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Arabi SM, Bahari H, Chambari M, Bahrami LS, Mohaildeen Gubari MI, Watts GF, Sahebkar A. Omega-3 fatty acids and endothelial function: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14109. [PMID: 37859571 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplementation has been reported to have an impact on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), a conventionally used clinical technique for estimating endothelial dysfunction. However, its proven effects on endothelial function are unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFAs supplementation on FMD of the brachial artery. METHOD This study was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. To identify eligible RCTs, a systematic search was completed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science using relevant keywords. A fixed- or random-effects model was utilized to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS Thirty-two studies (with 35 arms) were included in this meta-analysis, involving 2385 subjects with intervention duration ranging from 4 to 48 weeks. The pooled meta-analysis demonstrated a significant effect of omega-3 on FMD (WMD = 0.8%, 95% CI = 0.3-1.3, p = .001) and heterogeneity was significant (I2 = 82.5%, p < .001). CONCLUSION We found that n-3 PUFA supplementation improves endothelial function as estimated by flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mostafa Arabi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Hossein Bahari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Chambari
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Leila Sadat Bahrami
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Gerald F Watts
- Cardiometabolic Service, Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Pipingas A, Reddan JM, Gauci S, Young LM, Kennedy G, Rowsell R, King R, Spiteri S, Minihane AM, Scholey A. Post-Prandial Cognitive and Blood Pressure Effects of a DHA-Rich Omega-3 Powder in Middle-Aged Males: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:2198. [PMID: 37432363 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplements is increasingly common among middle-aged and older adults. Users of ω-3 PUFA supplements often report using such supplements to support cognitive health, despite mixed findings reported within the ω-3 PUFA literature. To date, very few studies have explored cognitive effects in distinctly middle-aged (40 to 60 years) adults, and none have examined the acute effects (in the hours following a single dose) on cognitive performance. The current study evaluated whether a single dose of ω-3 PUFA (4020 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 720 mg eicosapentaenoic acid) influences cognitive performance and cardiovascular function in middle-aged males. Cognitive performance and cardiovascular function were assessed before and 3.5-4 h after consumption of a high dose of ω-3 PUFA (DHA + EPA) or placebo, incorporated into a standardized meal (i.e., single serve of Greek yogurt). In this study of middle-aged males, no significant differential treatment effects were observed for cognitive performance. However, a significant reduction in aortic systolic blood pressure (pre-dose to post-dose) was apparent following consumption of the ω-3 PUFA (DHA + EPA) treatment (mean difference = -4.11 mmHg, p = 0.004) but not placebo (mean difference = -1.39 mmHg, p = 0.122). Future replication in a sample comprising females, as well as patients with hypertension, is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Jeffery Michael Reddan
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Sarah Gauci
- Food & Mood Centre, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Lauren M Young
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Greg Kennedy
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Renee Rowsell
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Rebecca King
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Sam Spiteri
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
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Fewkes JJ, Kellow NJ, Cowan SF, Williamson G, Dordevic AL. A single, high-fat meal adversely affects postprandial endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:699-729. [PMID: 35665799 PMCID: PMC9437993 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is a predictive risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and is assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Although it is known that NO-dependent endothelial dysfunction occurs after consuming a high-fat meal, the magnitude of the effect and the factors that affect the response are unquantified. OBJECTIVES We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the quantitative effects of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function and determined the factors that modify the FMD response. METHODS Six databases were systematically searched for original research published up to January 2022. Eligible studies measured fasting and postprandial FMD following consumption of a high-fat meal. Meta-regression was used to analyze the effect of moderator variables. RESULTS There were 131 studies included, of which 90 were suitable for quantitative meta-analysis. A high-fat meal challenge transiently caused endothelial dysfunction, decreasing postprandial FMD at 2 hours [-1.02 percentage points (pp); 95% CI: -1.34 to -0.70 pp; P < 0.01; I2 = 93.3%], 3 hours [-1.04 pp; 95% CI: -1.48 to -0.59 pp; P < 0.001; I2 = 84.5%], and 4 hours [-1.19 pp; 95% CI: -1.53 to -0.84 pp; P < 0.01; I2 = 94.6%]. Younger, healthy-weight participants exhibited a greater postprandial reduction in the FMD percentage change than older, heavier, at-risk groups after a high-fat meal ( P < 0.05). The percentage of fat in the meals was inversely associated with the magnitude of postprandial changes in FMD at 3 hours (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A single, high-fat meal adversely impacts endothelial function, with the magnitude of the impact on postprandial FMD moderated by the fasting FMD, participant age, BMI, and fat content of the meal. Recommendations are made to standardize the design of future postprandial FMD studies and optimize interpretation of results, as high-fat meals are commonly used in clinical studies as a challenge to assess endothelial function and therapeutics. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020187244.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita J Fewkes
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie F Cowan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Aimee L Dordevic
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Koppula A, Asif AR, Barra RR, Sridharan KS. Feasibility of home-based tracking of insulin resistance from vascular stiffness estimated from the photoplethysmographic finger pulse waveform. Physiol Meas 2022; 43. [PMID: 35512706 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac6d3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the utility of post-prandial vascular stiffness as a surrogate measure for the estimation of insulin resistance (IR), which is a pre-diabetic condition. A cohort of 51 healthy young adults of varying Body mass index values (BMI) were studied by fasting plasma values of insulin and glucose; fasting and post-meal finger photoplethysmography (PPG), and electrocardiogram (ECG). Insulin resistance was estimated by Homeostatic model assessment-Insulin resistance 2 (HOMA-IR2) using fasting plasma insulin and glucose. Vascular stiffness was estimated by reciprocal of pulse arrival time (rPAT) from ECG and finger PPG at five time points from fasting to 2-hours post oral glucose ingestion. We examined if insulin resistance is correlated with meal induced vascular stiffness changes supporting the feasibility of using finger PPG for the estimation of insulin resistance. HOMA-IR2 was found to be positively correlated with early rise (0- to 30- minutes post meal) and delayed fall (30- to 120-minutes) of rPAT. Correlation persisted even after the effect of BMI has been partialled out in sub-group analysis. We conclude that finger PPG based pulse waveform and single lead ECG has the potential to be used as a non-invasive method for the assessment of insulin resistance. As both signals viz., ECG and PPG can be easily acquired using wearable and other low-cost sensing systems, the present study can serve as a pointer for the development of accessible methods of monitoring and longitudinal tracking of insulin resistance in health and pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Koppula
- Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana state, India, Hyderabad, 502205, INDIA
| | - Abdur Rehman Asif
- Biochemistry, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Road.No.92, Film nagar, Apollo health city campus, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500096, INDIA
| | - Ram Reddy Barra
- Physiology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Apollo health city campus, Road.No.92, Jubilee hills, Hyderabad, India, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500090, INDIA
| | - Kousik Sarathy Sridharan
- Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana state, India, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502285, INDIA
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Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs): Uses and Potential Health Benefits. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:232-242. [PMID: 34255301 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are obtained from various sources, which can be incorporated in the routine diet to maintain the health. They provide protection from several diseases like osteoarthritis, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Major focus is given to the PUFAs omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids which are available in both terrestrial and in the marine environment. The main concern of this article is to review the key scientific reports in context with the human health consequences and advantages of the food sources of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. RECENT FINDINGS ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are consumed by the population globally in the form of foods that are rich in fatty acids. Their nutritional effects have the capability to improve the physical functioning and metabolic rate of the body. These PUFAs contribute in various cellular activities like cell signaling, structural integrity and fluidity of cell membrane, the regulation of blood pressure, glucose level, the nervous system, inflammatory reactions, and hematic clotting. Animal and cell-based models represent that ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs can regulate the skeletal muscle metabolism. The main concern of this article is to review the key scientific reports in context with the human health consequences and advantages of the food sources of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids.
