1
|
Hepler TJ, Andre M. Decision Outcomes in Sport: Influence of Type and Level of Stress. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 43:28-40. [PMID: 33338989 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In two experiments, the authors investigated the influence of stress type (i.e., low/no stress, mental, and physical), level (i.e., low, moderate, and high), and Type × Level interaction on intuitive decision frequency, decision quality, and decision speed. Participants were exposed to mental (i.e., color word task, mental arithmetic) and/or physical stress (i.e., running) and then required to make decisions regarding videotaped offensive situations in basketball. Intuitive decision frequency, decision quality, and decision speed were measured for each trial. Study 1 used a between-subjects design whereby 20 participants were randomly assigned to each of the five stress conditions. Results revealed that moderate stress was associated with faster decisions. Study 2 replicated the design and aim of Study 1 using a within-subject methodology (n = 42). Results suggested that moderate stress levels produced better, faster decisions. In conclusion, moderate levels of stress were associated with the most desirable decision outcomes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mulnix RE, Pitman RT, Retzer A, Bertram C, Arasi K, Crees Z, Girard J, Uppada SB, Stone AL, Puri N. hnRNP C1/C2 and Pur-beta proteins mediate induction of senescence by oligonucleotides homologous to the telomere overhang. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 7:23-32. [PMID: 24379680 PMCID: PMC3872271 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s54575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental disruption of the telomere overhang induces a potent DNA damage response and is the target of newly emerging cancer therapeutics. Introduction of T-oligo, an eleven-base oligonucleotide homologous to the 3′-telomeric overhang, mimics telomere disruption and induces DNA damage responses through activation of p53, p73, p95/Nbs1, E2F1, pRb, and other DNA damage response proteins. ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) was once thought to be the primary driver of T-oligo-induced DNA damage responses; however, recent experiments have highlighted other key proteins that may also play a significant role. Methods To identify proteins associated with T-oligo, MM-AN cells were treated with biotinylated T-oligo or complementary oligonucleotide, cell lysates were run on SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), and the protein bands observed after treatment of cells with T-oligo or complementary oligonucleotide were analyzed using mass spectrometry. To study the effect of T-oligo on expression of hnRNP C1/C2 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C1 and C2) and purine-rich element binding proteins (Pur proteins), cells were treated with T-oligo, and immunoblotting experiments were performed. To determine their role in senescence, cells were treated with shRNA (short hairpin ribonucleic acid) against these proteins, and senescence was studied using the senescence associated beta-galactosidase assay. Results Using mass spectrometry, RNA-binding hnRNP C1/C2 and DNA-binding Pur proteins were found to associate with T-oligo. hnRNP C1/C2 exhibited increased expression (3.6–12.0-fold) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and in melanoma cells (4.5–5.2-fold), and Pur proteins exhibited increased expression of 2.2-fold in NSCLC and 2.0-fold in melanoma cells after T-oligo treatment. Experimental knockdown of hnRNP C1/C2 and Pur-beta completely abrogated T-oligo induced senescence in both MU melanoma and H358 NSCLC cells. Additionally, knockdown of Pur-beta prevented T-oligo-induced phosphorylation of p53, hypophosphorylation of pRb, and upregulation of E2F1, p21, and p53. Conclusion These novel findings highlight proteins essential to T-oligo’s anticancer effects that may be of interest in telomere biology and cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Mulnix
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Ryan T Pitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Allison Retzer
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Ceyda Bertram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Kavin Arasi
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Zachary Crees
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Girard
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| | | | - Amanda L Stone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perrey S. Promoting motor function by exercising the brain. Brain Sci 2013; 3:101-22. [PMID: 24961309 PMCID: PMC4061835 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise represents a behavioral intervention that enhances brain health and motor function. The increase in cerebral blood volume in response to physical activity may be responsible for improving brain function. Among the various neuroimaging techniques used to monitor brain hemodynamic response during exercise, functional near-infrared spectroscopy could facilitate the measurement of task-related cortical responses noninvasively and is relatively robust with regard to the subjects’ motion. Although the components of optimal exercise interventions have not been determined, evidence from animal and human studies suggests that aerobic exercise with sufficiently high intensity has neuroprotective properties and promotes motor function. This review provides an insight into the effect of physical activity (based on endurance and resistance exercises) on brain function for producing movement. Since most progress in the study of brain function has come from patients with neurological disorders (e.g., stroke and Parkinson’s patients), this review presents some findings emphasizing training paradigms for restoring motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Perrey
