. Development of wheat-Dasypyrum villosum T6V#4S·6AL translocation lines with enhanced inheritance for powdery mildew resistance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2423-2435. [PMID: 35644815 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New translocation lines with T6V#4S·6AL in the Ph1 and ph1b backgrounds were developed with improved inheritance of powdery mildew resistance. The wheat-Dasypyrum villosum T6V#4S·6DL translocation line Pm97033, which exhibits strong powdery mildew (PM) resistance, was developed many years ago, but has limited application in wheat breeding. One of the major reasons for this is that the translocation chromosome has low transmission rate, which makes it difficult to obtain ideal genotype through recombination with other elite agronomic traits in a limited segregating population. Further modifications are thus needed to make better use of this genetic resource. In this study, Pm97033 and the T6V#2S·6AL translocation line NY-W were hybridized with the CS ph1b mutant, and two F1 hybrids were hybridized with each other. Then, plants homozygous for the ph1b deletion carrying the alien chromosome arm(s) 6V#2S and 6V#4S were identified from the segregating populations using molecular markers. New T6V#4S·6AL and T6V#2-6V#4S·6AL translocations were identified by molecular markers and confirmed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Individuals that were heterozygous or homozygous for the translocation chromosome in Ph1 and ph1b backgrounds were obtained. The ratio of PM resistance vs. susceptibility in the self-pollinated heterozygous plants was 3:1, and the phenotype was completely consistent with the KASP genotyping. Thus, the new translocation chromosomes had higher transmission rate than the original T6V#4S·6DL, and so can be effectively applied in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanan Chang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baicui Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingguo Ye
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China for Biology and Genetic Breeding of Triticeae Crops, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhishan Lin
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Tan B, Zhao L, Li L, Zhang H, Zhu W, Xu L, Wang Y, Zeng J, Fan X, Sha L, Wu D, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Chen G, Zhou Y, Kang H. Identification of a Wheat- Psathyrostachys huashanica 7Ns Ditelosomic Addition Line Conferring Early Maturation by Cytological Analysis and Newly Developed Molecular and FISH Markers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:784001. [PMID: 34956281 PMCID: PMC8695443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.784001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Early maturation is an important objective in wheat breeding programs that could facilitate multiple-cropping systems, decrease disaster- and disease-related losses, ensure stable wheat production, and increase economic benefits. Exploitation of novel germplasm from wild relatives of wheat is an effective means of breeding for early maturity. Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng f. ex P. C. KUO (2n=2x=14, NsNs) is a promising source of useful genes for wheat genetic improvement. In this study, we characterized a novel wheat-P. huashanica line, DT23, derived from distant hybridization between common wheat and P. huashanica. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and sequential genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analyses indicated that DT23 is a stable wheat-P. huashanica ditelosomic addition line. FISH painting and PCR-based landmark unique gene markers analyses further revealed that DT23 is a wheat-P. huashanica 7Ns ditelosomic addition line. Observation of spike differentiation and the growth period revealed that DT23 exhibited earlier maturation than the wheat parents. This is the first report of new earliness per se (Eps) gene(s) probably associated with a group 7 chromosome of P. huashanica. Based on specific locus-amplified fragment sequencing technology, 45 new specific molecular markers and 19 specific FISH probes were developed for the P. huashanica 7Ns chromosome. Marker validation analyses revealed that two specific markers distinguished the Ns genome chromosomes of P. huashanica and the chromosomes of other wheat-related species. These newly developed FISH probes specifically detected Ns genome chromosomes of P. huashanica in the wheat background. The DT23 line will be useful for breeding early maturing wheat. The specific markers and FISH probes developed in this study can be used to detect and trace P. huashanica chromosomes and chromosomal segments carrying elite genes in diverse materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binwen Tan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lina Sha
