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Kolahdooz F, Nader F, Jang SL, Daemi M, Ezekowitz JA, Johnston N, Cruickshank K, Sharma S. Elevated Blood Pressure and Associations with Sodium Intake Among Multiethnic Youth in Edmonton, Canada: Findings from WHY ACT NOW. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27:239-249. [PMID: 32266707 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-020-00377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the prevalence of pre-hypertension (PHT) and hypertension (HT) in urban youth, and assessed the effects of sodium intake and obesity on blood pressure (BP) by ethnicity. METHODS A convenience sample of 557 multiethnic youth, aged 11-23 years, was recruited from 12 schools and institutions in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Participants were divided by self-identified ethnicity into four groups (Indigenous, African and Middle Eastern (AME), Asian, and European). RESULTS Between October 2013 and March 2014, one-on-one interviews were conducted to collect data on demographics, physical activity, diet, and Body Mass Index (BMI). BP was obtained at two different times during the interview and measured a third time in cases of high variability. The standard deviation scores (SDS) of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were used to estimate associations with sodium intake (per 1000 mg/day). Overall, 18.2% and 5.4% of the participants had PHT and HT, respectively. Indigenous and AME participants showed the highest rates of PHT (23.1%). Indigenous and European participants showed higher rates of HT (8.3% and 5.3%, respectively) than other ethnic groups (AME = 4.4%, Asian = 3.9%). There was a positive association between 1000 mg/day increase in sodium intake and SDS of SBP by 0.041 (95% CI 0.007-0.083; p = 0.04) among pre-hypertensive participants. Over 85% of participants exceeded the recommended dietary sodium intake. Mean BMI and dietary sodium intake were higher among pre-hypertensive participants (4219 mg/day) than normotensive (3475 mg/day). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HT varied by ethnicity. High dietary sodium intake was of concern. There is a need for culturally-tailored, population-based interventions to reduce sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Kolahdooz
- Indigenous and Global Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Unit 5-10 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Forouz Nader
- Indigenous and Global Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Unit 5-10 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Se Lim Jang
- Indigenous and Global Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Unit 5-10 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Maryam Daemi
- Indigenous and Global Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Unit 5-10 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Denistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nora Johnston
- Alberta Centre for Active Living, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Sangita Sharma
- Indigenous and Global Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Unit 5-10 University Terrace, 8303-112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada.
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Hasenegger V, Rust P, König J, Purtscher AE, Erler J, Ekmekcioglu C. Main Sources, Socio-Demographic and Anthropometric Correlates of Salt Intake in Austria. Nutrients 2018; 10:E311. [PMID: 29509671 PMCID: PMC5872729 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive salt intake is known to increase blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, salt intake exceeds the recommendations in most countries. To face this problem, it is important to identify high consumers as well as the main contributors of salt intake. Overall, data of 2018 adults between 18 and 64 years were analysed to determine the main sources, socio-demographic and anthropometric correlates of salt intake. Dietary intake was assessed from 24-h-recalls, information on socio-demographic characteristics was obtained using a questionnaire and anthropometric data were measured. Salt intake was significantly higher in males than in females. There was a significant positive association between salt intake and body mass index. No significant differences in salt intake were observed for other variables including affluence, educational level, smoking status and physical activity. The main contributor to salt intake were condiments including table salt (32.6%), followed by cereals and cereal products (27.0%), meat and meat products (16.1%) and dairy products (14.0%). These results highlight that specific population groups need to be targeted by public health initiatives and that a reduction in salt intake can only be achieved in tandem with the food producers by the reduction of salt in processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hasenegger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Petra Rust
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Elisabeth Purtscher
- Health University of Applied Sciences, Tyrol, Bachelor Programm Dietetics, Innrain 98, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Judith Erler