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Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Alone and in Combination with Proprietary Chromium Complex on Endothelial Function in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Clinical Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2972610. [PMID: 34257675 PMCID: PMC8253643 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2972610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia and is strongly associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and all-cause mortality. Early diagnosis is important to employ lifestyle and risk factor modification. Existing therapies are limited. Studies report positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FA) on symptoms of metabolic syndrome. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ω-3FA alone and in combination with proprietary chromium complex (PCC) on endothelial function in subjects with metabolic syndrome. In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, subjects were enrolled into the study after ethics committee (EC) approval and informed consent. Eligible subjects were randomized to receive ω-3FA concentrate 2000 mg (Group A-18 subjects), ω-3FA concentrate 2000 mg + PCC200 mcg (Group B-19 subjects), and ω-3FA concentrate 2000 mg + PCC400 mcg (Group C-21 subjects) daily for 12 weeks. Endothelial dysfunction as measured by reflection index (RI), biomarkers of oxidative stress (NO, MDA, and glutathione), and inflammation (hsCRP, endothelin-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1) were evaluated at baseline, 4, and 12 weeks. Lipid-profile and platelet-aggregation tests were performed at baseline and 12 weeks. Adverse drug reactions were recorded. Compliance was assessed by pill count method. GraphPad Prism8 was used for statistical analysis. Significant changes were seen from 4 weeks onwards in all the parameters evaluated. Significant improvement in RI% (mean ± SD = -2.56 ± 0.77 to -3.27 ± 0.67-group A, -2.33 ± 0.76 to 4.72 ± 0.79-group B; -2.39 ± 1.13 to 6.46 ± 1.00-group C) was seen at 12 weeks. Significant improvement in biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation was seen with all the treatment groups. Similarly, significant improvement in lipid profile was seen in group B and group C, while group A showed change in HDL, VLDL, and TG. Group C demonstrated the best response in the parameters evaluated. Three patients in group C reported gastrointestinal adverse events, which resolved spontaneously; none stopped the therapy. So, the addition of PCC to ω-3FA may prove to have beneficial effect in reducing cardiovascular morbidity in MetS patients.
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7
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Bercea CI, Cottrell GS, Tamagnini F, McNeish AJ. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and hypertension: a review of vasodilatory mechanisms of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:860-877. [PMID: 33283269 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is often characterised by impaired vasodilation involving dysfunction of multiple vasodilatory mechanisms. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can reduce blood pressure and vasodilation. In the endothelium, DHA and EPA improve function including increased NO bioavailability. However, animal studies show that DHA- and EPA-mediated vasodilation persists after endothelial removal, indicating a role for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The vasodilatory effects of ω-3 PUFAs on VSMCs are mediated via opening of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa ), ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP ) and possibly members of the Kv 7 family of voltage-activated potassium channels, resulting in hyperpolarisation and relaxation. ω-3 PUFA actions on BKCa and voltage-gated ion channels involve electrostatic interactions that are dependent on the polyunsaturated acyl tail, cis-geometry of these double bonds and negative charge of the carboxyl headgroup. This suggests structural manipulation of ω-3 PUFA could generate novel, targeted, therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana-Ioana Bercea
- Reading School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Graeme S Cottrell
- Reading School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Francesco Tamagnini
- Reading School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Alister J McNeish
- Reading School of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
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8
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Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulation of vascular tone under physiological and pathological conditions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105499. [PMID: 32736093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are mainly found in marine fish oils and commercially available fish oil supplements. Several studies have documented that n-3 PUFAs can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases through anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Notably, regulation of vascular tone is one of the most important bases of cardiovascular health and especially for maintaining blood pressure within optimal physiological ranges. Recent clinical and animal studies indicate an association between n-3 PUFAs and vascular functions. In this regard, many clinical trials and basic experimental studies have been conducted so far to investigate the influence of n-3 PUFAs on vascular tone. In this review, we have summarized the results obtained from both clinical and basic studies that evaluated the effect of n-3 PUFAs under physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we also focus on verifying the underlying basic molecular mechanism of n-3 PUFAs on the vascular system.
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Shramko VS, Polonskaya YV, Kashtanova EV, Stakhneva EM, Ragino YI. The Short Overview on the Relevance of Fatty Acids for Human Cardiovascular Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1127. [PMID: 32751513 PMCID: PMC7464661 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents existing evidence of the influence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data are discussed regarding the roles of the most relevant fatty acids, such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), α-linolenic (C18:3, ω-3), γ-linolenic (C18:3, ω-6), arachidonic (C20:4), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5), docosahexaenoic (C22:6), and docosapentaenoic (C22:5) acid. The accumulated knowledge has expanded the understanding of the involvement of fatty acids in metabolic processes, thereby enabling the transition from basic exploratory studies to practical issues of application of these biomolecules to CVD treatment. In the future, these findings are expected to facilitate the interpretation and prognosis of changes in metabolic lipid aberrations in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ekaterina M. Stakhneva
- Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, 630089 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.S.); (Y.V.P.); (E.V.K.); (Y.I.R.)
