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Han Q, Tao F, Yang P. Amyloid-Like Assembly to Form Film at Interfaces: Structural Transformation and Application. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300172. [PMID: 37257459 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biomaterials are attracting broad interest for their remarkable structural and functional properties. Disturbing the native protein's three-dimensional structural stability in vitro and controlling subsequent aggregation is an effective strategy to design and construct protein-based biomaterials. One of the recent developments in regulating protein structural transformation to ordered aggregation is amyloid assembly, which generates fibril-based 1D to 3D nanostructures as functional materials. Especially, the amyloid-like assembly to form films at interfaces has been reported, which is induced by the effective reduction of the intramolecular disulfide bond. The main contribution of this amyloid-like assembly is the large-scale formation of protein films at interfaces and excellent adhesion to target substrates. This review presents the research progress of the amyloid-like assembly to form films and related applications and thereby provides a guide to exploiting protein-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Fei Tao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Song P, Xu W, Wang K, Zhang Y, Wang F, Zhou X, Shi H, Feng W. Cloning, expression and characterization of metalloproteinase HypZn from Aspergillus niger. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259809. [PMID: 34762700 PMCID: PMC8584677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A predicted metalloproteinase gene, HypZn, was cloned from Aspergillus niger CGMCC 3.7193 and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115, and the physicochemical characteristics of recombinant HypZn were investigated after separation and purification. The results showed that the specific activity of the purified HypZn reached 1859.2 U/mg, and the optimum temperature and pH value of HypZn were 35°C and 7.0, respectively. HypZn remained stable both at 40°C and at pH values between 5.0 and 8.0. The preferred substrate of HypZn was soybean protein isolates, and the Km and Vmax values were 21.5 μmol/mL and 4926.6 μmol/(mL∙min), respectively. HypZn was activated by Co2+ and Zn2+ and inhibited by Cu2+ and Fe2+. The degree of soybean protein isolate hydrolysis reached 14.7%, and the hydrolysates were of uniform molecular weight. HypZn could tolerate 5000 mM NaCl and completely lost its activity after 30 min at 50°C. The enzymological characterizations indicated that HypZn has great application potential in the food industry, especially in fermented food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Kuiming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiuling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Haiying Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Zhao T, Yong X, Zhao Z, Dolce V, Li Y, Curcio R. Research status of Bacillus phytase. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:415. [PMID: 34485008 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid is abundant in seeds, roots and stems of plants, it acts as an anti-nutrient in food and feed industry, since it affects the absorption of nutrients by humans and monogastric animals. Furthermore, phosphorus produced through its decomposition by microorganisms can cause environmental pollution. Phytase degrades phytic acid generating precursors of inositol that can be used in clinical practice; in addition, phytase treatment can minimize the anti-nutritional effect of phytic acid. The use of phytase synthesized from Bacillus is more advantageous due to its high activity. Additionally, its good heat resistance under neutral conditions greatly fills the gap of commercial utilization of acid phytase. In this review, we summarize the latest research results on Bacillus phytase, including its physiological and biochemical characteristics, molecular structure information, calcium effects on its catalytic activity and stability, its catalytic mechanism and molecular modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Faculty of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Faculty of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosita Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Characterization of a thermostable phytase from Bacillus licheniformis WHU and further stabilization of the enzyme through disulfide bond engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 142:109679. [PMID: 33220867 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are important industrial enzymes widely used as feed additives to hydrolyze phytate and release inorganic phosphate. In this study, a phytase gene PhyBL isolated from Bacillus licheniformis WHU was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. PhyBL showed the highest activity at pH 7.0 and retained more than 40 % of its activity at a wide temperature range from 35 to 65 °C. Ca2+ significantly affected the stability and activity of the enzyme. We further improved the stability of PhyBL through extensively disulfide engineering. After constructing and screening a series of variants, an enhanced stable G197C/A358C variant was obtained. The G197C/A358C variant had a half-life at 60℃ roughly 3.8-fold longer than the wild type. In addition, the G197C/A358C variant also showed enhanced proteolytic resistance to pepsin and trypsin. The potential mechanism underlying these improvements was investigated by molecular dynamics analysis. Our results suggest that the G197C/A358C variant may have potential application as an additive enzyme in aquaculture feed.