- Health University of Applied Sciences, Tyrol, Bachelor Programm Dietetics, Innrain 98, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Cem Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Allison A, Fouladkhah A. Adoptable Interventions, Human Health, and Food Safety Considerations for Reducing Sodium Content of Processed Food Products. Foods 2018; 7:E16. [PMID: 29389843 PMCID: PMC5848120 DOI: 10.3390/foods7020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vital for maintaining health when consumed in moderation, various epidemiological studies in recent years have shown a strong association between excess dietary sodium with an array of health complications. These associations are robust and clinically significant for development of hypertension and prehypertension, two of the leading causes of preventable mortality worldwide, in adults with a high-sodium diet. Data from developed nations and transition economies show worldwide sodium intake of higher than recommended amounts in various nations. While natural foods typically contain a moderate amount of sodium, manufactured food products are the main contributor to dietary sodium intake, up to 75% of sodium in diet of American adults, as an example. Lower cost in formulation, positive effects on organoleptic properties of food products, effects on food quality during shelf-life, and microbiological food safety, make sodium chloride a notable candidate and an indispensable part of formulation of various products. Although low-sodium formulation of each product possesses a unique set of challenges, review of literature shows an abundance of successful experiences for products of many categories. The current study discusses adoptable interventions for product development and reformulation of products to achieve a modest amount of final sodium content while maintaining taste, quality, shelf-stability, and microbiological food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola Allison
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Aliyar Fouladkhah
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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Singh M, Chandorkar S. Is sodium and potassium content of commonly consumed processed packaged foods a cause of concern? Food Chem 2016; 238:117-124. [PMID: 28867081 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Processed foods are the major contributors towards sodium intake thereby pre-disposing individuals towards risk of Diet Related Non-communicable Diseases (DR-NCDs). There is paucity of data on sodium and potassium content of processed packaged foods in India. The sodium and potassium content of the most commonly consumed processed packaged foods (n=154) was analyzed by AOAC 969.23 method using Flame Photometer. Highest analyzed mean sodium content was found in soups (4823±1674mg/100g, range=3220 to 8000mg/100g) while the potassium content was highest in chips with a mean of 778±260mg/100g and ranged between 360 and 1220mg/100g. A higher potassium to sodium ratio is desirable for good health, however only 20% of the analyzed products were found to have the same. Therefore, there is a need to monitor the sodium and potassium content of the processed packaged foods and to reformulate the products to bring about favorable potassium to sodium ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Singh
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Suneeta Chandorkar
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India.
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Ferrão L, Silva E, Silva H, Silva R, Mollakhalili N, Granato D, Freitas M, Silva M, Raices R, Padilha M, Zacarchenco P, Barbosa M, Mortazavian A, Cruz A. Strategies to develop healthier processed cheeses: Reduction of sodium and fat contents and use of prebiotics. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fouladkhah A, Berlin D, Bruntz D. High-Sodium Processed Foods: Public Health Burden and Sodium Reduction Strategies for Industry Practitioners. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1022829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Consumption and sources of dietary salt in family members in Beijing. Nutrients 2015; 7:2719-30. [PMID: 25867952 PMCID: PMC4425169 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, few people are aware of the amount and source of their salt intake. We conducted a survey to investigate the consumption and sources of dietary salt using the “one-week salt estimation method” by weighing cooking salt and major salt-containing food, and estimating salt intake during dining out based on established evidence. Nine hundred and three families (1981 adults and 971 children) with students in eight primary or junior high schools in urban and suburban Beijing were recruited. On average, the daily dietary salt intake of family members in Beijing was 11.0 (standard deviation: 6.2) g for children and adolescents (under 18 years old), 15.2 (9.1) g for adults (18 to 59 years old), and 10.2 (4.8) g for senior citizens (60 years old and over), respectively. Overall, 60.5% of dietary salt was consumed at home, and 39.5% consumed outside the home. Approximately 90% of the salt intake came from cooking (household cooking and cafeteria or restaurant cooking), while less than 10% came from processed food. In conclusion, the dietary salt intake in Beijing families far surpassed the recommended amounts by World Health Organization, with both household cooking and dining-out as main sources of salt consumption. More targeted interventions, especially education about major sources of salt and corresponding methods for salt reduction should be taken to reduce the risks associated with a high salt diet.