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10
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Sun P, Chen X, Zeng Z, Li S, Wang J, Yu F, Liu S, Li H, Fernhall B. Sex differences in lower-limb arterial stiffness following acute aerobic exercise. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Du Y, Taylor CG, Zahradka P. Modulation of endothelial cell responses and vascular function by dietary fatty acids. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:614-629. [PMID: 31228246 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy and functional endothelial cells play important roles in maintaining vascular homeostasis, whereas endothelial dysfunction initiates and exacerbates vascular disease progression. Interventional studies with dietary fatty acids have shown that these molecules have varying effects on vascular function. It is hypothesized that the actions of dietary fatty acids on vascular function may be mediated in part through endothelial cells. This review summarizes the results of studies that have examined the acute and chronic effects of dietary fatty acids on endothelial function and vascular properties in humans, as well as the potential mechanisms by which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate endothelial function. Altogether, this article provides an extensive review of how fatty acids contribute to vascular function through their ability to modulate endothelial cells and discusses relationships between dietary fatty acids and endothelial cells in the context of vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Stupin M, Kibel A, Stupin A, Selthofer-Relatić K, Matić A, Mihalj M, Mihaljević Z, Jukić I, Drenjančević I. The Physiological Effect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 PUFAs) Intake and Exercise on Hemorheology, Microvascular Function, and Physical Performance in Health and Cardiovascular Diseases; Is There an Interaction of Exercise and Dietary n-3 PUFA Intake? Front Physiol 2019; 10:1129. [PMID: 31543828 PMCID: PMC6728652 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has a beneficial effect on systemic hemodynamics, physical strength, and cardiac function in cardiovascular (CV) patients. Potential beneficial effects of dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid on hemorheology, vascular function, inflammation and potential to improve physical performance as well as other CV parameters are currently investigated. Recent meta-analysis suggests no effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on CV function and outcomes of CV diseases. On the other hand, some studies support beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs dietary intake on CV and muscular system, as well as on immune responses in healthy and in CV patients. Furthermore, the interaction of exercise and dietary n-3 PUFA intake is understudied. Supplementation of n-3 PUFAs has been shown to have antithrombotic effects (by decreasing blood viscosity, decreasing coagulation factor and PAI-1 levels and platelet aggregation/reactivity, enhancing fibrinolysis, but without effects on erythrocyte deformability). They decrease inflammation by decreasing IL-6, MCP-1, TNFα and hsCRP levels, expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and significantly affect blood composition of fatty acids. Treatment with n-3 PUFAs enhances brachial artery blood flow and conductance during exercise and enhances microvascular post-occlusive hyperemic response in healthy humans, however, the effects are unknown in cardiovascular patients. Supplementation of n-3 PUFAs may improve anaerobic endurance and may modulate oxygen consumption during intense exercise, may increase metabolic capacity, enhance endurance capacity delaying the onset of fatigue, and improving muscle hypertrophy and neuromuscular function in humans and animal models. In addition, n-3 PUFAs have anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects and may attenuate delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle stiffness, and preserve joint mobility. On the other hand, effects of n-3 PUFAs were variably observed in men and women and they vary depending on dietary protocol, type of supplementation and type of sports activity undertaken, both in healthy and cardiovascular patients. In this review we will discuss the physiological effects of n-3 PUFA intake and exercise on hemorheology, microvascular function, immunomodulation and inflammation and physical performance in healthy persons and in cardiovascular diseases; elucidating if there is an interaction of exercise and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Stupin
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatić
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Dermatology, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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13
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Stupin A, Rasic L, Matic A, Stupin M, Kralik Z, Kralik G, Grcevic M, Drenjancevic I. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched hen eggs consumption enhances microvascular reactivity in young healthy individuals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:988-995. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on the cardiovascular (CV) system is well supported in CV patients; however, the effect of the consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched functional food in healthy individuals is still not fully elucidated. This study aimed to determine the effect of the consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs on the microvascular reactivity (primary outcome), blood pressure (BP), and serum lipid profile in young healthy individuals. The control group (N = 16) ate 3 ordinary hen eggs (277 mg of omega-3 PUFAs/day), and the OMEGA-3 group (N = 20) ate 3 omega-3 PUFA-enriched eggs containing 259 mg of omega-3 PUFAs/egg daily (α-linolenic acid (ALA), 167 mg/egg; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 7 mg/egg; docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 84 mg/egg) for 3 weeks (777 mg of omega-3 PUFA/day). Postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) in skin microcirculation assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, serum lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and arterial BP were measured in all subjects before and after the protocol. PORH was significantly enhanced, and triglycerides, hsCRP, and BP were significantly decreased in the OMEGA-3 group compared with baseline measurements, whereas there was no significant difference in the control group after the protocol when compared with baseline. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that consumption of a mixture of omega-3 PUFA (ALA + EPA + DHA), provided via enriched hen eggs, elicits changes in the microvascular reactivity, BP, and triglyceride level in healthy subjects that are associated with CV benefits, thus suggesting that daily consumption of omega-3 PUFA-enriched eggs in healthy individuals may potentially contribute to CV risk factor attenuation and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Lidija Rasic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Anita Matic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Department for Special Zootechnics, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Gordana Kralik
- Department for Special Zootechnics, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Manuela Grcevic
- Department for Special Zootechnics, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
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14
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Manuelli M, Della Guardia L, Cena H. Enriching Diet with n-3 PUFAs to Help Prevent Cardiovascular Diseases in Healthy Adults: Results from Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071552. [PMID: 28718800 PMCID: PMC5536040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are believed to be important for cardiovascular health. Many investigations have been carried out in an attempt to examine the effect of n-3 PUFAs intake, in the form of supplementation or fortified foods, for the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors for CVD, whereas less is known about the effect on healthy individuals. The present study reviews the available literature in order to examine the relationship between n-3 PUFAs intake, either via supplementation or enriched food, and the prevention of CVD among healthy adults. Interventional clinical trials on subjects aged >18 years old with none of the established risk factors for CVD have been considered for review. n-3 PUFAs supplementation or enriched food may positively regulate triglycerides and some lipoprotein subsets, as well as several vascular and coagulation parameters, even in healthy patients, presenting no risk factors for CVD, suggesting a protective effect. Diet enrichment with omega-3 is likely to be useful in helping to lower the risk of developing CVD in healthy individuals, but still offers no strong evidence of a tangible benefit on a population level. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal daily intake, especially to prevent the unfavorable effects of PUFAs over-consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Manuelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
| | - Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
| | - Hellas Cena
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
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15
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Yamagata K. Docosahexaenoic acid regulates vascular endothelial cell function and prevents cardiovascular disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:118. [PMID: 28619112 PMCID: PMC5472966 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is present in high concentrations in salmon, herring, and trout. Epidemiologic studies have shown that high dietary consumption of these and other oily fish is associated with reduced rates of myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and other ischemic pathologies. Atherosclerosis is induced by inflammation and can lead to acute cardiovascular events and extensive plaque. DHA inhibits the development of inflammation in endothelial cells, alters the function and regulation of vascular biomarkers, and reduces cardiovascular risk. It also affects vascular relaxation and constriction by controlling nitric oxide and endothelin 1 production in endothelial cells. DHA also contributes to the prevention of arteriosclerosis by regulating the expression of oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, thromboxane A2 receptor, and adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in endothelial cells. Recent research showed that DHA reduces the increase in adhesion factor expression induced by lipopolysaccharide by suppressing toll-like receptor 4. A new mechanism of action of DHA has been described that is mediated through endothelial free fatty acid receptor 4, associated with heme oxygenase 1 induction by Nrf2. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of action of DHA in cardiovascular disease prevention are not yet completely understood. The aim of this paper was to review the effects of DHA on vascular endothelial cells and recent findings on their potential for the prevention of circulatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresourse, Science, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan.
