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Finnie S, Butterill P, Novotny V, Redmond C, Jorge LR, Abe T, Lamarre GPA, Maicher V, Sam K. Vertical stratification and defensive traits of caterpillars against parasitoids in a lowland tropical forest in Cameroon. Oecologia 2024; 204:915-930. [PMID: 38613574 PMCID: PMC11062930 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Insect herbivores and their parasitoids play a crucial role in terrestrial trophic interactions in tropical forests. These interactions occur across the entire vertical gradient of the forest. This study compares how caterpillar communities, and their parasitism rates, vary across vertical strata and between caterpillar defensive strategies in a semi deciduous tropical forest in Nditam, Cameroon. Within a 0.1 ha plot, all trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm were felled and systematically searched for caterpillars. We divided the entire vertical gradient of the forest into eight, five-metre strata. All caterpillars were assigned to a stratum based on their collection height, reared, identified, and classified into one of three defensive traits: aposematic, cryptic and shelter-building. Caterpillar species richness and diversity showed a midstory peak, whereas density followed the opposite pattern, decreasing in the midstory and then increasing towards the highest strata. This trend was driven by some highly dense shelter-building caterpillars in the upper canopy. Specialisation indices indicated decreasing levels of caterpillar generality with increasing height, a midstory peak in vulnerability, and increasing connectance towards the upper canopy, although the latter was likely driven by decreasing network size. Both aposematic and shelter-building caterpillars had significantly higher parasitism rates than cryptic caterpillars. Our results highlight nuanced changes in caterpillar communities across forest strata and provide evidence that defences strategies are important indicators of parasitism rates in caterpillars and that both aposematic and shelter-building caterpillars could be considered a "safe haven" for parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Finnie
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Philip Butterill
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Conor Redmond
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Leonardo Ré Jorge
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomokazu Abe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Greg P A Lamarre
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, 0843-03092, Ancon, Panama
| | - Vincent Maicher
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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2
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Jiang S, Chen F, Qin P, Xie H, Peng G, Li Y, Guo X. The specific DNA barcodes based on chloroplast genes for species identification of Theaceae plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:837-848. [PMID: 35592487 PMCID: PMC9110604 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED More than 600 species in over 40 genera have been identified in family Theaceae worldwide. The accurate identification of Theaceae plants can ensure the market economic order, and it plays a vital role in achieving the sustainable utilization of germplasm resources. DNA barcoding, one of the most potential species identification technologies at present, has advanced in the rapid, accurate and repetitive discrimination of species. In this study, matK + ndhF + ycf1 was observed as the optimal combined candidate gene sequence of DNA barcodes by analyzing genetic information of four single chloroplast DNA sequences, including matK, rbcL, ndhF and ycf1, as well as six combined gene sequences. Subsequently, the experiments were performed on phylogenetic analysis based on genetic distance to study the phylogenetic relationship of Theaceae plants and evaluate the species identification accuracy of matK + ndhF + ycf1. Lastly, the species-specific DNA barcodes were designed by searching the variable sites (one type of single nucleotide polymorphism sites) for the accurate identification of Camellia amplexicaulis, Franklinia alatamaha, Gordonia brandegeei and Stewartia micrantha. The previous methods of screening and testing candidate gene sequences were optimized, and innovation was made in the above methods. The process of making visual DNA barcodes was standardized. Besides, DNA barcoding technology increased the accuracy of species identification and DNA barcoding was analyzed in accordance with the theories of population genetics (e.g., neutral theory of molecular evolution). The results of the study will lay a basis for the identification and protection of Theaceae species and germplasm resources. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01175-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Fenglin Chen
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Pai Qin
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Hai Xie
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Guo Peng
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Yongliang Li
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Xinhong Guo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
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3
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Pereira CL, Gilbert MTP, Araújo MB, Matias MG. Fine‐tuning biodiversity assessments: A framework to pair eDNA metabarcoding and morphological approaches. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Lúcio Pereira
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development University of Évora Évora Portugal
| | - M. Thomas P. Gilbert
- Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- University MuseumNTNU Trondheim Norway
| | - Miguel Bastos Araújo
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
- Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development University of Évora Évora Portugal
| | - Miguel Graça Matias
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
- Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development University of Évora Évora Portugal
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4
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Bouwer MC, Scheepers LM, Slippers B, Rohwer ER, Allison JD. The Sex Pheromone of the Pine Brown-Tail Moth, Euproctis terminalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:732-739. [PMID: 34347234 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pine brown tail moth, Euproctis terminalis (Walker 1855), is a periodic pest in pine plantations in South Africa. The larvae feed on pine needles and can cause severe defoliation when population densities are high. Population densities fluctuate temporally and spatially, complicating the prediction of potential growth loss and tree mortality. The aim of this study was to identify the sex pheromone of the pine brown tail moth to provide stakeholders with a tool for monitoring it. Gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of female pheromone gland extracts identified the major component as (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19-docosatetraen-1-ol isobutyrate. Traps baited with (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19-docosatetraen-1-ol isobutyrate caught more males than unbaited traps. A delta trap was shown to be a superior design compared to a bucket funnel trap. This pheromone can now be used for monitoring E. terminalis in pine plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clement Bouwer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Insect Science (Pty) Ltd, 9 Industria Street, New Industrial Area, Tzaneen, 0850, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Luki-Marie Scheepers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Egmont Richard Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Center for Chromatography, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jeremy D Allison
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa.