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Muthuri SK, Wachira LJM, Leblanc AG, Francis CE, Sampson M, Onywera VO, Tremblay MS. Temporal trends and correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:3327-59. [PMID: 24658411 PMCID: PMC3987037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110303327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent physical activity (PA) and fitness transitions, identified as behavioural shifts from traditionally active lifestyles to more industralised and sedentary lifestyles, have been observed among school-aged children. There is a wealth of supporting evidence of such behavioural transitions in high income countries; however, a paucity of data on lower income countries exists. These transitions pose a particular threat to the welfare of children by accelerating the onset of chronic diseases. This systematic review investigated the evidence for a PA and fitness transition among Sub-Saharan Africa's school-aged children. Temporal trends and correlates of PA, SB, and fitness were examined. Studies were identified by searching the Medline, Embase, Africa Index Medicus, Global Health, Geobase, and EPPI-Centre electronic databases, and were included if they measured outcomes of interest in apparently healthy samples of children (5‒17 years). A total of 71 articles met the inclusion criteria (40 informed PA, 17 informed SB, and 37 informed fitness). Vast heterogeneity in study methodology complicated analysis of transitions over time and no temporal trends were immediately discernible. However, higher socioeconomic status, urban living, and female children were found to engage in lower levels of PA, higher SB, and performed worse on aerobic fitness measures compared to lower socioeconomic status, rural living, and male children. Data revealed that urbanization was associated with a trend towards decreased PA, increased SB, and decreased aerobic fitness over time. Representative, temporally sequenced data examining a PA and fitness transition are lacking in this region (PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42013004399).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella K Muthuri
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Lucy-Joy M Wachira
- Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Allana G Leblanc
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Claire E Francis
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Margaret Sampson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Vincent O Onywera
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
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Sherman PM, Makarchuk MJ, Belanger P. Research agenda to support sodium reduction in Canada. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:396-8. [PMID: 24552384 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sodium Reduction Strategy for Canada includes an identification of priority areas for future research, based on a workshop convened by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and partners. A strong portfolio of research is essential to addressing current developments and controversies raised in relation to the health outcomes associated with dietary sodium. CIHR aims to provide leadership in working together with other funders and partners to catalyze a broad range of sodium research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Sherman
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research, 160 Elgin Street, 9th Floor, 4809A, Ottawa, ON K1A 0W9, Canada
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Turki-Belkhiria L, Chaouachi A, Turki O, Chtourou H, Chtara M, Chamari K, Amri M, Behm DG. Eight weeks of dynamic stretching during warm-ups improves jump power but not repeated or single sprint performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14:19-27. [PMID: 24533491 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2012.726651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is abundant research involving the acute effects of stretching on subsequent performance; however, there is little information on dynamic stretch training programmes on range of motion (ROM), power and speed measures. It was the objective of this research to examine the training consequences of active dynamic stretching (ADS) and static dynamic stretching (SDS). A repeated measures design compared the effects of 8 weeks of warm-ups incorporating two dynamic stretch modalities: ADS and SDS on squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint performances and repeated sprint ability (RSA) and hip ROM in 37 male soccer players. SJ height (SDS: 4.6%; ADS: 5.3%; p <0.05), CMJ height (SDS: 5.3%; ADS: 3.4%; p<0.05), CMJ force (SDS: 7.2%; ADS: 12.7%; p<0.001) and CMJ peak power (SDS: 3.9%; ADS: 3.3%; p<0.05) increased significantly after SDS and ADS training compared to the control group (no significant change). Sprint performance and RSA were not affected by either of the dynamic stretch training regimens. The SDS and ADS training programmes elicited similar improvements in flexibility (SDS: 57.6%; ADS: 45.1%; p<0.01) compared to the non-significant changes in the control group. The inclusion of ADS and SDS within the regular warm-up of an 8-week training programme can improve not only flexibility but also jump power measures as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Turki-Belkhiria
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimisation" , National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports , Tunis - El Menzah , Tunisia
