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Jacinto M, Monteiro D, Rodrigues F, Diz S, Matos R, Amaro N, Antunes R. Gender Differences in Anthropometric, Functional Capacity Measures and Quality of Life in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:84. [PMID: 38804450 PMCID: PMC11130869 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the of the current investigation was to investigate the possible differences concerning males and females in anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity, strength and quality of life variables. After obtaining signed informed consent, 37 participants (18 males; 19 females), with mean age of 39.08 and standard deviation of 11.66 years, voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity, strength, and quality of life were assessed using validated and reliable instruments and tests for this population. The males and females were compared using a Mann-Whitney U signed rank test. Significant differences were detected among the following variables, height (p = 0.028), body mass index (p = 0.033), fat mass (p = 0.002), muscle mass (p ≤ 0.001), phase angle (p = 0.005), medicine ball throwing strength (p = 0.010), and peak toque left knee (p = 0.028), with males showing better results in all the variables. The sample in this study showed differences in the anthropometric, composition, and strength variables. Studying this population can help ensure that everyone has equal access to services and adequate support for their personal needs, improving their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.J.); (F.R.); (S.D.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (R.A.)
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.J.); (F.R.); (S.D.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (R.A.)
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.J.); (F.R.); (S.D.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (R.A.)
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana Diz
- ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.J.); (F.R.); (S.D.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (R.A.)
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.J.); (F.R.); (S.D.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (R.A.)
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Amaro
- ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.J.); (F.R.); (S.D.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (R.A.)
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Raul Antunes
- ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (M.J.); (F.R.); (S.D.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (R.A.)
- CIDESD, Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Skeletal Muscle Measurements in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology: Essential Components to a Comprehensive Assessment. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010114. [PMID: 36670664 PMCID: PMC9856749 DOI: 10.3390/children10010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Children with hematologic and oncologic health conditions are at risk of impaired skeletal muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular activation that may limit gross motor performance. A comprehensive assessment of neuromuscular function of these children is essential to identify the trajectory of changes in skeletal muscle and to prescribe therapeutic exercise and monitor its impact. Therefore, this review aims to (a) define fundamental properties of skeletal muscle; (b) highlight methods to quantify muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular activation; (c) describe mechanisms that contribute to muscle strength and gross motor performance in children; (d) recommend clinical assessment measures; and (e) illustrate comprehensive muscle assessment in children using examples of sickle cell disease and musculoskeletal sarcoma.
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Ferreira JP, Matos R, Campos MJ, Monteiro D, Antunes R, Jacinto M. Effects of Physical Exercise Program in Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities-A Study Protocol. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247485. [PMID: 36556101 PMCID: PMC9786148 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a physical exercise (PE) program for people with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), aiming to determine the effects on physical fitness, health, cognitive ability, and quality of life (QoL). Using experimental methodology, this intervention study recruited 21 adults (18 to 65 years old), institutionalized and with no other associated pathology, who will be allocated to one of the different groups: (i) gym/indoor intervention group (using weight machines), (ii) outdoor intervention group (using low-cost materials), or (iii) control group (without specific intervention, who continue with their normal daily activities). Both intervention groups will engage in 45 min of training per session, twice a week, for 24 weeks. Assessments will be conducted at baseline (initial assessment), 3 months (mid-term assessment), and 6 months (final assessment). Variables assessed include anthropometrics, body composition, functional capacity, muscle strength, general health, cognitive ability, and QoL. The results of this study will assist in the development of more effective strategies, recommendations, and interventions to ensure better and greater adherence to PE by institutionalized individuals with IDD, namely, recommendations for assessment, prescription, and implementation of PE for this population. Additionally, we intend to make available two PE programs, if they are adapted and promote positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Ferreira
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS–Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Maria João Campos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS–Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Raul Antunes
- ESECS–Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- ESECS–Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
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Souron R, Carayol M, Martin V, Piponnier E, Duché P, Gruet M. Differences in time to task failure and fatigability between children and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1026012. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1026012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from childhood to adulthood is characterized by many physiological processes impacting exercise performance. Performance fatigability and time to task failure are commonly used to capture exercise performance. This review aimed to determine the differences in fatigability and TTF between youth (including both children and adolescents) and young adults, and to evaluate the influence of exercise modalities (i.e., exercise duration and type of exercise) on these differences. Medline, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library were searched. Thirty-four studies were included. The meta-analyses revealed that both children (SMD −1.15; p < 0.001) and adolescents (SMD −1.26; p = 0.022) were less fatigable than adults. Additional analysis revealed that children were less fatigable during dynamic exercises (SMD −1.58; p < 0.001) with no differences during isometric ones (SMD –0.46; p = 0.22). Children (SMD 0.89; p = 0.018) but not adolescents (SMD 0.75; p = 0.090) had longer TTF than adults. Additional analyses revealed 1) that children had longer TTF for isometric (SMD 1.25; p < 0.001) but not dynamic exercises (SMD −0.27; p = 0.83), and 2) that TTF differences between children and adults were larger for short- (SMD 1.46; p = 0.028) than long-duration exercises (SMD 0.20; p = 0.64). Children have higher endurance and are less fatigable than adults. These differences are influenced by the exercise modality, suggesting distinct physiological functioning during exercise between children and adults. The low number of studies comparing these outcomes between adolescents versus children and adults prevents robust conclusions and warrants further investigations in adolescent individuals.