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16
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Yan H, Ranadive SM, Lane-Cordova AD, Kappus RM, Behun MA, Cook MD, Woods JA, Wilund KR, Baynard T, Halliwill JR, Fernhall B. Effect of acute aerobic exercise and histamine receptor blockade on arterial stiffness in African Americans and Caucasians. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:386-395. [PMID: 27979988 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01115.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AA) exhibit exaggerated central blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) in response to an acute bout of maximal exercise compared with Caucasians (CA). However, whether potential racial differences exist in central BP, elastic, or muscular arterial distensibility after submaximal aerobic exercise remains unknown. Histamine receptor activation mediates sustained postexercise hyperemia in CA but the effect on arterial stiffness is unknown. This study sought to determine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on central BP and arterial stiffness and the role of histamine receptors, in AA and CA. Forty-nine (22 AA, 27 CA) young and healthy subjects completed the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to take either histamine receptor antagonist or control placebo. Central blood BP and arterial stiffness measurements were obtained at baseline, and at 30, 60, and 90 min after 45 min of moderate treadmill exercise. AA exhibited greater central diastolic BP, elevated brachial PWV, and local carotid arterial stiffness after an acute bout of submaximal exercise compared with CA, which may contribute to their higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Unexpectedly, histamine receptor blockade did not affect central BP or PWV in AA or CA after exercise, but it may play a role in mediating local carotid arterial stiffness. Furthermore, histamine may mediate postexercise carotid arterial dilation in CA but not in AA. These observations provide evidence that young and healthy AA exhibit an exaggerated hemodynamic response to exercise and attenuated vasodilator response compared with CA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY African Americans are at greater risk for developing cardiovascular disease than Caucasians. We are the first to show that young and healthy African Americans exhibit greater central blood pressure, elevated brachial stiffness, and local carotid arterial stiffness following an acute bout of submaximal exercise compared with Caucasians, which may contribute to their higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, African Americans exhibit attenuated vasodilator response compared with Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois; .,Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Abbi D Lane-Cordova
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rebecca M Kappus
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina; and
| | - Michael A Behun
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Marc D Cook
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Kenneth R Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Tracy Baynard
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Bo Fernhall
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Aging, not age-associated inflammation, determines blood pressure and endothelial responses to acute inflammation. J Hypertens 2016; 34:2402-2409. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Casanova MA, Medeiros F, Trindade M, Cohen C, Oigman W, Neves MF. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with hypertriglyceridemia and high cardiovascular risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:10-19. [PMID: 27876342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Association between hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular (CV) disease is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare omega-3 and ciprofibrate effects on the vascular structure and function in low and high CV risk hypertensive patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Twenty-nine adults with triglycerides 150-499 mg/dL were divided into low (<7.5%) and high (≥7.5%) CV risk, randomized to receive omega-3 fatty acids 1800 mg/d or ciprofibrate 100 mg/d for 12 weeks. Treatment was switched after 8-week washout. Clinical evaluation and vascular tests were assessed at baseline and after intervention. Peripheral (131 ± 3 to 125 ± 3 mm Hg, P < .05) and aortic (124 ± 3 to 118 ± 2 mg/dL, P < .05) systolic blood pressure were decreased by ciprofibrate in low-risk patients. In high-risk patients, pulse wave velocity was reduced (10.4 ± 0.4 to 9.4 ± 0.3 m/s, P < .05) and flow-mediated dilation was increased (11.1 ± 1.6 to 13.5 ± 1.2%, P < .05) by omega-3. In conclusion, omega-3 improved arterial stiffness and endothelial function, pointing out the beneficial effect of this therapy on vascular aging, in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Casanova
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Medeiros
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle Trindade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célia Cohen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wille Oigman
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Fritsch Neves
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Lane-Cordova AD, Witmer JR, Dubishar K, DuBose LE, Chenard CA, Siefers KJ, Myers JE, Points LJ, Pierce GL. High trans but not saturated fat beverage causes an acute reduction in postprandial vascular endothelial function but not arterial stiffness in humans. Vasc Med 2016; 21:429-436. [PMID: 27558396 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x16656063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A diet high in trans-fatty acids (TFAs) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than a diet high in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), but the mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that a beverage high in TFAs would cause a larger reduction in postprandial endothelial function and an increase in arterial stiffness, in part from greater reductions in insulin sensitivity, compared with a beverage high in SFAs. Eleven healthy adults (aged 47±5 years) ingested a warm test beverage (520 kcal, 56 g total fat, 5 g carbohydrate, 1 g protein) high in either TFAs or SFAs in a randomized cross-over study. Ingestion of the beverage high in TFAs (p<0.01) but not high in SFAs (p=0.49) decreased endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, mmΔ) at 3-4 hours (p<0.01 for time; p=0.034 for interaction), but did not alter aortic stiffness or carotid β-stiffness. The homeostasis model of insulin resistance (interaction p=0.062) tended to decrease after SFAs but not TFAs. A beverage high in TFAs but not SFAs results in a postprandial reduction in endothelial function and a trend for decreased insulin sensitivity, potentially explaining the higher risk of CVD with a diet high in TFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbi D Lane-Cordova
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jordan R Witmer
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Dubishar
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lyndsey E DuBose
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Catherine A Chenard
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kyle J Siefers
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Janie E Myers
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lauren J Points
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA .,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for Hypertension Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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20
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Differential Post-Exercise Blood Pressure Responses between Blacks and Caucasians. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153445. [PMID: 27074034 PMCID: PMC4830622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is widely observed in Caucasians (CA) and is associated with histamine receptors 1- and 2- (H1R and H2R) mediated post-exercise vasodilation. However, it appears that blacks (BL) may not exhibit PEH following aerobic exercise. Hence, this study sought to determine the extent to which BL develop PEH, and the contribution of histamine receptors to PEH (or lack thereof) in this population. Forty-nine (22 BL, 27 CA) young and healthy subjects completed the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to take either a combined H1R and H2R antagonist (fexofenadine and ranitidine) or a control placebo. Supine blood pressure (BP), cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance measurements were obtained at baseline, as well as at 30 min, 60 min and 90 min after 45 min of treadmill exercise at 70% heart rate reserve. Exercise increased diastolic BP in young BL but not in CA. Post-exercise diastolic BP was also elevated in BL after exercise with histamine receptor blockade. Moreover, H1R and H2R blockade elicited differential responses in stroke volume between BL and CA at rest, and the difference remained following exercise. Our findings show differential BP responses following exercise in BL and CA, and a potential role of histamine receptors in mediating basal and post-exercise stroke volume in BL. The heightened BP and vascular responses to exercise stimulus is consistent with the greater CVD risk in BL.