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Wong CL, Arcand J, Mendoza J, Henson SJ, Qi Y, Lou W, L'Abbé MR. Consumer attitudes and understanding of low-sodium claims on food: an analysis of healthy and hypertensive individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1288-98. [PMID: 23576050 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.052910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-related claims on food labels should facilitate lower-sodium food choices; however, consumer attitudes and understanding of such claims are unknown. OBJECTIVES We evaluated consumer attitudes and understanding of different types of sodium claims and the effect of having hypertension on responses to such claims. DESIGN Canadian consumers (n = 506), with and without hypertension, completed an online survey that contained a randomized mock-package experiment, which tested 4 packages that differed only by the claims they carried as follows: 3 sodium claims (disease risk reduction, function, and nutrient-content claims) and a tastes-great claim (control). Participants answered the same questions on attitudes and understanding of claims after seeing each package. RESULTS Food packages with any sodium claim resulted in more positive attitudes toward the claim and the product healthfulness than did packages with the taste control claim, although all mock packages were identical nutritionally. Having hypertension increased ratings related to product healthfulness and purchase intentions, but there was no difference in reported understanding between hypertensives and normotensives. In general, participants attributed additional health benefits to low-sodium products beyond the well-established relation of sodium and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Sodium claims have the potential to facilitate lower-sodium food choices. However, we caution that consumers do not seem to differentiate between different types of claims, but the nutritional profiles of foods that carry different sodium claims can potentially differ greatly in the current labeling environment. Additional educational efforts are needed to ensure that consumers do not attribute inappropriate health benefits to foods with low-sodium claims. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01764724.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Wong
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Sarmugam R, Worsley A, Wang W. An examination of the mediating role of salt knowledge and beliefs on the relationship between socio-demographic factors and discretionary salt use: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:25. [PMID: 23418906 PMCID: PMC3610230 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discretionary salt use varies according to socio-demographic factors. However, it is unknown whether salt knowledge and beliefs mediate this relationship. This study examined the direct and indirect effect of socio-demographic factors on salt knowledge and discretionary salt use in a sample of 530 Australian adults. METHODS An internet based cross-sectional survey was used to collect data for this study. Participants completed an online questionnaire which assessed their salt knowledge, beliefs and salt use behaviour. Mplus was used to conduct structural equation modelling to estimate direct and indirect effects. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 49.2 years, and about a third had tertiary education. Discretionary salt use was inversely related to age (r=-0.11; p<0.05), and declarative salt knowledge (knowledge of factual information) scores (r = -0.17; p<0.01), but was positively correlated with misconceptions about salt (r = 0.09; p<0.05) and beliefs about the taste of salt (r = 0.51; p<0.001). Structural equation modelling showed age, education and gender were indirectly associated with the use of discretionary salt through three mediating pathways; declarative salt knowledge, misconceptions about salt and salt taste beliefs. CONCLUSIONS Inequalities observed between socio-demographic groups in their use of discretionary salt use can potentially be reduced through targeted salt knowledge and awareness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Sarmugam
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Kastorini CM, Milionis HJ, Kalantzi K, Trichia E, Nikolaou V, Vemmos KN, Goudevenos JA, Panagiotakos DB. The mediating effect of the Mediterranean diet on the role of discretionary and hidden salt intake regarding non-fatal acute coronary syndrome or stroke events: A case/case-control study. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Meyer F, Volterman KA, Timmons BW, Wilk B. Fluid Balance and Dehydration in the Young Athlete. Am J Lifestyle Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827612444525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many young athletes train and compete under conditions that put their body fluid balance at risk, and hypohydration is usually the major concern. Another less frequent condition is hyperhydration that—if accompanied by other risk factors—may cause hyponatremia. Water and electrolyte losses during physical activities occur primarily from sweat. Such losses have been identified mostly in active (but nonathletic) young populations under laboratory settings. Studies have been trying to estimate fluid losses in the athletic population under field conditions, taking into account the sport modality and environmental conditions. Besides these external conditions, young athletes adopt different drinking attitudes, which may depend on knowledge, education, and the opportunities to drink during the break periods as well as fluid availability. Focusing on the young athlete, this review will discuss water and sodium losses from sweat, the effects of hypohydration on performance, and fluid intake attitudes within and during practices and competitions. Some considerations related to the methods of identifying hydration status and guidelines are also given, with the understanding that they should be individually adapted for the athlete and activity. The young athlete, parents, coaches, and athletic/health professionals should be aware of such information to prevent fluid imbalances and the consequent hazardous effects on performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Meyer