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Sawicka AK, Jaworska J, Brzeska B, Sabisz A, Samborowska E, Radkiewicz M, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ, Szarmach A, Olek RA. L-Carnitine Combined with Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve the Effectiveness of Progressive Resistance Training in Healthy Aged Women. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:945-953. [PMID: 36259583 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) in combination with leucine supplementation on muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy in aged women participating in a resistance exercise training (RET) program. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven out of sixty (38.3% dropout) healthy women aged 60-75 years (mean 67.6 ± 0.7 years) completed the intervention in one of three groups. One of the supplemented groups received 1 g of L-carnitine-L-tartrate in combination with 3 g of L-leucine per day (LC+L group; n = 12), and the second supplemented group received 4 g of L-leucine per day (L group; n = 13). The control group (CON group; n = 12) received no supplementation. INTERVENTION All three groups completed the same RET protocol involving exercise sessions twice per week for 24 weeks. MEASUREMENTS Before and after the experiment, participants performed isometric and isokinetic muscle strength testing on the Biodex dynamometer. The cross-sectional areas of the major knee extensors and total thigh muscles were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Fasting serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), myostatin and decorin, and plasma levels of total carnitine (TC) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels were measured. RESULTS The 24-week RET significantly increased muscle strength and muscle volume, but the group and time interactions were not significant for the muscle variables analyzed. Plasma total carnitine increased only in the LC+L group (p = 0.009). LC supplementation also caused a significant increase in plasma TMAO, which was higher after the intervention in the LC+L group than in the L (p < 0.001), and CON (p = 0.005) groups. The intervention did not change plasma TMAO concentration in the L (p = 0.959) and CON (p = 0.866) groups. After the intervention serum decorin level was higher than before in both supplemented groups combined (p = 0.012), still not significantly different to post intervention CON (p = 0.231). No changes in serum IGF-1 and myostatin concentrations and no links between the changes in blood markers and muscle function or muscle volume were observed. CONCLUSIONS LC combined with leucine or leucine alone does not appear to improve the effectiveness of RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sawicka
- Robert A. Olek, Department of Athletics, Strength, and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Krolowej Jadwigi 27/39; 61-871 Poznan, Poland, e-mail: , ORCID: 0000-0002-3714-7386
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Relationship between Anthropometric, Physical and Hormonal Parameters among Pre-Pubertal Handball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18199977. [PMID: 34639279 PMCID: PMC8507650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18199977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aims of our study were to investigate the changes in anthropometric and physical parameters and fasting hormonal levels among pre-pubertal female handball players (n = 14, age: 11.53 ± 0.58 yrs, height: 153.36 ± 5.12 cm, body mass: 43.59 ± 6.14 kg) in the pre-season period following 8 weeks of handball training, and to analyze the contribution of hormones, physical performance and anthropometric parameters. Methods: Prior to and immediately following the training period, several anthropometric, strength, and cardiorespiratory variables, including fasting hormonal concentrations (plasma cortisol, estradiol, testosterone and growth hormones) were measured. Athletes performed concurrent resistance and aerobic exercises, including game-based trainings during the 8-week training period. Results: Significant elevations were found in all strength parameters (maximal handgrip strength dominant (D): 16.40%, p < 0.01; non-dominant (ND): 25.15%, p < 0.05; maximal concentric (MVC) torque of quadriceps D: 13.82%, p < 0.05; ND: 12.61%, p < 0.05; MVC torque of hamstring D: 12.14%, p < 0.01; ND: 12.44%, p < 0.01), including plasma cortisol levels (C, 34.30%, p < 0.05) and peak respiratory quotient (5.24%, p < 0.05). Body composition and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) remained unchanged. Percentage changes in thigh (r = 0.316, p < 0.05), hand (r = 0.361, p < 0.05), and hip circumference (r = 0.297, p < 0.05) correlated with C changes. Percentage changes in plasma growth hormone levels (GH) contributed to the magnitude of gains in handgrip strength (r = 0.553, p < 0.05). Percentage changes in maximal exercise pulmonary ventilation (MVE) correlated with elevated C (r = −0.592, p < 0.05). Discussion: Changes in anthropometric variables and fasting hormone levels (estradiol, testosterone and cortisol) were poor indicators of developing VO2max and strength during pre-pubertal years. Physical adaptation may not be explained in consideration of the athletes’ hormonal or anthropometric characteristics. Conclusion: Gradually increased training volume followed by a summer break should be applied to youth handball, considering the anti-hypertrophic responses and the inhibitory effect of elevating C on pre-pubertal maturation.