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21
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Lacroix S, Des Rosiers C, Gayda M, Nozza A, Thorin É, Tardif JC, Nigam A. A single Mediterranean meal does not impair postprandial flow-mediated dilatation in healthy men with subclinical metabolic dysregulations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:888-94. [PMID: 27454855 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular risk factors are known to exacerbate high-saturated fatty acid meal (HSFAM)-induced endothelial dysfunction, but the influence of subclinical metabolic dysregulations and the acute impact of a single mixed Mediterranean-type meal (MMM) remains unknown. Thus, this study has the objective to evaluate the metabolic and vascular effect of such meals in healthy subjects with or without subclinical fasting metabolic dysregulations. Twenty-eight healthy males without overt cardiovascular risk factors randomly ingested 1 of 2 isocaloric meals on separate days. Plasma metabolic markers, fatty acid (FA) profile, and endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation; FMD) were assessed at baseline and 2 and 4 h after meal ingestion. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified 2 subgroups of participants (n = 11 and 17) differing by their baseline metabolic profiles. The MMM did not significantly alter postprandial endothelial function in all subjects, irrespective of baseline metabolic parameters. In contrast, the HSFAM induced postprandial endothelial dysfunction (Δ%FMDabsolute = -5.28 ± 2.54, p < 0.01 vs. MMM) in a subgroup of individuals with significantly greater body mass index, fasting insulinemia, and lipid parameters (n = 11). Finally, the postprandial plasma FA profiles were differentially enriched by the HSFAM and MMM, notably with saturated FAs and omega-3 polyunsaturated FAs, respectively. Collectively, our results highlight the detrimental impact of a single HSFAM on endothelial function in healthy individuals displaying subclinical fasting metabolic dysregulations. Such individuals could benefit from MMM, demonstrated herein to be without any acute detriment to endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lacroix
- a Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5055 St-Zotique Street East, Montreal, QC H1T 1N6, Canada.,b Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.,c Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2405, Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- a Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5055 St-Zotique Street East, Montreal, QC H1T 1N6, Canada.,b Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.,c Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2405, Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Mathieu Gayda
- a Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5055 St-Zotique Street East, Montreal, QC H1T 1N6, Canada.,b Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.,d Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900, Édouard-Montpetit Blvd., Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anna Nozza
- e Montreal Heart Institute Coordinating Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Éric Thorin
- b Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.,f Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 2900, Édouard-Montpetit Blvd., Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- b Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.,d Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900, Édouard-Montpetit Blvd., Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- a Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5055 St-Zotique Street East, Montreal, QC H1T 1N6, Canada.,b Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.,c Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2405, Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada.,d Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900, Édouard-Montpetit Blvd., Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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22
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Wu CF, Liu PY, Wu TJ, Hung Y, Yang SP, Lin GM. Therapeutic modification of arterial stiffness: An update and comprehensive review. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:742-753. [PMID: 26635922 PMCID: PMC4660469 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i11.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness has been recognized as a marker of cardiovascular disease and associated with long-term worse clinical outcomes in several populations. Age, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia, known as traditional vascular risk factors, as well as diabetes, obesity, and systemic inflammation lead to both atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Targeting multiple modifiable risk factors has become the main therapeutic strategy to improve arterial stiffness in patients at high cardiovascular risk. Additionally to life style modifications, long-term ω-3 fatty acids (fish oil) supplementation in diet may improve arterial stiffness in the population with hypertension or metabolic syndrome. Pharmacological treatment such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists, metformin, and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors were useful in individuals with hypertension and diabetes. In obese population with obstructive sleep apnea, weight reduction, aerobic exercise, and continuous positive airway pressure treatment may also improve arterial stiffness. In the populations with chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, a use of antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha could work effectively. Other therapeutic options such as renal sympathetic nerve denervation for patients with resistant hypertension are investigated in many ongoing clinical trials. Therefore our comprehensive review provides knowledge in detail regarding many aspects of pathogenesis, measurement, and management of arterial stiffness in several populations, which would be helpful for physicians to make clinical decision.
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23
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Kobayashi R, Yoshida S, Okamoto T. Arterial stiffness after glucose ingestion in exercise-trained versus untrained men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1151-6. [PMID: 26444929 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia increases arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness and insulin resistance are lower in exercise-trained humans than in untrained humans. However, the effect of exercise on arterial stiffness after glucose ingestion in young adults remains unknown. The present study investigates the effect of regular aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness after glucose ingestion in young males. Ten exercise-trained males (age, 20.8 ± 0.2 years; ETR) and 9 healthy untrained males (age, 22.2 ± 0.7 years; UTR) participated in this study. Carotid-femoral (aortic) pulse wave velocity (PWV), femoral-ankle (leg) PWV, carotid augmentation index (AIx) (applanation tonometry), brachial and ankle blood pressure (BP), heart rate (oscillometric device and electrocardiography), and blood glucose (glucose oxidase method) were measured at 30 min before (baseline) and 30, 60, and 120 min after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Leg PWV at 30 min after glucose ingestion was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the UTR group than in the ETR group. Ankle systolic BP at 30 min after glucose ingestion was also significantly higher in the UTR group than in the ETR group (P < 0.05). Blood glucose increased from baseline at 30 min (P < 0.01) and 60 min (P < 0.05) after glucose ingestion in both groups. Aortic PWV, carotid AIx, and brachial systolic BP did not change from baseline after glucose ingestion in both groups. The present findings indicate that leg PWV and ankle systolic BP after glucose ingestion were significantly lower in the ETR group than in the UTR group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kobayashi
- a Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shou Yoshida
- b Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Okamoto
- b Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hamadate N, Matsumoto Y, Seto K, Yamamoto T, Yamaguchi H, Nakagawa T, Yamamoto E, Fukagawa M, Yazawa K. Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:641-646. [PMID: 26622368 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shark liver oil (SLO) has long been used as a traditional health food, with a particular benefit for vascular health, in Japan. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with SLO on arterial stiffness and peripheral microvascular function in otherwise healthy middle-aged and older males with slightly increased arterial stiffness. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study design was used to assign 41 healthy males with a mean age of 59.0±4.0 years (range, 45-69 years) to either SLO (n=21) or placebo (n=20) treatment for eight weeks. The effects on arterial stiffness and peripheral microvascular function were assessed by the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and by measurement of hand blood flow to cutaneous tissues using a laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) technique, respectively. Although the magnitude of the changes in the CAVI value during the eight-week intervention for the SLO group did not significantly differ from that for the placebo group, the changes in the CAVI value for the former group were significantly associated (r=0.575, P<0.01) with age. It was also found that the LDPI values at week 8 were significantly lowered (P<0.05) compared with the baseline values in the placebo group, while no change was observed in the SLO group, resulting in a significant difference in the changes between the two groups (P=0.002). Neither SLO supplementation-related adverse side-effects nor any abnormal changes in routine laboratory tests, including lipid profiles and anthropometric and haemodynamic parameters, were observed throughout the intervention. SLO may have the potential to safely improve vascular health in middle-aged and elderly males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naobumi Hamadate
- Department of Research and Development, Egao Co., Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0902, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Research and Development, Egao Co., Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0902, Japan
| | - Kayoko Seto
- Department of Research and Development, Egao Co., Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0902, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamamoto
- Research Center, TTC Co., Ltd., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 113-0021, Japan
| | - Hideyo Yamaguchi
- Research Center, TTC Co., Ltd., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 113-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Research Center, TTC Co., Ltd., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 113-0021, Japan
| | - Etsushi Yamamoto
- Research Center, TTC Co., Ltd., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 113-0021, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Fukagawa
- Shinyokohama Shinoharaguchi Orthopaedic Surgery/Dermatology Clinic, Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0026, Japan
| | - Kazunaga Yazawa
- Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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A select review reporting the quality of studies measuring endothelial dysfunction in randomised diet intervention trials. Br J Nutr 2014; 113:89-99. [PMID: 25374114 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A quality assessment of the primary studies reported in the literature carried out using select dietary ingredients (DI) purported to affect vascular endothelial function was conducted through a systematic PubMed search from January 2000 to August 2012. A total of seventy randomised controlled trials with defined DI (folic acid (fifteen), n-3 fatty acids (twenty), cocoa (fifteen) and isoflavones (twenty)) and standardised measures of vascular endothelial function were evaluated. Jadad scores, quality scoring parameters for DI and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) methodology used were ascertained. A total of 3959 randomised subjects, mean age 51 (se 0·21) years (range 9-79 years), were represented in the dataset. The mean Jadad scores did not differ statistically among the DI studies, with the majority of the studies being of good quality. Higher DI quality scores were achieved by studies using the botanical ingredients cocoa and isoflavones than by those using the nutrient ingredients folic acid and n-3 fatty acids. The mean DI quality scores were 4·13 (se 0·34), 5·20 (se 0·47), 6·13 (se 0·41) and 6·00 (se 0·59) for the folic acid, n-3 fatty acid, cocoa and isoflavone intervention studies, respectively (and significantly different). The mean Corretti FMD scores were 7·27 (se 0·56), 7·46 (se 0·79), 6·29 (se 0·61) and 7·11 (se 0·56) for the folic acid, n-3 fatty acid, cocoa and isoflavone intervention studies, respectively (NS). FMD studies failed to adequately describe the equipment used and more than half failed to provide an adequate description of the procedures used for vascular image acquisition and measurement. DI can be utilised for dietary intervention studies; however, the methodology should be clearly reported using the guidelines for assessment for both DI and FMD.