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Genome-Scale Characterization of Fungal Phytases and a Comparative Study Between Beta-Propeller Phytases and Histidine Acid Phosphatases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:296-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wang F, Diesendruck CE. Effect of disulphide loop length on mechanochemical structural stability of macromolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2143-2146. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymer chains folded with a single disulphide loop are shown to present distinct rates of mechanochemical fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa
- Israel
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa
- Israel
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Mrudula Vasudevan U, Jaiswal AK, Krishna S, Pandey A. Thermostable phytase in feed and fuel industries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:400-407. [PMID: 30709763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytase with wide ranging biochemical properties has long been utilized in a multitude of industries, even so, thermostability plays a crucial factor in choosing the right phytase in a few of the sectors. Mesophilic phytases are not considered to be a viable option in the feed industry owing to its limited stability in the required feed processing temperature. In the recent past, inclusion of thermostable phytase in fuel ethanol production from starch based raw material has been demonstrated with economic benefits. Therefore, considerable emphasis has been placed on using complementary approaches such as mining of extremophilic microbial wealth, encapsulation and using enzyme engineering for obtaining stable phytase variants. This article means to give an insight on role of thermostable phytases in feed and fuel industries and methods for its development, highlighting molecular determinants of thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Mrudula Vasudevan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India.
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Shyam Krishna
- MIMS Research Foundation, Calicut 673 007, Kerala, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
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Chakravorty D, Khan MF, Patra S. Multifactorial level of extremostability of proteins: can they be exploited for protein engineering? Extremophiles 2017; 21:419-444. [PMID: 28283770 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research on extremostable proteins has seen immense growth in the past decade owing to their industrial importance. Basic research of attributes related to extreme-stability requires further exploration. Modern mechanistic approaches to engineer such proteins in vitro will have more impact in industrial biotechnology economy. Developing a priori knowledge about the mechanism behind extreme-stability will nurture better understanding of pathways leading to protein molecular evolution and folding. This review is a vivid compilation about all classes of extremostable proteins and the attributes that lead to myriad of adaptations divulged after an extensive study of 6495 articles belonging to extremostable proteins. Along with detailing on the rationale behind extreme-stability of proteins, emphasis has been put on modern approaches that have been utilized to render proteins extremostable by protein engineering. It was understood that each protein shows different approaches to extreme-stability governed by minute differences in their biophysical properties and the milieu in which they exist. Any general rule has not yet been drawn regarding adaptive mechanisms in extreme environments. This review was further instrumental to understand the drawback of the available 14 stabilizing mutation prediction algorithms. Thus, this review lays the foundation to further explore the biophysical pleiotropy of extreme-stable proteins to deduce a global prediction model for predicting the effect of mutations on protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamitra Chakravorty
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohd Faheem Khan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sanjukta Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Kumar V, Yadav AN, Verma P, Sangwan P, Saxena A, Kumar K, Singh B. β-Propeller phytases: Diversity, catalytic attributes, current developments and potential biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:595-609. [PMID: 28174082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are phosphatases which stepwise remove phosphates from phytic acid or its salts. β-Propeller phytase (BPPhy) belongs to a special class of microbial phytases that is regarded as most diverse, isolated and characterized from different microbes, mainly from Bacillus spp. BPPhy class is unique for its Ca2+-dependent catalytic activity, strict substrate specificity, active at neutral to alkaline pH and high thermostability. Numerous sequence and structure based studies have revealed unique attributes and catalytic properties of this class, as compared to other classes of phytases. Recent studies including cloning and expression and genetic engineering approaches have led to improvements in BPPhy which provide an opportunity for extended utilization of this class of phytases in improving animal nutrition, human health, plant growth promotion, and environmental protection, etc. This review describes the sources and diversity of BPPhy genes, biochemical properties, Ca2+ dependence, current developments in structural elucidation, heterogeneous expression and catalytic improvements, and multifarious applications of BPPhy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India.