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Małecki K, Niedzielski K, Flont P, Fabis-Strobin A, Fabis J. Bilateral Hidden Isokinetic Quadriceps Performance before and after MPFL Reconstruction in Pediatric Patients. J Knee Surg 2021; 34:906-912. [PMID: 31905414 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We perform prospective study to evaluate the isokinetic performance of quadriceps before and 1 year after medial patella-femoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction with the adductor magnus tendon in the case of recurrent patellar dislocation. The present study is the first to describe the isokinetic function of the quadriceps of the involved and uninvolved extremity, in such a wide range. The MPFL is a crucial passive stabilizer of patella and, along with the conditions of the anatomical shape of the femoral-patellar joint and the function of quadriceps, influences the overall patellar stability. However, only a few studies have examined indirectly or directly the function of quadriceps. A total of 27 patients (average age at surgery was 15.8 years) with recurrent monolateral patellar dislocation were treated with MPFL reconstruction using the adductor magnus tendon. In the study group, healthy and operated quadriceps were evaluated for the following parameters at the velocities of 60 and 180 deg/s before surgery and in the follow-up examination: peak torque, peak torque to body weight, time to peak torque, peak torque angle, torque in 30 degree of the knee flexion (TQ 30 degree), and the torque in the first 180 milliseconds (TQ 180). Preoperative patellar instability and its normalization after MPFL reconstruction have no impact on the isokinetic quadriceps index value which depends on the time and degree of inactivity as well as implementation of appropriate physiotherapy. The increase in the quadriceps muscle strength of a healthy limb is responsible for the persistence of muscle isokinetic imbalance after MPFL reconstruction in pediatric patients. This is a level 2b study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Małecki
- Clinic of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kryspin Niedzielski
- Clinic of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Flont
- Clinic of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Fabis-Strobin
- Clinic of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Fabis
- Department of Arthroscopy, Minimally Invasive Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Gomes M, Santos P, Correia P, Pezarat-Correia P, Mendonca GV. Sex differences in muscle fatigue following isokinetic muscle contractions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8141. [PMID: 33854136 PMCID: PMC8046769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a limiting factor of human performance. It is unclear whether sex-based differences in fatigability exist during dynamic exercise of varying velocities of contraction. We aimed at exploring sex differences in muscle fatigue elicited by maximal isokinetic muscle contractions performed at different angular velocities. Twenty-six healthy participants (13 men: 23.2 ± 1.5; 13 women: 21.9 ± 3.0 years) were tested for concentric knee-extension at slow, moderate and fast angular isokinetic velocity (60, 180 and 300º.s-1, respectively), on non-consecutive days. The impact of sex on fatigue resistance and consecutive recovery for each isokinetic condition was explored by calculating the percent change in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and in rate of torque development (RTD), from pre- to post-isokinetic exercise (30 repetitions). The isokinetic fatigue index was also determined. No sex differences were obtained in response to isokinetic contractions completed at 60º.s-1. After performing muscle contractions at 300º.s-1, women had a significantly greater loss in MVIC than men (- 18.4 ± 5.5 vs. - 12.9 ± 3.8%; p = 0.009) and larger decreases in work output during isokinetic exercise (- 34.2 ± 8.9 vs - 27.5 ± 10.6%; p = 0.017). Recovery of initial MVIC strength was greater for women post-exercise at 180º.s-1 (15.6 ± 4.1% vs. 6.7 ± 9.5; p = 0.003). No differences were found between sexes in any condition for RTD from pre- to post-fatigue. These results suggest the presence of a sexually dimorphic fatigability in response to dynamic (isokinetic) contractions favouring men at higher absolute velocities of contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gomes
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Santos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal.,CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
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Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CC, Fernandes JF, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E70. [PMID: 33467385 PMCID: PMC7739302 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P, EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cain C.T. Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5RW, England, UK;
| | - John F.T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK;
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7C, Canada;