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Liu Y, Huang S, Han J, Hou C, Zheng D, Zhang Z, Wu J. Development and Molecular Cytogenetic Identification of a New Wheat- Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng Translocation Line Resistant to Powdery Mildew. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:689502. [PMID: 34163516 PMCID: PMC8215663 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.689502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng, a wild relative of common wheat with many desirable traits, is an invaluable source of genetic material for wheat improvement. Few wheat-P. huashanica translocation lines resistant to powdery mildew have been reported. In this study, a wheat-P. huashanica line, E24-3-1-6-2-1, was generated via distant hybridization, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis, and backcross breeding. A chromosome karyotype of 2n = 44 was observed at the mitotic stage in E24-3-1-6-2-1. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis revealed four translocated chromosomes in E24-3-1-6-2-1, and P. huashanica chromosome-specific marker analysis showed that the alien chromosome fragment was from the P. huashanica 4Ns chromosome. Moreover, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis demonstrated that reciprocal translocation had occurred between the P. huashanica 4Ns chromosome and the wheat 3D chromosome; thus, E24-3-1-6-2-1 carried two translocations: T3DS·3DL-4NsL and T3DL-4NsS. Translocation also occurred between wheat chromosomes 2A and 4A. At the adult stage, E24-3-1-6-2-1 was highly resistant to powdery mildew, caused by prevalent pathotypes in China. Further, the spike length, numbers of fertile spikelets, kernels per spike, thousand-kernel weight, and grain yield of E24-3-1-6-2-1 were significantly higher than those of its wheat parent 7182 and addition line 24-6-3-1. Thus, this translocation line that is highly resistant to powdery mildew and has excellent agronomic traits can be used as a novel promising germplasm for breeding resistant and high-yielding cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuhua Huang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chenchen Hou
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dasheng Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhengmao Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Li J, Zhao L, Cheng X, Bai G, Li M, Wu J, Yang Q, Chen X, Yang Z, Zhao J. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a novel wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng T3DS-5NsL•5NsS and T5DL-3DS•3DL dual translocation line with powdery mildew resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:163. [PMID: 32293283 PMCID: PMC7161236 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng (2n = 2x = 14, NsNs) carries many outstanding agronomic traits, therefore is a valuable resource for wheat genetic improvement. Wheat-P. huashanica translocation lines are important intermediate materials for wheat breeding and studying the functions of alien chromosomes. However, powdery mildew resistance in these translocation lines has not been reported previously. RESULTS This study developed a novel wheat-P. huashanica translocation line TR77 by selecting a F7 progeny from the cross between heptaploid hybrid H8911 (2n = 7x = 49, AABBDDNs) and durum wheat line Trs-372. Chromosome karyotype of 2n = 42 = 21II was observed in both mitotic and meiotic stages of TR77. Genomic in situ hybridization analysis identified two translocated chromosomes that paired normally at meiosis stage in TR77. Molecular marker analysis showed that part of chromosome 5D was replaced by part of alien chromosome fragment 5Ns. It meant replacement made part 5DL and part 5NsL·5NsS existed in wheat background, and then translocation happened between these chromosomes and wheat 3D chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated that TR77 carries dual translocations: T3DS-5NsL·5NsS and T5DL-3DS·3DL. Analysis using a 15 K-wheat-SNP chip confirmed that SNP genotypes on the 5D chromosome of TR77 matched well with these of P. huashanica, but poorly with common wheat line 7182. The translocation was physically located between 202.3 and 213.1 Mb in 5D. TR77 showed longer spikes, more kernels per spike, and much better powdery mildew resistance than its wheat parents: common wheat line 7182 and durum wheat line Trs-372. CONCLUSIONS TR77 is a novel stable wheat-P. huashanica T3DS-5NsL·5NsS and T5DL-3DS·3DL dual translocation line and showed significant improved spike traits and resistance to powdery mildew compared to its parents, thus, it can be an useful germplasm for breeding disease resistance and studying the genetic mechanism of dual translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachuang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueni Cheng
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guihua Bai