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Punesh Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Abhishake Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
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10
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Sato VS, Galdiano Júnior RF, Rodrigues GR, Lemos EGM, Pizauro Junior JM. Kinetic characterization of a novel acid ectophosphatase from Enterobacter asburiae. J Microbiol 2016; 54:106-13. [PMID: 26832666 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Expression of acid ectophosphatase by Enterobacter asburiae, isolated from Cattleya walkeriana (Orchidaceae) roots and identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, was strictly regulated by phosphorus ions, with its optimal activity being observed at an inorganic phosphate concentration of 7 mM. At the optimum pH 3.5, intact cells released p-nitrophenol at a rate of 350.76 ± 13.53 nmol of p-nitrophenolate (pNP)/min/10(8) cells. The membrane-bound enzyme was obtained by centrifugation at 100,000 × g for 1 h at 4 °C. p-Nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) hydrolysis by the enzyme follows "Michaelis-Menten" kinetics with V = 61.2 U/mg and K0.5 = 60 μM, while ATP hydrolysis showed V = 19.7 U/mg, K0.5 = 110 μM, and nH = 1.6 and pyrophosphate hydrolysis showed V = 29.7 U/mg, K0.5 = 84 μM, and nH = 2.3. Arsenate and phosphate were competitive inhibitors with K i = 0.6 mM and K i = 1.8 mM, respectively. p-Nitrophenyl phosphatase (pNPPase) activity was inhibited by vanadate, while p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, EDTA, calcium, copper, and cobalt had no inhibitory effects. Magnesium ions were stimulatory (K0.5 = 2.2 mM and nH = 0.5). Production of an acid ectophosphatase can be a mechanism for the solubilization of mineral phosphates by microorganisms such as Enterobacter asburiae that are versatile in the solubilization of insoluble minerals, which, in turn, increases the availability of nutrients for plants, particularly in soils that are poor in phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sayuri Sato
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Tecnologia, 14884 900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renato F Galdiano Júnior
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Tecnologia, 14884 900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gisele Regina Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Tecnologia, 14884 900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eliana G M Lemos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Tecnologia, 14884 900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Martins Pizauro Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Tecnologia, 14884 900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Enhancement of Thermostability and Kinetic Efficiency of Aspergillus niger PhyA Phytase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:2528-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Computational identification, homology modelling and docking analysis of phytase protein from Fusarium oxysporum. Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Increased understanding of the cereal phytase complement for better mineral bio-availability and resource management. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kumar K, Dixit M, Khire JM, Pal S. Atomistic details of effect of disulfide bond reduction on active site of Phytase B from Aspergillus niger: A MD Study. Bioinformation 2013; 9:963-7. [PMID: 24391358 PMCID: PMC3867648 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The molecular integrity of the active site of phytases from fungi is critical for maintaining phytase function as efficient catalytic machines. In this study, the molecular dynamics (MD) of two monomers of phytase B from Aspergillus niger, the disulfide intact monomer (NAP) and a monomer with broken disulfide bonds (RAP), were simulated to explore the conformational basis of the loss of catalytic activity when disulfide bonds are broken. The simulations indicated that the overall secondary and tertiary structures of the two monomers were nearly identical but differed in some crucial secondary-structural elements in the vicinity of the disulfide bonds and catalytic site. Disulfide bonds stabilize the β-sheet that contains residue Arg66 of the active site and destabilize the α-helix that contains the catalytic residue Asp319. This stabilization and destabilization lead to changes in the shape of the active-site pocket. Functionally important hydrogen bonds and atomic fluctuations in the catalytic pocket change during the RAP simulation. None of the disulfide bonds are in or near the catalytic pocket but are most likely essential for maintaining the native conformation of the catalytic site. ABBREVIATIONS PhyB - 2.5 pH acid phophatese from Aspergillus niger, NAP - disulphide intact monomer of Phytase B, RAP - disulphide reduced monomer of Phytase B, Rg - radius of gyration, RMSD - root mean square deviation, MD - molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Electronic Structure Theory Group, Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - JM Khire
- NCIM, Biochemical Sciences Division
| | - Sourav Pal
- Electronic Structure Theory Group, Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
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Mullaney E, Sethumadhavan K, Boone S, Lei XG, Ullah AHJ. Elimination of a disulfide bridge in <i>Aspergillus niger</i> NRRL 3135 Phytase (PhyA) enhances heat tolerance and optimizes its temperature versus activity profile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2012.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Characterization of a thermostable alkaline phytase from Bacillus licheniformis ZJ-6 in Pichia pastoris. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Site-directed mutagenesis of disulfide bridges in Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 phytase (PhyA), their expression in Pichia pastoris and catalytic characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1367-72. [PMID: 20376636 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have established the importance of five disulfide bridges (DBs) in Aspergillus niger phytase. In this study, the relative importance of each of the individual disulfide bridge is determined by its removal by site-directed mutagenesis of specific cysteines in the cloned A. niger phyA gene. Individually, these mutant phytases were expressed in a Pichia expression system and their product purified and characterized. The removal of disulfide bridge 2 yielded a mutant phytase with a complete loss of catalytic activity. The other disulfide mutants displayed a broad array of altered catalytic properties including a lower optimum temperature from 58 degrees C to 53 degrees C for bridge number 1, 37 degrees C for bridge number 3 and 4, and 42 degrees C for bridge number 5. The pH versus activity profile was also modified in the DB mutants. The pH profile of the wild-type phytase was modified by the DB mutations. In bridge number 1, 3, and 4, the second peak at pH 2.5 was abolished, and in bridge number 5, the peak at pH 5.0 was abolished completely leaving only the pH 2.5. While the K (m) was not affected drastically, the turnover number was lowered significantly in bridge number 3, 4, and 5.