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (FM)
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (KAV, BWT)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada (BW)
| | - Kimberly A. Volterman
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (FM)
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (KAV, BWT)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada (BW)
| | - Brian W. Timmons
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (FM)
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (KAV, BWT)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada (BW)
| | - Boguslaw Wilk
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (FM)
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (KAV, BWT)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada (BW)
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Rodríguez Pérez MC, Cabrera de León A, Morales Torres RM, Domínguez Coello S, Alemán Sánchez JJ, Brito Díaz B, González Hernández A, Almeida González D. Factores asociados al conocimiento y el control de la hipertensión arterial en Canarias. Rev Esp Cardiol 2012; 65:234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Heller HC, Grahn DA. Enhancing Thermal Exchange in Humans and Practical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/dst.2012.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Efforts to Reduce Sodium Intake in Canada: Why, What, and When? Can J Cardiol 2011; 27:437-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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High sodium intake of children through ‘hidden’ food sources and its association with the Mediterranean diet: the GRECO study. J Hypertens 2011; 29:1069-76. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328345ef35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Behm DG, Chaouachi A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2633-51. [PMID: 21373870 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An objective of a warm-up prior to an athletic event is to optimize performance. Warm-ups are typically composed of a submaximal aerobic activity, stretching and a sport-specific activity. The stretching portion traditionally incorporated static stretching. However, there are a myriad of studies demonstrating static stretch-induced performance impairments. More recently, there are a substantial number of articles with no detrimental effects associated with prior static stretching. The lack of impairment may be related to a number of factors. These include static stretching that is of short duration (<90 s total) with a stretch intensity less than the point of discomfort. Other factors include the type of performance test measured and implemented on an elite athletic or trained middle aged population. Static stretching may actually provide benefits in some cases such as slower velocity eccentric contractions, and contractions of a more prolonged duration or stretch-shortening cycle. Dynamic stretching has been shown to either have no effect or may augment subsequent performance, especially if the duration of the dynamic stretching is prolonged. Static stretching used in a separate training session can provide health related range of motion benefits. Generally, a warm-up to minimize impairments and enhance performance should be composed of a submaximal intensity aerobic activity followed by large amplitude dynamic stretching and then completed with sport-specific dynamic activities. Sports that necessitate a high degree of static flexibility should use short duration static stretches with lower intensity stretches in a trained population to minimize the possibilities of impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Karwalajtys T, Kaczorowski J. An integrated approach to preventing cardiovascular disease: community-based approaches, health system initiatives, and public health policy. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2010; 3:39-48. [PMID: 22312217 PMCID: PMC3270919 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is largely the product of interactions among modifiable risk factors that are common in developed nations and increasingly of concern in developing countries. Hypertension is an important precursor to the development of CVD, and although detection and treatment rates have improved in recent years in some jurisdictions, effective strategies and policies supporting a shift in distribution of risk factors at the population level remain paramount. Challenges in managing cardiovascular health more effectively include factors at the patient, provider, and system level. Strategies to reduce hypertension and CVD should be population based, incorporate multilevel, multicomponent, and socioenvironmental approaches, and integrate community resources with public health and clinical care. There is an urgent need to improve monitoring and management of risk factors through community-wide, primary care-linked initiatives, increase the evidence base for community-based prevention strategies, further develop and evaluate promising program components, and develop new approaches to support healthy lifestyle behaviors in diverse age, socioeconomic, and ethnocultural groups. Policy and system changes are critical to reduce risk in populations, including legislation and public education to reduce dietary sodium and trans-fatty acids, food pricing policies, and changes to health care delivery systems to explicitly support prevention and management of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Karwalajtys
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Elliott CD. Sweet and salty: nutritional content and analysis of baby and toddler foods. J Public Health (Oxf) 2010; 33:63-70. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdq037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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