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada.
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5
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Nugent CM, Elliott TA, Ratnasingham S, Hebert PDN, Adamowicz SJ. Debar: A sequence-by-sequence denoiser for COI-5P DNA barcode data. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2832-2846. [PMID: 33749132 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA barcoding and metabarcoding are now widely used to advance species discovery and biodiversity assessments. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has expanded the volume and scope of these analyses, but elevated error rates introduce noise into sequence records that can inflate estimates of biodiversity. Denoising -the separation of biological signal from instrument (technical) noise-of barcode and metabarcode data currently employs abundance-based methods which do not capitalize on the highly conserved structure of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region employed as the animal barcode. This manuscript introduces debar, an R package that utilizes a profile hidden Markov model to denoise indel errors in COI sequences introduced by instrument error. In silico studies demonstrated that debar recognized 95% of artificially introduced indels in COI sequences. When applied to real-world data, debar reduced indel errors in circular consensus sequences obtained with the Sequel platform by 75%, and those generated on the Ion Torrent S5 by 94%. The false correction rate was less than 0.1%, indicating that debar is receptive to the majority of true COI variation in the animal kingdom. In conclusion, the debar package improves DNA barcode and metabarcode workflows by aiding the generation of more accurate sequences aiding the characterization of species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Nugent
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler A Elliott
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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6
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Lopez-Vaamonde C, Kirichenko N, Cama A, Doorenweerd C, Godfray HCJ, Guiguet A, Gomboc S, Huemer P, Landry JF, Laštůvka A, Laštůvka Z, Lee KM, Lees DC, Mutanen M, van Nieukerken EJ, Segerer AH, Triberti P, Wieser C, Rougerie R. Evaluating DNA Barcoding for Species Identification and Discovery in European Gracillariid Moths. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.626752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gracillariidae is the most species-rich leaf-mining moth family with over 2,000 described species worldwide. In Europe, there are 263 valid named species recognized, many of which are difficult to identify using morphology only. Here we explore the use of DNA barcodes as a tool for identification and species discovery in European gracillariids. We present a barcode library including 6,791 COI sequences representing 242 of the 263 (92%) resident species. Our results indicate high congruence between morphology and barcodes with 91.3% (221/242) of European species forming monophyletic clades that can be identified accurately using barcodes alone. The remaining 8.7% represent cases of non-monophyly making their identification uncertain using barcodes. Species discrimination based on the Barcode Index Number system (BIN) was successful for 93% of species with 7% of species sharing BINs. We discovered as many as 21 undescribed candidate species, of which six were confirmed from an integrative approach; the other 15 require additional material and study to confirm preliminary evidence. Most of these new candidate species are found in mountainous regions of Mediterranean countries, the South-Eastern Alps and the Balkans, with nine candidate species found only on islands. In addition, 13 species were classified as deep conspecific lineages, comprising a total of 27 BINs with no intraspecific morphological differences found, and no known ecological differentiation. Double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) analysis showed strong mitonuclear discrepancy in four out of five species studied. This discordance is not explained by Wolbachia-mediated genetic sweeps. Finally, 26 species were classified as “unassessed species splits” containing 71 BINs and some involving geographical isolation or ecological specialization that will require further study to test whether they represent new cryptic species.