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Miyoshi T, Noda Y, Ohno Y, Sugiyama H, Oe H, Nakamura K, Kohno K, Ito H. Omega-3 fatty acids improve postprandial lipemia and associated endothelial dysfunction in healthy individuals - a randomized cross-over trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:1071-7. [PMID: 25458786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial elevation of triglycerides impairs endothelial function and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. We investigated the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on postprandial endothelial function and lipid profiles. METHODS Healthy volunteers [10] were given supplementation at 4g/day omega-3 fatty acids (or were not treated) for 4 weeks in a randomised crossover study. Postprandial levels of various lipids were monitored and endothelial function assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation during fasting and after a standard cookie test. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acids reduced postprandial endothelial dysfunction compared with the control diet (flow-mediated dilation at 4h=-0.5±1.2 vs. -2.0±1.6%, P=0.03). Postprandial levels of triglycerides, apolipoprotein B-48, and remnant lipoprotein-cholesterol increased in untreated subjects, peaked at 2-4h, and returned to baseline at 8h, whereas low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels did not change. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids significantly suppressed postprandial elevation of triglycerides (incremental area under the curve=220±209 vs. 374±216mg/h/dL, P=0.04) and remnant lipoprotein-cholesterol (incremental area under the curve=21.7±13.8 vs. 13.3±12.9mg/h/dL, P=0.04). Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids significantly suppressed the increase in triglyceride content in chylomicrons as well as in very-low-density lipoproteins from baseline to 4h after the cookie test. CONCLUSION Omega-3 fatty acids significantly decreased postprandial triglyceride elevation and postprandial endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that omega-3 fatty acids may have vascular protective effects in postprandial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Miyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yoko Noda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oe
- Center of Ultrasonic Diagnostics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Sun P, Yan H, Ranadive SM, Lane AD, Kappus RM, Bunsawat K, Baynard T, Li S, Fernhall B. Blood pressure changes following aerobic exercise in Caucasian and Chinese descendants. Int J Sports Med 2014; 36:189-96. [PMID: 25329430 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1390493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise produces post-exercise hypotension (PEH). Chinese populations have lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease compared to Caucasians. PEH may be associated cardiovascular disease through its influence on hypertension. The purpose of this study was to compare PEH between Caucasian and Chinese subjects following acute aerobic exercise. 62 (30 Caucasian and 32 Chinese, 50% male) subjects underwent measurement of peripheral and central hemodynamics as well as arterial and cardiac evaluations, 30 min and 60 min after 45 min of treadmill exercise. Caucasians exhibited significantly higher baseline BP than the Chinese. While the reduction in brachial artery systolic BP was greater in Caucasian than in the Chinese, there was no difference in changes in carotid systolic BP between the groups. The increase in cardiac output and heart rate was greater in the Chinese than Caucasians, but total peripheral resistance and leg pulse wave velocity decreased by a similar magnitude in the Chinese and Caucasian subjects. We conclude that acute aerobic exercise produces a greater magnitude of PEH in peripheral systolic BP in Caucasian compared to Chinese subjects. The different magnitude in PEH was caused by the greater increase in cardiac output mediated by heart rate, with no change in stroke volume. It is possible that initial BP differences between races influenced the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Yan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - S M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - A D Lane
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - R M Kappus
- Kinesiology, Nutrition and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - K Bunsawat
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - T Baynard
- Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - S Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - B Fernhall
- Kinesiology, Nutrition and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, United States
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Żebrowska A, Mizia-Stec K, Mizia M, Gąsior Z, Poprzęcki S. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:305-14. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.949310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Volpe GE, Wanke CA, Imai CM, Heffernan KS, Kuvin JT, Mangili A. High-fat meals do not impair postprandial endothelial function in HIV-infected and uninfected men. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:881-7. [PMID: 24892462 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated impaired endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in healthy subjects following a high-fat meal. Compared to uninfected individuals, HIV-infected persons have been shown to have impaired FMD. We examined the effect of two different high-fat meals on endothelial function in HIV-infected and uninfected men. We performed a randomized, parallel group crossover study comparing 47 white men [18 HIV-uninfected, 9 HIV-infected and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve, and 20 HIV-infected men on ART]. Fasting participants consumed one of two randomly assigned high-fat meals of either saturated or polyunsaturated fat, followed at least 24 h later by the other meal. Brachial artery ultrasound measurements to assess vascular reactivity were performed before and 3 h after each dietary challenge. There was no significant difference in mean baseline or postprandial FMD between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected participants (mean baseline FMD±SD, 9.0%±5 vs. 9.2%±5, p=0.9; mean postprandial FMD±SD, 9.0%±4.7 vs. 9.1%±4.7, p=0.96, respectively). No significant difference in baseline or postprandial change in FMD was found between meals or HIV treatment groups. Fasting lipids and glucose, CD4(+) count, and viral load did not predict FMD in HIV-infected participants. In contrast to previous reports, this study did not demonstrate impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation after high-fat meals in either HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected men. Moreover, HIV infection itself may not be the primary explanation for the abnormal endothelial function reported in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E. Volpe
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Nutrition/Infection Unit, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine A. Wanke
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Nutrition/Infection Unit, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cindy M. Imai
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Nutrition/Infection Unit, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kevin S. Heffernan
- Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Jeffrey T. Kuvin
- Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandra Mangili
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Nutrition/Infection Unit, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Ranadive SM, Kappus RM, Cook MD, Yan H, Lane AD, Woods JA, Wilund KR, Iwamoto G, Vanar V, Tandon R, Fernhall B. Effect of acute moderate exercise on induced inflammation and arterial function in older adults. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:729-39. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Mohan Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
- Department of Anesthesiology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Rebecca Marie Kappus
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Marc D. Cook
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
| | - Huimin Yan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
| | - Abbi Danielle Lane
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
| | - Gary Iwamoto
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
| | - Vishwas Vanar
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