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Trivedi MV, Laurence JS, Siahaan TJ. The role of thiols and disulfides on protein stability. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2010; 10:614-25. [PMID: 19538140 DOI: 10.2174/138920309789630534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There has been a tremendous increase in the number of approved drugs derived from recombinant proteins; however, their development as potential drugs has been hampered by their instability that causes difficulty to formulate them as therapeutic agents. It has been shown that the reactivity of thiol and disulfide functional groups could catalyze chemical (i.e., oxidation and beta-elimination reactions) and physical (i.e., aggregation and precipitation) degradations of proteins. Because most proteins contain a free Cys residue or/and a disulfide bond, this review is focused on their roles in the physical and chemical stability of proteins. The effect of introducing a disulfide bond to improve physical stability of proteins and the mechanisms of degradation of disulfide bond were discussed. The qualitative/quantitative methods to determine the presence of thiol in the Cys residue and various methods to derivatize thiol group for improving protein stability were also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik V Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Research Laboratories, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Ullah AHJ, Sethumadhavan K, Mullaney EJ. Unfolding and refolding of Aspergillus niger PhyB phytase: role of disulfide bridges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8179-8183. [PMID: 18683944 DOI: 10.1021/jf8013712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of disulfide bridges in the folding of Aspergillus niger phytase pH 2.5-optimum (PhyB) was investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Guanidinium chloride (GuCl) at 1.0 M unfolded phytase; however, its removal by dialysis refolded the protein. The thiol reagent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) reduces the refolding activity by 68%. The hydrodynamic radius (R(H)) of PhyB phytase decreased from 5.5 to 4.14 nm when the protein was subjected to 1.0 M GuCl concentration. The active homodimer, 183 kDa, was reduced to a 92 kDa monomer. The DLS data taken together with activity measurements could indicate whether refolding took place or not in PhyB phytase. The correlation between molecular mass and the state of unfolding and refolding is a very strong one in fungal phytase belonging to histidine acid phosphatase (HAP). Unlike PhyA phytase, for which sodium chloride treatment boosted the activity at 0.5 M salt concentration, PhyB phytase activity was severely inhibited under identical condition. Thus, PhyA and PhyB phytases are structurally very different, and their chemical environment in the active site and substrate-binding domain may be different to elicit such an opposite reaction to monovalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul H J Ullah
- Commodity Utilization Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, USA.