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7
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Marín MA, López-Rubio A, Clavijo A, Pyrcz TW, Freitas AVL, Uribe SI, Álvarez CF. Use of species delimitation approaches to tackle the cryptic diversity of an assemblage of high Andean butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Genome 2021; 64:937-949. [PMID: 33596120 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cryptic biological diversity has generated ambiguity in taxonomic and evolutionary studies. Single-locus methods and other approaches for species delimitation are useful for addressing this challenge, enabling the practical processing of large numbers of samples for identification and inventory purposes. This study analyzed an assemblage of high Andean butterflies using DNA barcoding and compared the identifications based on the current morphological taxonomy with three methods of species delimitation (automatic barcode gap discovery, generalized mixed Yule coalescent model, and Poisson tree processes). Sixteen potential cryptic species were recognized using these three methods, representing a net richness increase of 11.3% in the assemblage. A well-studied taxon of the genus Vanessa, which has a wide geographical distribution, appeared with the potential cryptic species that had a higher genetic differentiation at the local level than at the continental level. The analyses were useful for identifying the potential cryptic species in Pedaliodes and Forsterinaria complexes, which also show differentiation along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. This genetic assessment of an entire assemblage of high Andean butterflies (Papilionoidea) provides baseline information for future research in a region characterized by high rates of endemism and population isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alejandro Marín
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.,Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Andrés López-Rubio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Clavijo
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Tomasz Wilhelm Pyrcz
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland.,Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - André Victor Lucci Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.,Museu de Diversidade Biológica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Inés Uribe
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Carlos Federico Álvarez
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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8
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Testing the Effectiveness of DNA Barcoding for Biodiversity Assessment of Moths from Nigeria. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive biodiversity assessment of moths in Nigeria rely greatly on accurate species identification. While most of the Nigerian moths are identified effortlessly using their morphological traits, some taxa are morphologically indistinguishable, which makes it difficult for taxon diagnosis. We investigated the efficiency of the DNA barcode, a fragment of the mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I, as a tool for the identification of Nigerian moths. We barcoded 152 individuals comprising 18 morphospecies collected from one of the remaining and threatened rainforest blocks of Nigeria – the Cross River National Park. Phenetic neighbor-joining tree and phylogenetic Maximum Likelihood approach were employed for the molecular-based species identification. Results showed that DNA barcodes enabled species-level identification of most of the individuals collected from the Park. Additionally, DNA barcoding unraveled the presence of at least six potential new and yet undescribed species—Amnemopsyche sp., Arctia sp., Deinypena sp., Hodebertia sp., Otroeda sp., and Palpita sp. The phylogenetic Maximum Likelihood using the combined dataset of all the newly assembled sequences from Nigeria showed that all species formed unique clades. The phylogenetic analyses provided evidence of population divergence in Euchromia lethe, Nyctemera leuconoe, and Deinypena lacista. This study thus illustrates the efficacy of DNA barcoding for species identification and discovery of potential new species, which demonstrates its relevance in biodiversity documentation of Nigerian moths. Future work should, therefore, extend to the creation of an exhaustive DNA barcode reference library comprising all species of moths from Nigeria to have a comprehensive insight on the diversity of moths in the country. Finally, we propose integrated taxonomic methods that would combine morphological, ecological, and molecular data in the identification and diversity studies of moths in Nigeria.
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9
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Seifert CL, Lamarre GPA, Volf M, Jorge LR, Miller SE, Wagner DL, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Novotný V. Vertical stratification of a temperate forest caterpillar community in eastern North America. Oecologia 2019; 192:501-514. [PMID: 31872269 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vertical niche partitioning might be one of the main driving forces explaining the high diversity of forest ecosystems. However, the forest's vertical dimension has received limited investigation, especially in temperate forests. Thus, our knowledge about how communities are vertically structured remains limited for temperate forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the vertical structuring of an arboreal caterpillar community in a temperate deciduous forest of eastern North America. Within a 0.2-ha forest stand, all deciduous trees ≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were felled and systematically searched for caterpillars. Sampled caterpillars were assigned to a specific stratum (i.e. understory, midstory, or canopy) depending on their vertical position and classified into feeding guild as either exposed feeders or shelter builders (i.e. leaf rollers, leaf tiers, webbers). In total, 3892 caterpillars representing 215 species of butterflies and moths were collected and identified. While stratum had no effect on caterpillar density, feeding guild composition changed significantly with shelter-building caterpillars becoming the dominant guild in the canopy. Species richness and diversity were found to be highest in the understory and midstory and declined strongly in the canopy. Family and species composition changed significantly among the strata; understory and canopy showed the lowest similarity. Food web analyses further revealed an increasing network specialization towards the canopy, caused by an increase in specialization of the caterpillar community. In summary, our study revealed a pronounced stratification of a temperate forest caterpillar community, unveiling a distinctly different assemblage of caterpillars dwelling in the canopy stratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo L Seifert
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Greg P A Lamarre
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonardo R Jorge
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Scott E Miller
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama.,Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Vojtěch Novotný
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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