| | - Rudhir Tandon
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
| | - Bo Fernhall
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition; College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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Taneja G, Mahadevan N, Balakumar P. Fish oil blunted nicotine-induced vascular endothelial abnormalities possibly via activation of PPARγ-eNOS-NO signals. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2013. [PMID: 23208382 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-012-9190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine exposure is associated with an induction of vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED), a hallmark of various cardiovascular disorders. The present study investigated the effect of fish oil in nicotine-induced experimental VED. VED was assessed by employing isolated aortic ring preparation, estimating aortic and serum nitrite/nitrate, aortic superoxide anion generation, and serum TBARS, and carrying out electron microscopic and histological studies of thoracic aorta. Nicotine (2 mg/kg/day, i.p., 4 weeks) administration produced VED in rats by attenuating acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in the isolated aortic ring preparation, decreasing aortic and serum nitrite/nitrate concentration, impairing endothelial integrity, and inducing vascular oxidative stress. Treatment with fish oil (2 mL/kg/day p.o., 4 weeks) markedly prevented nicotine-induced endothelial functional and structural abnormalities and oxidative stress. However, administration of GW9662, a selective inhibitor of PPARγ, to a significant degree attenuated fish oil-associated anti-oxidant action and vascular endothelial functional and structural improvements. Intriguingly, in vitro incubation of L-NAME (100 μM), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), markedly attenuated fish oil-induced improvement in endothelium-dependent relaxation in the aorta of nicotine-administered rats. Nicotine administration altered the lipid profile by increasing serum total cholesterol, which was significantly prevented by fish oil treatment. The vascular protective potential of fish oil in preventing nicotine-induced VED may pertain to its additional properties (besides its lipid-lowering effect) such as activation of PPARγ and subsequent possible activation of endothelial NOS and generation of nitric oxide, and consequent reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Taneja
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa 125 055, India
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Grenon SM, Owens CD, Alley H, Chong K, Yen PK, Harris W, Hughes-Fulford M, Conte MS. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in peripheral artery disease: the OMEGA-PAD trial. Vasc Med 2013; 18:263-74. [PMID: 24052491 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x13503695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite current consensus guidelines recommending intensive cardiovascular risk factor management for peripheral artery disease (PAD), patients suffering from PAD continue to experience significant morbidity and mortality. This excess morbid burden is at least partially related to impaired vascular function and systemic inflammation. Interventions bridging this gap are critical. Dietary supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) has been shown to improve endothelial function and reduce inflammation in different cohorts, as well as to decrease cardiovascular events in secondary prevention trials in patients with coronary artery disease. Their effects in the PAD population are, however, less well understood. The OMEGA-PAD trial is a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that examines the impact of a high-dose, short-duration dietary oral supplementation of n-3 PUFA on vascular function and inflammation in patients with established PAD. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed description of the design and methods of the OMEGA-PAD trial, and a summary of baseline characteristics of the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marlene Grenon
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a turning point in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis and its complications and is predictive of future cardiovascular events. Ingestion of high-carbohydrate or high-fat meals often results in postprandial hyperglycaemia and/or hypertriacylglycerolaemia that may lead to a transient impairment in endothelial function. The present review will discuss human studies evaluating the impact of high-carbohydrate and high-fat challenges on postprandial endothelial function as well as the potential role of oxidative stress in such postprandial metabolic alterations. Moreover, the present review will differentiate the postprandial endothelial and oxidative impact of meals rich in varying fatty acid types.
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Balakumar P, Taneja G. Fish oil and vascular endothelial protection: bench to bedside. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:271-9. [PMID: 22584102 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish oil is recommended for the management of hypertriglyceridemia and to prevent secondary cardiovascular disorders. Fish oil is a major source of ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Clinical studies suggest that fish oil not only prevents the incidence of detrimental cardiovascular events, but also lowers the cardiovascular mortality rate. In addition to a classic lipid-lowering action, ω-3-PUFAs in fish oil could regulate blood pressure and enhance vascular integrity and compliance. Additionally, ω-3-PUFAs have the ability to protect vascular endothelial cells by decreasing oxidative stress, halting atherosclerotic events, and preventing vascular inflammatory and adhesion cascades. Intriguingly, recent studies have demonstrated that ω-3-PUFAs improve the function of vascular endothelium by enhancing the generation and bioavailability of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide) through upregulation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This certainly opens up a new area of research identifying potential mechanisms influencing fish oil-mediated functional regulatory action on vascular endothelium. We address in this review the potential of fish oil to prevent vascular endothelial dysfunction and associated cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, the mechanisms pertaining to fish oil-mediated eNOS activation and nitric oxide generation in improving endothelial function are delineated. We finally suggest the importance of further studies to determine the dose adjustment of fish oil with an optimal ratio of EPA and DHA for achieving consistent cardiovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa 125 055, India.
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Grenon SM, Hughes-Fulford M, Rapp J, Conte MS. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med 2012; 17:51-63. [PMID: 22363018 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x11429175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FAs) play an important role in prevention of atherosclerosis. In vitro and in vivo studies focusing on the interactions between monocytes and endothelial cells have explored the molecular effects of FAs on these interactions. Epidemiological surveys, followed by large, randomized, control trials have demonstrated a reduction in major cardiovascular events with supplementation of n-3 FAs in secondary prevention settings. The evidence of beneficial effects specific to patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains elusive, and is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marlene Grenon
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Omega 3 fatty acids can be obtained from several sources, and should be added to the daily diet to enjoy a good health and to prevent many diseases. Worldwide, general population use omega-3 fatty acid supplements and enriched foods to get and maintain adequate amounts of these fatty acids. The aim of this paper was to review main scientific evidence regarding the public health risks and benefits of the dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids. A systematic literature search was performed, and one hundred and forty-five articles were included in the results for their methodological quality. The literature described benefits and risks of algal, fish oil, plant, enriched dairy products, animal-derived food, krill oil, and seal oil omega-3 fatty acids.