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Paulus J, Bosquet L, Forthomme B, Donneau AF, Grémeaux V, Croisier JL. Measured and derived parameters of isokinetic fatigability of knee muscles: What can we apply, what should we not? ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-176210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Paulus
- Department of Motricity Sciences and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - L. Bosquet
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitier, Poitiers, France
| | - B. Forthomme
- Department of Motricity Sciences and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - A.-F. Donneau
- Department Public Health Sciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - V. Grémeaux
- Pole Rehabilitation, University Hospital Center of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - J.-L. Croisier
- Department of Motricity Sciences and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Duarte JP, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Couto P, Costa D, Martinho D, Seabra A, Cyrino ES, Conde J, Rosado J, Gonçalves RS. Reproducibility of isokinetic strength assessment of knee muscle actions in adult athletes: Torques and antagonist-agonist ratios derived at the same angle position. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202261. [PMID: 30110385 PMCID: PMC6093703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the reliability of the conventional and functional ratios derived from peak torques (PTs) and those obtained from the combination of knee flexors torque at the angle of knee extensors PT. Twenty-six male athletes (mean of 24.0±0.7 years) from different sports completed a test-to-test variation in isokinetic strength (Biodex, System 3) within a period of one week. Anthropometry and body composition assessed by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry were also measured. The proposed isokinetic strength ratio measurements appeared to be highly reliable: conventional ratio at PT angle (intra-class correlation, ICC = 0.98; 95% confidence interval; 95%CI: 0.95 to 0.99); functional extension ratio at PT angle (ICC = 0.98; 95%CI: 0.96 to 0.99); and, functional flexion ratio at PT angle (ICC = 0.95; 95%CI: 0.89 to 0.98). Technical error of measurement (TEM) and associated percentage of the coefficient of variation (%CV) were as follows: conventional ratio at PT angle (TEM = 0.02; %CV = 4.1); functional extension ratio at PT angle (TEM = 0.02; %CV = 3.8); and, functional flexion ratio at PT angle (TEM = 0.03; %CV = 3.6). The current study demonstrated that the traditional and new obtained simple and combined isokinetic indicators seem highly reliable to assess muscle strength and function in adult male athletes. A single testing session seems to be sufficiently to obtain these isokinetic strength indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P. Duarte
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/101083/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/100470/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Pedro Couto
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Costa
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo Martinho
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/121441/2016), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André Seabra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Edilson S. Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jorge Conde
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Rosado
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui S. Gonçalves
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Piponnier E, Martin V, Bontemps B, Chalchat E, Julian V, Bocock O, Duclos M, Ratel S. Child-adult differences in neuromuscular fatigue are muscle-dependent. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1246-1256. [PMID: 30091669 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00244.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensor (KE) and plantar flexor (PF) muscles during repeated maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) between children and adults. Twenty-one prepubertal boys (9-11 years) and 24 men (18-30 years) performed two fatigue protocols consisting in a repetition of 5-s isometric MVIC of the KE or PF muscles interspersed with 5-s passive recovery periods until MVIC reached 60% of its initial value. The etiology of neuromuscular fatigue of the KE and PF muscles was investigated by means of non-invasive methods such as the surface electromyography, single and doublet magnetic stimulation, twitch interpolation technique and NIRS. The number of repetitions performed was significantly lower in men (15.4 ± 3.8) than boys (38.7 ± 18.8) for the KE fatigue test. In contrast, no significant difference was found for the PF muscles between boys and men (12.1 ± 4.9 and 13.8 ± 4.9 repetitions, respectively). Boys displayed a lower reduction in potentiated twitch torque, low-frequency fatigue and muscle oxygenation than men whatever the muscle group considered. In contrast, voluntary activation level and normalized EMG data decreased to a greater extent in boys than men for both muscle groups. To conclude, boys experienced less peripheral and more central fatigue during repeated MVICs than men whatever the muscle group considered. However, child-adult differences in neuromuscular fatigue were muscle-dependent since boys fatigued similarly to men with the PF muscles and to a lower extent with the KE muscles than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Piponnier