- Movement to Health (M2H), EuroMov, Montpellier-1 University, 700 avenue du pic saint loup, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hickey JP, Donne B, O’Brien D. Effects of an Eight Week Military Training Program on Aerobic Indices and Psychomotor Function. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2012; 158:41-6. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-158-01-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
5
|
Bruce L, Farrow D, Raynor A. How specific is domain specificity: does it extend across playing position? J Sci Med Sport 2011; 15:361-7. [PMID: 22192624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study sought to examine the scope of domain specificity within a sport expertise context through the examination of positional specificity effects in the sport of netball. DESIGN Skilled goalers, centre court and defenders along with less skilled (novice) participants were tested on a video-based decision making task. METHODS Skilled and less skilled netballers completed a video-based decision making task, comprising scenarios from the three different positional areas in netball (goalers, centre court and defence). Participants completed the scenarios from the playing position they were most familiar with, followed by the remaining two positions in a counterbalanced order. RESULTS Analysis of the goaler and defence scenarios revealed that the skilled goalers and centre court players were significantly more accurate than the novice players, whilst the skilled defenders did not differ to the other three groups (skilled goalers, skilled centre court and novice). For the centre court scenarios the skilled centre court players and defenders were significantly more accurate than the novice players, whilst the skilled goalers did not differ to any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS Limited evidence was shown to support the theory that decision making is specific to the position being played with the goalers and the centre court players most accurate on the attack and centre court scenarios respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndell Bruce
- Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Crescent, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perry CM, Sheik-Nainar MA, Segall N, Ma R, Kaber DB. Effects of physical workload on cognitive task performance and situation awareness. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/14639220600959237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlene M. Perry
- a Edwards P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Sheik-Nainar
- a Edwards P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA
| | - Noa Segall
- a Edwards P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA
| | - Ruiqi Ma
- a Edwards P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA
| | - David B. Kaber
- a Edwards P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695-7906, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Royal KA, Farrow D, Mujika I, Halson SL, Pyne D, Abernethy B. The effects of fatigue on decision making and shooting skill performance in water polo players. J Sports Sci 2006; 24:807-15. [PMID: 16815774 DOI: 10.1080/02640410500188928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fatigue on decision making and goal shooting skill in water polo. Fourteen junior elite male players (age 17.2 +/- 0.5 years; mass 84.2 +/- 7.6 kg; height 1.85 +/- 0.05 m) completed four sets of eight repetitions of an approximately 18 s maximal water polo specific drill. Progressively declining rest ratios for each successive set of the drill were employed to induce increasing fatigue and reflect the demands of match-play. A video-based temporally occluded decision-making task (verbalized response to various tactical situations) or goal shooting skill test (qualitative and quantitative analysis of goal shooting) was performed after each set. Heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate concentration were recorded. Heart rate (159 +/- 12, 168 +/- 13, 176 +/- 12, 181 +/- 12 Deats min-1; P < 0.001) and RPE (13.1 +/- 2.2, 15.5 +/- 1.7, 17.3 +/- 1.6, 19.1 +/- 1.1; P < 0.001) increased with declining rest ratios. At very high fatigue, decision-making accuracy was 18.0 +/- 21.8% better than at low fatigue (P = 0.008). Shooting accuracy and velocity were unaffected by incremental fatigue; however, skill proficiency (technique) decreased by 43 +/- 24% between the pre-test and high-fatigue conditions (P < 0.001). In conclusion, incremental increases in fatigue differentially influenced decision making (improved) relative to the technical performance (declined), accuracy and speed of the ball (unchanged) of a water polo goal shot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Royal
- Skill Acquisition, Athlete and Coach Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