- USDA, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, 4008 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Mao Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunhui Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zujun Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Jixin Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering Breeding, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Gong B, Zhu W, Li S, Wang Y, Xu L, Wang Y, Zeng J, Fan X, Sha L, Zhang H, Qi P, Huang L, Chen G, Zhou Y, Kang H. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of wheat-Elymus repens chromosomal translocation lines with resistance to Fusarium head blight and stripe rust. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:590. [PMID: 31881925 PMCID: PMC6935081 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici are devastating diseases that affect wheat production worldwide. The use of disease-resistant genes and cultivars is the most effective means of reducing fungicide applications to combat these diseases. Elymus repens (2n = 6x = 42, StStStStHH) is a potentially useful germplasm of FHB and stripe rust resistance for wheat improvement. RESULTS Here, we report the development and characterization of two wheat-E. repens lines derived from the progeny of common wheat-E. repens hybrids. Cytological studies indicated that the mean chromosome configuration of K15-1192-2 and K15-1194-2 at meiosis were 2n = 42 = 0.86 I + 17.46 II (ring) + 3.11 II (rod) and 2n = 42 = 2.45 I + 14.17 II (ring) + 5.50 II (rod) + 0.07 III, respectively. Genomic and fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotyping and simple sequence repeats markers revealed that K15-1192-2 was a wheat-E. repens 3D/?St double terminal chromosomal translocation line. Line K15-1194-2 was identified as harboring a pair of 7DS/?StL Robertsonian translocations and one 3D/?St double terminal translocational chromosome. Further analyses using specific expressed sequence tag-SSR markers confirmed that the wheat-E. repens translocations involved the 3St chromatin in both lines. Furthermore, compared with the wheat parent Chuannong16, K15-1192-2 and K15-1194-2 expressed high levels of resistance to FHB and stripe rust pathogens prevalent in China. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this study has determined that the chromosome 3St of E. repens harbors gene(s) highly resistant to FHB and stripe rust, and chromatin of 3St introgressed into wheat chromosomes completely presented the resistance, indicating the feasibility of using these translocation lines as novel material for breeding resistant wheat cultivars and alien gene mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biran Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Sanyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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9
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Zhang Z, Han H, Liu W, Song L, Zhang J, Zhou S, Yang X, Li X, Li L. Deletion mapping and verification of an enhanced-grain number per spike locus from the 6PL chromosome arm of Agropyron cristatum in common wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2815-2827. [PMID: 31309244 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced-grain number per spike locus from Agropyron cristatum 6PL was mapped onto 6PL (0.27-0.51) via deletion mapping, and its effect was further verified by evaluating a newly created translocation line. Agropyron cristatum (2n = 4x = 28, PPPP) is an important wild relative of common wheat and carries many desirable yield-related traits. The wheat-A. cristatum 6P disomic addition line 4844-12 exhibited high grain number per spike (GNS), high spikelet number per spike (SNS), and high kernel number per spikelet (KNS). In this study, five A. cristatum 6P deletion lines, five wheat-A. cristatum 6P translocation lines, and genetic populations of these lines were used to map the enhanced-GNS locus from A. cristatum chromosome 6P, which were genotyped via genomic in situ hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, or molecular markers. According to the evaluation of the agronomic traits in four growing seasons (2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2016-2017, and 2017-2018), we found that the deletion lines and the translocation lines carrying the long arm of A. cristatum chromosome 6P (6PL) exhibited high GNS, SNS, and KNS, and the enhanced-GNS locus was ultimately mapped onto 6PL (0.27-0.51). To verify the localization results, we created a new translocation line WAT650a (T5BL•5BS-6PL) that carried 6PL (0.35-0.42); this line exhibited higher GNS and SNS than the recipient parent Fukuhokomugi (Fukuho). Collectively, the enhanced-GNS locus of A. cristatum 6PL can be important for improving yield traits in common wheat; the translocation lines with the enhanced-GNS locus can serve as novel and valuable germplasm resources for wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haiming Han
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liqiang Song
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shenghui Zhou
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinming Yang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuquan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lihui Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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10