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533, AME2P), Clermont-Auvergne University, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Blaise Pascal University, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA 3533), France
| | - Bastien Bontemps
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533, AME2P), Clermont-Auvergne University, France
| | - Emeric Chalchat
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533, AME2P), Clermont-Auvergne University, France
| | | | - Olivia Bocock
- Clermont University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Hôpital G.Montpied, Service de Médecine du Sport et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Clermont-Ferrand, France, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533, AME2P), Clermont-Auvergne University, France
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13
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Myers CM, Kim JS, Musilli M, McCully K, Florian JP. Effects of Resting, Consecutive, Long-Duration Water Immersions on Neuromuscular Endurance in Well-Trained Males. Front Physiol 2018; 9:977. [PMID: 30100879 PMCID: PMC6072852 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the effects of repeated long-duration water immersions (WI)s at 1.35 atmospheres absolute (ATA) on neuromuscular endurance performance. We hypothesized that, following 5 days of consecutive, resting, long-duration WIs, neuromuscular endurance performance would decrease. Methods: Fifteen well-trained, male subjects completed five consecutive 6-h resting WIs with 18-h surface intervals during the dive week while breathing compressed air at 1.35 ATA. Skeletal muscle endurance performance was assessed before and after each WI, and 24 and 72 h after the final WI. Muscular endurance assessments included 40% maximum handgrip endurance (MHE) and 50-repetition maximal isokinetic knee extensions. Near infrared spectroscopy was used to measure muscle oxidative capacity of the vastus lateralis and localized muscle tissue oxygenation of the vastus lateralis and flexor carpi radialis. Simultaneously, brachioradialis neuromuscular activation was measured by surface electromyography. Results: A 24.9% increase (p = 0.04) in the muscle oxidative capacity rate constant (k) occurred on WI 4 compared to baseline. No changes occurred in 40% MHE time to exhaustion or rate of fatigue or total work performed for the 50-repetition maximal isokinetic knee extension. The first quartile of deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration showed a 6 and 35% increase on WIs 3 and 5 (p = 0.026) with second quartile increases of 9 and 32% on WIs 3 and 5 (p = 0.049) during the 40% MHE testing when compared to WI 1. Conclusion: Our specific WI protocol resulted in no change to muscular endurance and oxygen kinetics in load bearing and non-load bearing muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Myers
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Panama City Beach, FL, United States
| | - Jeong-Su Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Megan Musilli
- United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Panama City Beach, FL, United States
| | - Kevin McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John P Florian
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Panama City Beach, FL, United States
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14
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Birat A, Bourdier P, Piponnier E, Blazevich AJ, Maciejewski H, Duché P, Ratel S. Metabolic and Fatigue Profiles Are Comparable Between Prepubertal Children and Well-Trained Adult Endurance Athletes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:387. [PMID: 29740332 PMCID: PMC5928424 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether prepubertal children are metabolically comparable to well-trained adult endurance athletes and if this translates into similar fatigue rates during high-intensity exercise in both populations. On two different occasions, 12 prepubertal boys (10.5 ± 1.1 y), 12 untrained men (21.2 ± 1.5 y), and 13 endurance male athletes (21.5 ± 2.7 y) completed an incremental test to determine the power output at VO2max (PVO2max) and a Wingate test to evaluate the maximal anaerobic power (Pmax) and relative decrement in power output (i.e., the fatigue index, FI). Furthermore, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and capillary blood lactate concentration ([La]) were measured to determine (i) the net aerobic contribution at 5-s intervals during the Wingate test, and (ii) the post-exercise recovery kinetics of VO2, HR, and [La]. The Pmax-to-PVO2max ratio was not significantly different between children (1.9 ± 0.5) and endurance athletes (2.1 ± 0.2) but lower than untrained men (3.2 ± 0.3, p < 0.001 for both). The relative energy contribution derived from oxidative metabolism was also similar in children and endurance athletes but greater than untrained men over the second half of the Wingate test (p < 0.001 for both). Furthermore, the post-exercise recovery kinetics of VO2, HR, and [La] in children and endurance athletes were faster than those of untrained men. Finally, FI was comparable between children and endurance athletes (-35.2 ± 9.6 vs. -41.8 ± 9.4%, respectively) but lower than untrained men (-51.8 ± 4.1%, p < 0.01). To conclude, prepubertal children were observed to be metabolically comparable to well-trained adult endurance athletes, and were thus less fatigable during high-intensity exercise than untrained adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Birat