A review was conducted of studies that assessed the effects of acute bouts of physical activity on adults' cognitive performance. Three groups of studies were constituted on the basis of the type of exercise protocol employed. Each group was then evaluated in terms of information-processing theory. It was concluded that submaximal aerobic exercise performed for periods up to 60 min facilitate specific aspects of information processing; however, extended exercise that leads to dehydration compromises both information processing and memory functions. The selective effects of exercise on cognitive performance are explained in terms of Sanders' [Acta Psychol. 53 (1983) 61] cognitive-energetic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Tomporowski
- Department of Exercise Science, 115 Ramsey Center, University of Georgia, 300 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Collardeau M, Brisswalter J, Audiffren M. Effects of a prolonged run on simple reaction time of well trained runners. Percept Mot Skills 2001; 93:679-89. [PMID: 11806586 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of increased arousal induced by a prolonged exercise at ventilatory threshold simple reaction time performance performed during a running task. 11 well trained triathletes completed two testing sessions within a 2-wk. period. The first session was a protocol of VO2 max determination conducted on a treadmill. This protocol was used to assess the velocity associated with ventilatory threshold (vVvt). The second session was a 90-min. running test performed at vVvt. This last session was composed of five submaximal treadmill runs (10-min. long, 0% grade) separated by four overground runs (10-min.). Before, during each treadmill run, and after exercise, subjects performed three blocks of 20 simple reaction time. Furthermore, at the end of each overground run, perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded. Analysis showed a significant impairment in Simple RT performance during the first treadmill run only. After this first run a significant effect of exercise duration on Simple RT was observed. After 40-min. of exercise a significant improvement in reaction time during exercise was recorded, Furthermore, when Simple RT was recorded at rest, there was no difference pre-exercise and postexercise. These results suggest that a simple cognitive performance could be improved during exercise, despite the negative effect of the dual task. This improvement in reaction time could be explained mainly by an increase in arousal induced by a prolonged exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Collardeau
- Unité Ergonomic Sportive et Performance Université de Toulon-Var, La Garde, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perrin P, Schneider D, Deviterne D, Perrot C, Constantinescu L. Training improves the adaptation to changing visual conditions in maintaining human posture control in a test of sinusoidal oscillation of the support. Neurosci Lett 1998; 245:155-8. [PMID: 9605479 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Balance control relies on somesthetic, visual and vestibular afferences, their central processing, and adequate motor responses. We studied the consequences on postural control of the suppression of visual afferences by eye closure, during a dynamic posturographic test in six sportsmen and 14 non-sportsmen. Suppression of visual afferences during the test led to a prolongation of the pattern initially recorded with eyes open, followed by a transitory adaptive pattern, then a typical eyes closed pattern. Repetition of the test showed a progressively longer persistence of the eyes open pattern and disappearance of the adaptive one. This evolution was significantly faster in sportsmen. This progressively longer duration of the eyes open pattern may be explained by the intervention of short term memory. Our data further indicate that training improves adaptive posture control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Perrin
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
McMorris T. Performance of soccer players on tests of field dependence/independence and soccer-specific decision-making tests. Percept Mot Skills 1997; 85:467-76. [PMID: 9347530 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1997.85.2.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the performance of male amateur soccer players on tests of field dependence/independence and soccer-specific decision-making tests. The relationships between the participants' (N = 14) accuracy, and speed of decision, on simple and complex soccer decision-making tests; scores on Parts B or C of the Group Embedded Figures Test under normal conditions: scores on Parts B or C of the Group Embedded Figures Test when timed; and time taken to complete the timed condition of the Group Embedded Figures Test were examined. There were no significant correlations between performance on the soccer specific tests and the tests of field dependence/independence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T McMorris
- Centre for Sports Science, Chichester Institute, West Sussex, England
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McMORRIS TERRY. PERFORMANCE OF SOCCER PLAYERS ON TESTS OF FIELD DEPENDENCE/INDEPENDENCE AND SOCCER-SPECIFIC DECISION-MAKING TESTS. Percept Mot Skills 1997. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.85.6.467-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
McMorris T, Graydon J. The effect of exercise on the decision-making performance of experienced and inexperienced soccer players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 1996; 67:109-114. [PMID: 8736002 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.1996.10607933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T McMorris
- Centre for Sports Sciences, Chichester Institute of Higher Education, West Sussex, England
| | | |
Collapse
|