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Bacillus Phytases: Present Scenario and Future Perspectives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cheng C, Lim BL. Beta-propeller phytases in the aquatic environment. Arch Microbiol 2006; 185:1-13. [PMID: 16402222 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytate, which is one of the dominant organic phosphorus compounds in nature, is very stable in soils. Although a substantial amount of phytate is carried from terrestrial to aquatic systems, it is a minor component of organic phosphorus in coastal sediments. The ephemeral nature of phytate implies the rapid hydrolysis of phytate under aquatic conditions. Among the four classes of known phytases that have been identified in terrestrial organisms, only beta-propeller phytase-like sequences have been identified in the aquatic environment. A novel beta-propeller phytase gene (phyS), cloned from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, was found to encode a protein with two beta-propeller phytase domains. The characterization of recombinant full-length PhyS and its domains demonstrated that Domain II was the catalytic domain responsible for phytate hydrolysis. The full-length PhyS displayed a K(m) of 83 microM with a kcat of 175.9 min(-1) and the Domain II displayed a K(m) of 474 microM with a kcat of 10.6 min(-1). These results confirm that the phyS gene encodes a functional beta-propeller phytase, which is expressed in S. oneidensis under phosphorus deficient condition. The presence of multiple sequences with a high similarity to phyS in aquatic environmental samples and the widespread occurrence of the Shewanella species in nature suggest that the beta-propeller phytase family is the major class of phytases in the aquatic environment, and that it may play an important role in the recycling of phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiwai Cheng
- Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Mullaney EJ, Ullah AHJ. Conservation of cysteine residues in fungal histidine acid phytases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:404-8. [PMID: 15694362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid sequence analysis of fungal histidine acid phosphatases displaying phytase activity has revealed a conserved eight-cysteine motif. These conserved amino acids are not directly associated with catalytic function; rather they appear to be essential in the formation of disulfide bridges. Their role is seen as being similar to another eight-cysteine motif recently reported in the amino acid sequence of nearly 500 plant polypeptides. An additional disulfide bridge formed by two cysteines at the N-terminus of all the filamentous ascomycete phytases was also observed. Disulfide bridges are known to increase both stability and heat tolerance in proteins. It is therefore plausible that this extra disulfide bridge contributes to the higher stability found in phytase from some Aspergillus species. To engineer an enhanced phytase for the feed industry, it is imperative that the role of disulfide bridges be taken into cognizance and possibly be increased in number to further elevate stability in this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Mullaney
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Ullah AHJ, Sethumadhavan K, Mullaney EJ. Monitoring of unfolding and refolding in fungal phytase (phyA) by dynamic light scattering. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 327:993-8. [PMID: 15652493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Role of disulfide bridges in phytase's unfolding-refolding was probed using dynamic light scattering. Phytase was unfolded by guanidinium chloride and then refolded by removing the denaturant by dialysis. Thiol reagents prevented refolding; thus, disulfide bridge formation is an integral step in phytase folding. Catalytic demise of phytase after unfolding and refolding in presence of Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) indicates that disulfide bridges are necessary for refolding. The hydrodynamic radius (rh) of active and unfolded phytase is 4 and 14 nm, respectively. Removal of denaturant through dialysis refolds phytase; its rh shifts back to 4 nm. When TCEP remains in the refolding media, the rh remains high. The unfolded phytase when diluted in assay medium refolds as a function of time at 25 and 37 degrees C, but not at higher temperature. Monitoring rh under denaturing and renaturing condition gives an accurate measure of the folding status of phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul H J Ullah
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Abstract
We measured the kinetics of DNA bending by M.EcoRI using DNA labeled at both 5'-ends and observed changes in fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Although known to bend its cognate DNA site, energy transfer is decreased upon enzyme binding. This unanticipated effect is shown to be robust because we observe the identical decrease with different dye pairs, when the dye pairs are placed on the respective 3'-ends, the effect is cofactor- and protein-dependent, and the effect is observed with duplexes ranging from 14 through 17 base pairs. The same labeled DNA shows the anticipated increased energy transfer with EcoRV endonuclease, which also bends this sequence, and no change in energy transfer with EcoRI endonuclease, which leaves this sequence unbent. We interpret these results as evidence for an increased end-to-end distance resulting from M.EcoRI binding, mediated by a mechanism novel for DNA methyltransferases, combining DNA bending and an overall expansion of the DNA duplex. The M.EcoRI protein sequence is poorly accommodated into well defined classes of DNA methyltransferases, both at the level of individual motifs and overall alignment. Interestingly, M.EcoRI has an intercalation motif observed in the FPG DNA glycosylase family of repair enzymes. Enzyme-dependent changes in anisotropy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer have similar rate constants, which are similar to the previously determined rate constant for base flipping; thus, the three processes are nearly coincidental. Similar fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments following AdoMet-dependent catalysis show that the unbending transition determines the steady state product release kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben B Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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