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Bourdier
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Enzo Piponnier
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Pascale Duché
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- AME2P, UFR STAPS, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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15
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Exercise-induced fatigue in young people: advances and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:899-910. [PMID: 29441401 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent decades, the interest for exercise-induced fatigue in youth has substantially increased, and the effects of growth on the peripheral (muscular) and central (neural) mechanisms underpinning differences in neuromuscular fatigue between healthy children and adults have been described more extensively. The purpose of this review is to retrieve, report, and analyse the findings of studies comparing neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults. Objective measures of the evaluation of the physiological mechanisms are discussed. METHOD Major databases (PubMed, Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science) were systematically searched and limited to English language from inception to September 2017. RESULT Collectively, the analyzed studies indicate that children experience less muscular and potentially more neural fatigue than adults. However, there are still many unknown aspects of fatigue regarding neural (supraspinal and spinal) and peripheral mechanisms that should be more thoroughly examined in children. CONCLUSION Suitable methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation, functional magnetic resonance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, tendon vibration, H-reflex, and ultrasound are recommended in the research field of fatigue in youth. By designing studies that test the fatigue effects in movements that replicate daily activities, new knowledge will be acquired. The linkage and interaction between physiological, cognitive, and psychological aspects of human performance remain to be resolved in young people. This can only be successful if research is based on a foundation of basic research focused on the mechanisms of fatigue while measuring all three above aspects.
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Rivas E, Herndon DN, Chapa ML, Cambiaso-Daniel J, Rontoyanni VG, Gutierrez IL, Sanchez K, Glover S, Suman OE. Children with severe burns display no sex differences in exercise capacity at hospital discharge or adaptation after exercise rehabilitation training. Burns 2018; 44:1187-1194. [PMID: 29429746 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Females have a 50% increased risk of death from burn injury compared to males. However, whether exercise capacity and exercise induced training adaptations differ between burned boys and girls is unknown. This project tested the hypothesis that girls with burns have lower exercise capacity and different exercise induced training adaptations. METHODS Twenty-five girls were matched to 26 boys (mean, 95%CI; years 13 [12,14], cm 151 [143,161], kg 54 [45,63]; each P>0.05) for burn injury (% total body surface area burn, 54 [45,62]; P=0.82). Lean body mass (LBM), strength (peak torque) and cardiorespiratory fitness (peak VO2) were normalized to kg LBM and compared as a percentage of age-sex matched non-burned children (n=26 boys, years 13 [12,14]; n=25 girls, years 13 [12,14]) at discharge (DC) and after aerobic and resistance rehabilitation exercise training (RET). RESULTS Using a 2-way factorial ANOVA (group×time), we found both groups had similar 11% change in LBM (87.3% of non-burned values [82.2,92.3]) and after the RET (92.8% [87.2,98.3]; main effect, time P<0.0001). Peak torque increased similarly by 16% in both groups (% of age-sex matched non-burned DC, 55.9 [51.3,60.5]; after RET, 77.5 [72.1,82.9]; main effect, time P<0.0001). Likewise, peak VO2 increased in both groups by 15% (% of age-sex matched non-burned DC, 56.8 [52.4,61.2] to RET, 72.2 [67.6,76.8]; main effect, time; P<0.0001). Burned children exercise at greater percentage of their peak VO2 and peak HR compared to non-burned children (Interaction, group×time, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION The burn injury does not have sex-dependent effects on LBM or exercise capacity in severely burn injured children. Differences in relative peak VO2 and peak HR suggest the need for burn specific exercise programs for improving the efficacy of a rehabilitation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivas
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - David N Herndon
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Martha L Chapa
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Janos Cambiaso-Daniel
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Victoria G Rontoyanni
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ileana L Gutierrez