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Iqbal MZ, Cheng M, Su Y, Li Y, Jiang W, Li H, Zhao Y, Wen X, Zhang L, Ali A, Rong T, Tang Q. Allopolyploidization facilitates gene flow and speciation among corn, Zea perennis and Tripsacum dactyloides. PLANTA 2019; 249:1949-1962. [PMID: 30895446 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tripsacum dactyloides is closely related to Zea mays since Zea perennis and the MTP tri- species hybrid have four possible reproductive modes. Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.) and tetraploid perennial teosinte (Zea perennis) are well known to possess genes conferring resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses as well as adaptation to flood and aluminum toxic soils. However, plant breeders have been hampered to utilize these and other beneficial traits for maize improvement due to sterility in their hybrids. By crossing a tetraploid maize-inbred line × T. dactyloides, a female fertile hybrid was produced that was crossed with Z. perennis to yield a tri-genomic female fertile hybrid, which was backcrossed with diploid maize to produce BC1 and BC2. The tri-genomic hybrid provided a new way to transfer genetic material from both species into maize by utilizing conventional plant breeding methods. On the basis of cytogenetic observations using multi-color genomic in situ hybridization, the progenies were classified into four groups, in which chromosomes could be scaled both up and down with ease to produce material for varying breeding and genetic purposes via apomixis or sexual reproduction. In the present study, pathways were found to recover maize and to obtain specific translocations as well as a speedy recovery of the T. dactyloides-maize addition line in a second backcross generation. However, phenotypes of the recovered maize were in most cases far from maize as a result of genetic load from T. dactyloides and Z. perennis, and could not be directly used as a maize-inbred line but could serve as an intermediate material for maize improvement. A series of hybrids was produced (having varying chromosome number, constitution, and translocations) with agronomic traits from all three parental species. The present study provides an application of overcoming the initial interspecific barriers among these species. Moreover, T. dactyloides is closely related to Z. mays L. ssp. mays since Z. perennis and the MTP tri- species hybrid have four possible reproductive modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zafar Iqbal
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingjun Cheng
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Grass Industry Technology Research and Promotion Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuegui Su
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Maize Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiming Jiang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaxiong Li
- Institue of Forestry and Pomology, Neijiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Asif Ali
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingzhao Rong
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qilin Tang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Song L, Lu Y, Zhang J, Pan C, Yang X, Li X, Liu W, Li L. Cytological and molecular analysis of wheat - Agropyron cristatum translocation lines with 6P chromosome fragments conferring superior agronomic traits in common wheat. Genome 2016; 59:840-850. [PMID: 27643577 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Agropyron cristatum (2n = 4x = 28, PPPP) is a wild relative of common wheat and confers several desirable agronomic traits to wheat, such as high grain number per spike and enhanced resistance to certain diseases. Development of wheat - A. cristatum 6P translocation lines facilitates its utilization in wheat improvement. In this study, 26 wheat - A. cristatum 6P translocation lines were characterized by in situ hybridization (ISH) and 6P-specific sequence-tagged-site (STS) markers. These translocation lines carried different 6P chromosomal segments, which covered the whole 6P chromosome. FISH results showed that 15, 5, and 6 lines were translocated onto wheat A, B, and D genomes, respectively. Compared with the previous reports, a fine physical map of 6P chromosome was constructed, consisting of 31 chromosomal bins with 255 STS markers. Twelve translocation lines containing 6PS13∼14 chromosomal bins were highly resistant to leaf rust. Two lines showed high grain number per spike, and three lines displayed both enhanced grain number per spike and thousand-grain weight. Development of wheat - A. cristatum 6P translocation lines will not only provide novel wheat germplasm for wheat breeding but also be helpful to broaden the genetic basis of common wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Song
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuqing Lu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cuili Pan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinming Yang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuquan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lihui Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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