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Doenyas-Barak K, Berman S, Abu-Hamad R, Golik A, Rahimi-Levene N, Efrati S. N-3 fatty acid supplementation to routine statin treatment inhibits platelet function, decreases patients' daytime blood pressure, and improves inflammatory status. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 68:1139-46. [PMID: 22367427 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES N-3 fatty acids reduce the risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Administration of N-3 fatty acids to patients treated with statins may potentiate the treatment effects. We examined the operating mechanisms underlying such a combination. METHODS Thirty-two hypercholesterolemic patients aged 30-70 years with hypercholesterolemia controlled by statins, received sequential treatments with placebo followed by 1.9 g/day of N-3 fatty acids for 23 weeks. Scheduled clinical visits included physical examination, 24-h blood pressure measurement, endothelial function evaluated by pulse wave analysis, analyses for platelet function, inflammation markers [interleukin (IL)-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] and oxidative stress parameters (STAT-8-Isoprostane) were undertaken at baseline, after placebo treatment, and after 6 and 20 weeks of N-3 fatty acid intake. RESULTS Platelets functions were significantly inhibited, whereas endothelial function parameters were unaltered. IL-6 significantly decreased whereas PAI-1and STAT-8-Isoprostane levels remained unaffected. Daytime blood pressure significantly decreased; however, nighttime pressure and heart rate remained unchanged. No evidence of lipid-profile improvement was observed following combined treatment with statins and N-3 fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS In hypercholesterolemic patients, combination of statins and N-3 fatty acid inhibits platelet aggregation, alters inflammatory status, and positively affects daytime blood pressure. Close long-term follow-up might reveal additional beneficial effects of N-3 fatty acids in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Doenyas-Barak
- Research & Development Unit and Nephrology Division, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tel- Aviv University, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
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A comparison of the changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance during exercise following high-fat meals containing DHA or EPA. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:492-9. [PMID: 22348439 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511005721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 PUFA can lower blood pressure (BP) but their acute effects on cardiac output, BP and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in response to dynamic exercise are uncertain. We compared the effects of high-fat meals rich in EPA (20 : 5n-3), DHA (22 : 6n-3) or oleic acid (control) on cardiac output, BP and SVR in response to exercise stress testing. High-fat meals (50 g fat) containing high-oleic sunflower oil enriched with 4·7 g of either EPA or DHA v. control (high-oleic sunflower oil only) were fed to twenty-two healthy males using a randomised cross-over design. Resting measurements of cardiac output, heart rate and BP were made before and hourly over 5 h following the meal. A standardised 12 min exercise test was then conducted with further measurements made during and post-exercise. Blood samples were collected at fasting, 5 h postprandially and immediately post-exercise for the analysis of lipid, glucose and 8-isoprostane-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α). Plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA increased by 0·22 mmol/l 5 h following the EPA and DHA meals, respectively, compared with the control (P < 0·001). Resting cardiac output and 8-iso-PGF2α increased similarly following all meals and there were no significant differences in cardiac output during exercise between the meals. SVR was lower at 5 h and during exercise following the DHA but not EPA meal, compared with the control meal, by 4·9 % (95 % CI 1·3, 8·4; P < 0·01). Meals containing DHA appear to differ from EPA with regard to their effects on cardiovascular haemodynamics during exercise.
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Jackson KG, Poppitt SD, Minihane AM. Postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease risk: Interrelationships between dietary, physiological and genetic determinants. Atherosclerosis 2012; 220:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Peairs AD, Rankin JW, Lee YW. Effects of acute ingestion of different fats on oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight and obese adults. Nutr J 2011; 10:122. [PMID: 22059644 PMCID: PMC3225315 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies show that obese individuals have prolonged elevations in postprandial lipemia and an exacerbated inflammatory response to high fat meals, which can increase risk for cardiovascular diseases. As epidemiological studies indicate an association between type of fat and circulating inflammatory markers, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different fat sources on inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight and obese individuals. Methods Eleven overweight and obese subjects consumed three high fat milkshakes rich in monounsaturated fat (MFA), saturated fat (SFA), or long-chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fat (O3FA) in random order. Blood samples collected at baseline, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postprandial were analyzed for markers of inflammation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP)), oxidative stress (8-epi-prostaglandin-F2α (8-epi) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)), and metabolic factors (glucose, insulin, non-esterified free fatty acids, and triglycerides (TG)). Results O3FA enhanced NF-kB activation compared to SFA, but did not increase any inflammatory factors measured. Conversely, SFA led to higher ICAM-1 levels than MFA (p = 0.051), while MFA increased TG more than SFA (p < 0.05). CRP increased while TNF-α and 8-epi decreased with no difference between treatments. Conclusions While most of the inflammatory factors measured had modest or no change following the meal, ICAM-1 and NF-κB responded differently by meal type. These results are provocative and suggest that type of fat in meals may differentially influence postprandial inflammation and endothelial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail D Peairs
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Newens KJ, Thompson AK, Jackson KG, Wright J, Williams CM. DHA-rich fish oil reverses the detrimental effects of saturated fatty acids on postprandial vascular reactivity. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:742-8. [PMID: 21831993 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental elevation of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) impairs endothelial function, but the effect of NEFA composition is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the effect of acute elevation of NEFAs enriched with either saturated fatty acids (SFAs) or SFAs with long-chain (LC) n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs on vascular function measured via flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), laser Doppler iontophoresis (LDI), and digital volume pulse (DVP). DESIGN In 59 subjects (30 men and 29 women), repeated oral fat feeding of either palm stearin (SFA) or palm stearin with DHA-rich fish oil (SFA + LC n-3 PUFA) was performed on 2 separate occasions with continuous heparin infusion to elevate NEFAs for a duration of 60 to 240 min. Vascular function was measured at baseline and at the end of NEFA elevation; venous blood was collected for measurement of lipids and circulating markers of endothelial function. RESULTS NEFA elevation during consumption of the SFA-rich drinks was associated with a marked impairment of FMD, whereas consumption of SFAs + LC n-3 PUFAs improved FMD response, with a mean (±SEM) difference of 2.06 ± 0.29% (P < 0.001). Positive correlations were found with percentage weight of LC n-3 PUFAs in circulating NEFAs and change in FMD response [Spearman's rho (r(s)) = 0.460, P < 0.001]. LDI measures increased during both treatments (P ≤ 0.026), and there was no change in DVP indexes. CONCLUSIONS The composition of NEFAs can acutely affect FMD. The beneficial effect of LC n-3 PUFAs on postprandial vascular function warrants further investigation but may be mediated by nitric oxide-independent mechanisms. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01351324.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Newens
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
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Pase MP, Grima NA, Sarris J. The effects of dietary and nutrient interventions on arterial stiffness: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:446-54. [PMID: 21147858 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.002725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although dietary and nutrient interventions have been extensively studied as a means of improving arterial stiffness, to our knowledge no systematic analysis of the data has been conducted. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to systematically review the human clinical trial data and qualitatively examine the efficacy of dietary and nutrient interventions in the treatment of arterial stiffness. DESIGN We systematically searched multiple databases until July 2010 for relevant randomized controlled human clinical trials of common dietary and nutrient interventions in the treatment of arterial stiffness. Located studies were subject to strict inclusion criteria and objectively assessed for scientific quality. RESULTS Of the 75 relevant studies located, we considered 38 studies to be appropriate for review. Results revealed support for intakes of omega-3 (n-3) fish oils (Cohen's d = 0.21-0.81) and soy isoflavones (Cohen's d = 0.35-0.39) in the treatment of arterial stiffness. There was limited but consistent evidence to suggest that salt restriction (Cohen's d = 0.28-0.37) as well as consumption of fermented-milk products (Cohen's d = 0.15-0.33) that contain bioactive peptides improved arterial stiffness. The evidentiary support for intakes of vitamins, micronutrients, and herbal medicines was insufficient. Limited but consistent evidence suggested that caffeine intake acutely increased arterial stiffness (Cohen's d = 0.34-0.51). CONCLUSIONS Current evidence from several small studies suggests that omega-3 and soy isoflavone supplementation provides an effective means of reducing arterial stiffness. There was little research that explored intakes of herbal medicines or micronutrients in the treatment of arterial stiffness, and this remains an area of potential research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Pase
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine Centre for Study of Natural Medicines and Neurocognition, Melbourne, Australia.
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