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Sanchez
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shauna Glover
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Oscar E Suman
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Detter F, Nilsson JÅ, Karlsson C, Dencker M, Rosengren BE, Karlsson MK. A 3-year school-based exercise intervention improves muscle strength - a prospective controlled population-based study in 223 children. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:353. [PMID: 25345446 PMCID: PMC4223838 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intense physical activity (PA) improves muscle strength in children, but it remains uncertain whether moderately intense PA in a population-based cohort of children confers these benefits. Methods We included children aged 6–9 years in four schools where the intervention school increased the school curriculum of PA from 60 minutes/week to 40 minutes/school day while the control schools continued with 60 minutes/week for three years. We measured muscle strength, as isokinetic Peak Torque (PT) (Nm) of the knee flexors in the right leg at speeds of 60°/second and 180°/second, at baseline and at follow-up, in 47 girls and 76 boys in the intervention group and 46 girls and 54 boys in the control group and then calculated annual changes in muscle strength. Data are provided as means with 95% confidence intervals. Results Girls in the intervention group had 1.0 Nm (0.13, 1.9) and boys 1.9 Nm (0.9, 2.9) greater annual gain in knee flexor PT at 60°/ second, than girls and boys in the control group. Boys in the intervention group also had 1.5 Nm (0.5, 2.5) greater annual gain in knee flexors PT at 180°/ second than boys in the control group. Conclusion A 3-year moderately intense PA intervention program within the school curriculum enhances muscle strength in both girls and boys. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-353) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Detter
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Amaral GM, Marinho HVR, Ocarino JM, Silva PLP, de Souza TR, Fonseca ST. Muscular performance characterization in athletes: a new perspective on isokinetic variables. Braz J Phys Ther 2014; 18:521-9. [PMID: 25590444 PMCID: PMC4311596 DOI: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Isokinetic dynamometry allows the measurement of several variables related to
muscular performance, many of which are seldom used, while others are redundantly
applied to the characterization of muscle function. Objectives: The present study aimed to establish the particular features of muscle function
that are captured by the variables currently included in isokinetic assessment and
to determine which variables best represent these features in order to achieve a
more objective interpretation of muscular performance. Method: This study included 235 male athletes. They performed isokinetic tests of
concentric knee flexion and extension of the dominant leg at a velocity of 60º/s.
An exploratory factor analysis was performed. Results: The findings demonstrated that isokinetic variables can characterize more than
muscle torque production and pointed to the presence of 5 factors that enabled the
characterization of muscular performance according to 5 different domains or
constructs. Conclusions: The constructs can be described by torque generation capacity; variation of the
torque generation capacity along repetitions; movement deceleration capacity;
mechanical/physiological factors of torque generation; and acceleration capacity
(torque development). Fewer than eight out of sixteen variables are enough to
characterize these five constructs. Our results suggest that these variables and
these 5 domains may lead to a more systematic and optimized interpretation of
isokinetic assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paula L P Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio T Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle fatigue is defined as the fall of force or power in response to contractile activity. Both the mechanisms of fatigue and the modes used to elicit it vary tremendously. Conceptual and technological advances allow the examination of fatigue from the level of the single molecule to the intact organism. Evaluation of muscle fatigue in a wide range of disease states builds on our understanding of basic function by revealing the sources of dysfunction in response to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Kent-Braun
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
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Willcocks RJ, Fulford J, Armstrong N, Barker AR, Williams CA. Muscle metabolism during fatiguing isometric quadriceps exercise in adolescents and adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:439-45. [PMID: 24669985 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents are less susceptible to muscle fatigue during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise than adults, but the physiological basis for these differences is not clear. The purpose of the current investigation was to investigate the muscle metabolic responses, using 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, during fatiguing isometric quadriceps exercise in 13 adolescents (7 females) and 14 adults (8 females). Participants completed 30 maximal voluntary contractions (6-s duration) separated by 6 s of rest. Fatigue was quantified as the relative decrease in force over the test. Fatigue was not significantly different with age (p = 0.20) or sex (p = 0.63). Metabolic perturbation (change in phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, and ADP concentrations) was significantly greater in adults compared with adolescents; no sex effects were present. Muscle pH did not differ with age or sex. Phosphocreatine recovery following exercise was not significantly different with age (p = 0.27) or sex (p = 0.97) but a significant interaction effect was present (p = 0.04). Recovery tended to be faster in boys than men but slower in girls than women, though no significant group differences were identified. The results of this study show that at a comparable level of muscle fatigue, the metabolic profile is profoundly different between adolescents and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Willcocks
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Rd., Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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Patikas D, Kansizoglou A, Koutlianos N, Williams CA, Hatzikotoulas K, Bassa E, Kotzamanidis C. Fatigue and recovery in children and adults during sustained contractions at 2 different submaximal intensities. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:953-9. [PMID: 23905661 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of submaximal sustained contractions on fatigue and recovery properties in untrained prepubescent boys (n = 14) and men (n = 14). All participants performed, in random order, an isometric plantar flexion at 20% and 60% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until exhaustion (20%fatigue and 60%fatigue, respectively). During both fatigue protocols, surface electromyogram (sEMG) of the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles was recorded. Before and after the fatigue protocol, MVCs and blood lactate concentration were obtained. During 20%fatigue and 60%fatigue, agonist and antagonist sEMG increased gradually to a similar extent in both groups. Immediately after fatigue, MVC torque decreased in both groups, compared with prefatigue values, and boys recovered faster than men in both fatigue protocols. The reduction in agonist sEMG during MVC after fatigue was not significantly different between men and boys (p < 0.05), independent of the fatigue protocol. sEMG of boys recovered to baseline values 3 min after the 20%fatigue and 60%fatigue protocols, whereas men did not recover. Lactate concentration increased immediately after the end of the fatigue protocols, compared with the prefatigue values (p < 0.05). This increase was higher for the 60%fatigue than for 20%fatigue protocol, and did not differ between boys and men. It is concluded that low- and middle-intensity submaximal sustained isometric fatigue protocols induce similar fatigue effects in boys and men. Furthermore, it was shown that boys can recover faster than men, independent of the contraction intensity that induces fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Patikas
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ag. Ioannis, 62110 Serres, Greece
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Mechanomyographic responses for the biceps brachii are unable to track the declines in peak torque during 25, 50, 75, and 100 fatiguing isokinetic muscle actions. J Appl Biomech 2013; 29:769-78. [PMID: 23549437 DOI: 10.1123/jab.29.6.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the peak torque and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude and mean frequency (MNF) responses during fatiguing isokinetic muscle actions. On four separate occasions, twenty men (mean ± SD age = 23 ± 3 years) performed 25, 50, 75, and 100 repeated maximal concentric isokinetic muscle actions of the dominant forearm flexors. During each muscle action, the MMG signal was detected from the biceps brachii with an accelerometer. The data were examined with linear regression and one-way repeated measures analyses of variance. The results indicated that the mean percent decline in peak torque value for the 25 repetition trial (25.6%) was significantly less than that for the 50 repetition trial (45.2%). Furthermore, the mean linear slope coefficient for the peak torque versus repetition number relationship for the 50 repetition trial was significantly less than that for the 100 repetition trial. There were no mean differences among the trials for the linear slope coefficients and y-intercepts for the MMG amplitude and MNF versus repetition number relationships. When detected with an accelerometer, the linear slope coefficients and y-intercepts for the MMG amplitude and MNF versus repetition number relationships were not sensitive enough to track the decline in muscle function during fatigue.
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23
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Carvalho HM, Coelho-e-Silva M, Valente-dos-Santos J, Gonçalves RS, Philippaerts R, Malina R. Scaling lower-limb isokinetic strength for biological maturation and body size in adolescent basketball players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2881-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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